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Riverbank Filtration for Sustainable Water Supply: Application to a Large

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Riverbank Filtration for Sustainable Water Supply: Application to a Large Clean Techn Environ Policy (2008) 10:351–358 DOI 10.1007/s10098-007-0143-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Riverbank filtration for sustainable water supply: application to a large-scale facility on the Nile River Mohamed Shamrukh Æ Ahmed Abdel-Wahab Received: 20 October 2007 / Accepted: 12 December 2007 / Published online: 11 January 2008 Ó Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Riverbank filtration (RBF) is an efficient and better than the allowable standards for drinking purposes. low-cost natural alternative technology for water supply The results prove the implementation of RBF treatment application in which surface water contaminants are method for water supply in Nile valley. removed or degraded as the infiltrating water moves from the river/lake to the pumping wells. The removal or Keywords Water supply Á Riverbank filtration Á degradation of contaminants is a combination of physi- River Nile Á Egypt Á Groundwater cochemical and biological processes. For more than 100 years, RBF has been used in Europe for public and industrial water supply along Rhine, Elbe, and Danube Introduction rivers. This paper presents an investigation of a full-scale RBF plant located in Upper Egypt as section of Nile valley As the World’s growing population puts greater demands to produce drinking water. The studied plant is constructed on the available supply of high quality drinking water, in 2004 to supply potable water for Sidfa city (30,000 several advanced treatment technologies have been devel- residents), Assiut Governorate. It consists of 6 vertical oped and applied by water utilities to treat waters of wells, each about 60 m deep, with distance about 30 m degraded quality. These technologies include adsorption, from the west bank of Nile. Water samples from Nile as ion exchange, membrane filtration, soil aquifer treatment, induced surface water, from background groundwater, and and advanced oxidation. Notwithstanding the effectiveness from production wellfield were collected and analyzed of these technologies, there are challenges for their wide- at three discrete events. Quality measurements of physi- spread applications in developing countries. This is cal, chemical, and microbiological characteristics were primarily attributed to cost (especially for treating large obtained. Comparison of produced water with surface and quantities). In this context, an old method called riverbank background natural groundwater for the investigated plant filtration (RBF) is returning and evolving as an inexpensive has proven the effectiveness of RBF technique for potable and a sustainable approach to improving the quality of water supply in Upper Egypt. Physicochemical and surface waters. This treatment technique is currently being microbiological characteristics of the produced water are used in Europe along the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Seine rivers (Kuehn and Mueller 2000; Doussan et al. 1997). Along the Rhine, there is one of the first RBF plants in M. Shamrukh (&) Á A. Abdel-Wahab Du¨sseldorf, Germany, to supply drinking water to a pop- Chemical Engineering Program, ulation of about 600,000 (Schubert 2002). RBF is a process Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, by which water for drinking and industrial use is produced Doha, Qatar by placing wells sufficiently close to riverbanks. The same e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.qatar.tamu.edu principal also applies in the case of lakes. In RBF, pumping wells located adjacent to a body of surface water (river, A. Abdel-Wahab e-mail: [email protected] lake) may, over time, withdraw enough water from the flow URL: www.qatar.tamu.edu system to reverse flow gradients and induce water from the 123 352 M. Shamrukh, A. Abdel-Wahab surface source (Ray et al. 2002; Ray 2001). This is much filtration has been shown to reduce fragrance compounds, like the reactive barriers currently being used to remediate such as major volatile organic carbons and aromatic the contaminated groundwater. Abstraction wells are hydrocarbons, to near to or below the detection limit, by commonly placed in close proximity to riverbanks and microbial degradation, primary in the first meters of the lakes to take advantage of this induced infiltration thereby aquifer (Ju¨ttner 1999). However, if the surface water is low maximizing the water-supply potential of the area. Because in dissolved oxygen, conditions during underground pas- RBF is a natural process, it wins support from consumers sage will likely become anaerobic, which can cause iron who want safe, but not highly treated, potable and indus- and manganese to become soluble and therefore be drawn trial water supplies. into the groundwater well (Irmscher and Teermann 2002; Riverbank filtration is typically conducted in alluvial Kuehn and Mueller 2000). This can have the undesirable valley aquifers, which are complex hydrologic systems that effect of degrading the water quality to unacceptable exhibit both physical and geochemical heterogeneity. Dur- drinking water standards. However, under anoxic condi- ing RBF, which is similar to slow-sand filtration, the tions, nitrates are reduced to nitrogen and thereby provide impurities of river water are attenuated through combination oxygen for organics removal and ammonia oxidation treatment processes. The performance of RBF systems (Doussan et al. 1997; Sontheimer 1980). Enteric viruses depends upon well type and pumping rate, travel time of and protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, are surface water to wells, site hydrogeologic conditions, source considered critical waterborne pathogens for drinking water quality, biogeochemical reactions in sediments and water protection. Schijven et al. (2002) has reported the aquifer, and quality of background groundwater (Schijven efficiency of RBF in previous pathogens removal. RBF et al. 2002; Ray 2001). The processes involved in bank fil- removal of microorganisms consists of inactivation and tration maybe physical, biological, and chemical (Irmscher adsorption to soil grains, and is primarily dependent on the and Teermann 2002; Hiscock and Grischek 2002). Physical detention or travel time in the bank, as well temperature, processes such as (1) hydrodynamic including advection, pH, and soil properties. dispersion, and diffusion, and (2) mechanical including Although filtrate water quality from RBF systems can filtration i.e. trapping of particles in pore spaces. Phys- vary based on river conditions, it is possible that appro- icochemical processes, such as sorption, precipitation, priately designed systems can serve as pretreatment for complexation, ion exchange, coagulation, and redox reac- high quality water (Irmscher and Teermann 2002; Ray tions. Biological processes such as degradation of organic 2001; Kuehn and Mueller 2000). Moreover, the system also matter for metabolic needs and mineralization of secondary is able to compensate for concentration or temperature substrates. Mechanical filtration leads to the removal of peaks and provides protection against shock loads of river suspended material, including hydrophobic organic sub- (Ray 2004). As a result of the removal efficiency of RBF, it stances adsorbed on suspended solids. In the riverbed and at is possible that riverbank filtrate can be used as a potable or the beginning of the groundwater flow path, aerobic condi- industrial water source without requiring any further tions are frequently found and a relatively high microbial treatment processes (Schubert 2002; Hiscock and Grischek activity that can lead to mineralization or transformation of 2002; Donald and Grygaski 2002;Ray2001). According to degradable organics. Biodegradation, principally within the Kuehn and Mueller (2000), the quality of the surface water first few meters of infiltration, is the primary removal pro- is the main factor in determining whether RBF will be an cess for dissolved organic carbon. Adsorption of metals can adequate drinking water treatment process. have a finite lifetime before breakthrough or desorption Currently, in Egypt there are economic and quality occurs (Dillon et al. 2000). The degree of adsorption varies problems with both surface treatment plants of Nile water depending on the nature of the compounds and the kind of and supply wells from natural groundwater (Shamrukh and solid material present. In general, contact with a large sur- Abdel-Lah 2004; Abdel-Lah et al. 2002). Using RBF face area and long flowpaths between the river and the wells technology has the potential to overcome those economic increase the extent of adsorption. and quality problems. This research work comes as a Many substances present in surface water including completion of the previous work carried out at Sidfa RBF particles, bacteria, viruses, parasites, micropollutants (such plant (Abdel-Lah and Shamrukh 2006). The main goal of as chelating agents, pesticides, amines, pharmaceuticals, current work is to evaluate the proven effectiveness of RBF and endocrine disrupters), and organic and inorganic technique in removing particulates, dissolved solids, and compounds, are largely and in most cases completely microbial pathogens from one of the World’s largest rivers, removed by RBF (Schubert 2002; Weiss et al. 2002; the Nile River. In particular, this work focuses on potable Brauch and Kuhn 1986). RBF can also mobilize metals, it water supply in Upper Egypt. The demonstration that bank has been shown to remove heavy metals, such as chromium RBF system is an effective approach to treat Nile water and arsenic, by 90% (Sontheimer 1980). In addition, RBF will expand the treatment options available
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