The Norwegian School In Renewable Energy A Biological Approach for Energy Management in Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Paul Nicolae BORZA Transilvania University Oslo - Summer School Brasov Romania 2014 Agenda A Biological Approach for Energy Management in Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Bio-Systems ideal systems illustrated by homeostasis Bio-Systems and allostasis phenomena, examples and paradigms Definition, Structure, Functionalities; Smart-grids Examples Hybrid Structure of the hybrid storage systems; storage Functionality; Examples Parame- Intensity, Capacity, Time-constants, Cellularity, terization Heterogeneity, Life spam and aging process Functions Feedback & Feed forward loops; “fight or fly” Superization; Dynamic reconfiguration… Conclusions How look the future? 2 Homeostasis “Stability through constancy” Claude Bernard - 1865 All the vital mechanisms…have only one object: to preserve constant the conditions of…internal environment + Set Point Effector Sum (∑) - (Process) Controlled Feedback loop Variable Walter Bradford Cannon 1935 Sensor 3 Where are manifested the homeostasis phenomena? IN LIVING SYSTEMS Structural phenomena such as: • Thermal Equilibrium • Chemical equilibrium of organism and their components (cells, tissues, etc.) • Aqueous concentration and pH • Dimension of cells tissues and whole body 4 Homeostasis examples: Thermal homeostasis From http://bio119homeostasis.blogspot.co.at/2011/03/energy-and- homeostasis.html at 10 of July 2014 5 Thermal sensors characteristics Difference is Sensors characteristics presents opposite emphasize slopes (positive & negative) Distributed Sensors are distributed on skin and also are sensors integrated on all internal organs Performance reach by Thermal Homeostasis • The complementarity and structural redundancy of the thermal regulation system brought an exceptional quality of temperature regulation • The different time constants of sensors and also actuators brought a new level of quality of temperature regulation Quality of Is strong related to derivative characters of Regulator system’ response at step temperature variation Processing function of Variety Thermal regulation system (thermal homeostasis) HOMEOSTASIS : A FRAMEWORK FOR HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY CONTROL PROCESSES ASSURING THE RELATIVELY ,CONSTANT OF INTERNAL BODY BEHAVIOR BY MAINTAINING CONSTANT THE BODY TEMPERATURE Functional feature R=response S=Stimulus T=Threshold b = exponent factor 8 Thermal Homeostasis paradigms One central Signals processed on Anterior (exteroceptive) and controller Posterior (interoceptive) Hypothalamus are separated Distributed The temperature sensors are placed on skin and also sensors on all internal organs Function of variety of signals exists different control Variety loops corresponding to exteroceptors & interoceptors Specificity of Specific sensors for cold & warm, interior & exterior elements Specific actuators for thermo-lysis & thermo-genesis Specific time Actuators have different time constants: short & long constants period Difference is Sensors characteristics presents emphasize opposite slopes (positive&negative) 9 Allostasis “Stability through change” Sterling, P.; Eyer, J.- 1988 Is a process achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change The parameters vary and variation anticipates the demands Prior Knowledge Prediction + Set Point Effector Sum (∑) - (Process) Controlled Feed-forward loop Variable Sensor 10 Allostasis Overall Organisms are designed to be efficient efficiency Exchange Efficiency requires reciprocal trade-off Prediction Efficiency requires to be able to predict future needs Dynamic Prediction requires each sensor to adapt to the range expected range of input Prediction requires each actuator to adapt to the Adaptive expected range of output Processing Predictive regulation depends on behavior whilst dependent neural mechanisms also adapt After: Sterling P. (2004) Blood Pressure Control From: J Schulkin,“Principles of Allostasis; optimal design, predictive regulation pathophysiology and rational therapeutics , Cambridge Press 2004 - Abreviations: • CRH Corticotrophic Release Hormone • ACTH Adrenal Corticotrophic Hormone • ANP Atrio Natiuretic Peptide Allostasis “features”: Constance is NOT a fundamental condition for life but Hierarchical to survival YES! Central processing, presets conserved control at local level by homeostasis processes The pattern coolections try to anticipate the demands Patterns that was “apriori” discovered, classified and stored as priority potential “most probable” stages Multiple, mutually, reinforcing signal acting on Synergical multiple, mutually reinforced effectors, override the actions various feedbacks that oppose change (“Trend dependance”) A high redundancy on each level of control system is Redundancy present. This is reflected by “distributed” & “specific” sensors & actuators spread on body. Energy and his characteristics Energy:Capacity to provide an action (from the Greek ἐνέργεια - energeia, "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - energos, "active, working“ [1]) Electrical energy must be consumed when it is Volatility produced in all other situation appear losses Finite character of energetic resources and power Limited generation Multidimen- Forms of energy: electrical, mechanical, chemical, sionality thermal, radiant, etc. Integrality Is a reflection of universal movement Energy sources: Conversion of fossil energy in electricity – chemical Fosil forms way - or co-generation (CHP) from: Coal Petrol Natural gas Atomic Renewable Capture of Sun energy –radiant way - by renewable: forms Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells Thermal cells Wind mills and wind farms power Water by hydro-electric power Wave energy Biomass based power plants Classical energetic technologies vesus “green” energetic technologies High density The fossil fuels present a high energy density Pollution Fossil fuels generate “greenhouse” gases Maturity Technologies are mature The “green” technologies are dependent on sun Intermitency radiation and also local factors: latitude, climate In rapid Part of technologies are in research phase or “earlier” evolution stages of implementation Price for different forms of generation Source: Royal Academy of Engineering data (UK) 3.2p 2.2p 2.6p 2.3p http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf see on April2012 • Pulverised fuel (PF) steam plant; • Circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) plant; • Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant; • Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plant • Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant; Energetic processes, ontologies: Energetic capacities & Power flows (finite) Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency) Effects of energy (“usage value”) Environmental concerns (“eco-footprints”) Economical effects (“smart systems”) Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for providing, consumption and quality of energy supplied) Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion (generation characteristics, load characteristics, load “demands” - matching phenomena -) Electrical energy parameters (1): Alternate Current Mono phase Three phase Poly Phase Direct Current Electric parameters Voltage Current Power Frequency Phase Qualitative parameters Noise spectrum Availability of power supplies Reliability of providing process Electrical energy parameters (2): Type of power flow variation in time: 1. Alternative current: • Mono phase • Three phases • Multi phases 2. Direct Current Electrical parameters: • Voltage • Current • Power • Frequency • Phase Qualitative parameters: • Noise spectrum • Availability & Reliability of providing energy Matching processes in power flow transfer(3): System used for matching processes implementations: 1. Electric transformers 2. Voltage rectifiers 3. Inverters 4. Noise cancelors (quality of power flow variation) 5. Systems for management of energy (time oriented) 6. Active filters (power quality assurance) Electronic power commutation devices implement the majority of matching processes: Type of commutation: • Forced (power of commutation different of zero) • Natural (resonant, or zero crossing cummutation) Steps toward to maximize efficiency in generation, transport, conversion and consumption of electrical energy The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing of targets/objectives in order to finding the optimal stage • Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem • Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements • Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtual models to easier the control process that assure the mastering of the system complexity • Choosing of the right informational system attached at the energetic system able to process, communicate and real time control of the system. The common languages, the appropriate protocols used for communication represent premises to reach an optimal control Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (1) Base load Production of electric energy quasi constant in time Peak shaving Procedure to increase the production of energy and to shift the maximum of load profile in order to smooth the load curve Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (2) Standby power Minimum power necessary to maintain in function a system Spining reserve The spinning reserve is the extra generating capacity that is available by increasing the power output of generators that are already connected to the power system