Index 04 Message from the Chairperson’s Desk

05 Coconut sector needs Industry led 09 growth strategy Tender coconut water, VCO and Coconut sugar are the emerging products with positive growth rate: Uron Salum

Kalpa Krunch An ode to the 16 Ready-To-Eat Snack Goodness of coconut R. Pandiselvam, M.R. Manikantan, 14 Shameena Beegum, A.C. Mathew, and Vindu N S.V. Ramesh

Adulteration in Coconut and Virgin Coconut Coconut Fibre: 19 Oil: Implications and Detection Methods A high Dietary Fibre 26 V.G. Mathirajan, A. Karthikeyan and N. Chitra Source

Invasion of the Palm infesting 35 Neotropical Whitefly in Coconut 23 Selvaraj, K., Sundararaj, R and Sumalatha, B.V

N 30 e Cultivation Practices for Coconut - December w Market C. Thamban, P. Subramanian, Joseph Rajkumar and S. Jayasekhar Review 25 s

Indian Coconut Journal 3 November 2019 C Smt. G Jayalakshmi IAS assumes Charge as Chairman, Coconut Development Board

Smt. G Jayalakshmi IAS, Director General, National Institute of Plant Health Management (NIPHM) Hyderabad assumed the additional charge of Chairperson, Coconut Development Board. She is a 1995 batch IAS officer of Andhra Pradesh cadre. Presently she is also holding the additional charge of Director General, MANAGE, Hyderabad.

Smt. Usha Rani IAS relinquished charge of Chairman, Coconut Development Board

Smt. Usha Rani IAS relinquished the charge of Chairman, Coconut Development Board. She is repatriated to her parent cadre of Government of Andhra Pradesh.

4 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Message from the Chairperson’s Desk

Dear readers,

Hearty Greetings from Coconut Development Board It is indeed a matter of great happiness for me to take charge as the Chairperson of Coconut Development Board. At the very outset let me extend my warm greetings to all who are associated with coconut farming and industry in the country. As the Chairperson of Coconut Development Board, I got the opportunity to take part in the recently held International Conference and Exposition on Coconut organized in Kerala. The Conference was conducted with the objective of sustained development of coconut sector through increase in production and productivity, promotion of processing and product diversification and marketing of coconut. Experts from India and across the globe from major coconut producing countries participated in the event. The policy papers presented by the speakers from outside India indicated that the challenges faced by the sector is the same across the globe. The prevalence of unproductive palms is a major threat in all major coconut growing countries. The urgent need for replanting and rejuvenation of majority of coconut plantations has been identified as the need of the hour. The necessity of producing quality planting material was a concern shared by all and the participants agreed for mutual cooperation and collaboration in the production of quality coconut planting material, processing and value addition. The general concern of the international community was that the coconut production statistics indicate a slow down and a sure decline amidst the good news of the sea change and coconut making a come-back economically after half a century of being acclaimed as a dying commodity of a sunset industry. It was heartening to know that we are also walking in the right path for the sustainable development of the sector and collaboration with other countries especially in planting material production and value addition could help us in progressing further rather than reinventing the wheel. Let us work together to harness the full potential of this wonder crop. It is my fervent hope that coconut based development will pave the way for the progress and prosperity of the millions of small and marginal coconut farmers who depend on Kalpavriksha for their livelihood. I solicit the valuable cooperation of the farmers and stakeholders in my way forward. With best wishes

G Jayalakshmi IAS Chairperson

Indian Coconut Journal 5 November 2019 C Report

Coconut sector needs Industry led growth strategy International Coconut Conference & Expo 2019

he Government of Kerala in association with industry led growth in primary and secondary TCoconut Development Board, Government of processing. Pointing out that the sector is facing India organized a two day International Exposition strong challenges with respect to productivity and and Conference on Coconut Development during price, he said, that it is high time that the state took 2-3 November 2019 at Kozhikode, Kerala. active steps for increasing income from the sector. Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan, Chief Minister, Kerala This is possible only through industry led growth. inaugurted the programme. In his inaugural address The coconut industry has to strengthen the state’s he called up for an industry-led growth to establish economy. Kerala as a leader in the coconut sector and a Dwelling on the threats faced by coconut sector prime position in production and value addition of in the State, the Chief Minister said that following coconut. A coconut supply chain which has a strong the Exim policy, which gets revised every year, the industry linkage should be developed in state to country is seeing spree of importing palmolein, maximize the returns. Charting out the strategy which in turn creates glut of copra and coconut oil. for the State with regard to the coconut sector, the Due to heavy import, price of coconut fall day by day Chief Minister urged the conference to address the and the cultivators find it difficult to market their developmental and policy issues with respect to produce. This affects the sector heavily. coconut sector in order to ensure higher income for Kerala Government has been taking a number of farmers and the industry. steps in reviving the State’s coconut sector to its past The strategy is to put Kerala on an enhanced and glory. The Government has constituted a Coconut sustained growth path in coconut sector through Development Council which aims to expand the area

6 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Report and increase the productivity of coconut in the State to ensure higher and sustained income to farmers through value addition and other programmes. As part of area expansion programmes, the Council targets to plant 15 lakh good quality seedlings in the state over two years. It also envisages to encourage more startups, enterprises and agro parks for promoting value addition and to strengthen marketing facilities. A coconut supply chain which has a strong industry linkage will be developed in the state to maximize the returns. Shri. Uron N Salum, Executive Director, International Coconut Community, Indonesia in his key-note address pointed out the need for establishing a strong coconut sector. Across the globe a major change called, Coconut Revolution or Coconut Come back is being observed. He added that value added coconut products are gaining popularity and he called upon the need for the industry to stand united which currently stands fragmented for ensuring fair and steady price to the famers. Shri E P Jayarajan, Minister for Industries and Sports, Government of Kerala in his address observed that over the last few years’ participation of people Inaugural address by Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan, Chief Minister, particularly that of the youth in coconut industry Kerala records to be on a decreasing trend. being termed globally as a wonder crop and coconut Dr. Thomas Isaac, Minister for Coir and Finance, products have attained the status of a super food. Government of Kerala observed that the sector faces She congratulated the Government of Kerala for two issues, the reduction in productivity and fall in organizing International Conference and Exposition gross cropped area, and lack of value addition. The on Coconut Development aiming at the sustained share of byproducts of coconut, which was 40 per development of coconut cultivation and industry in cent has come down to 10 per cent now. This has to the state of Kerala. be reversed, he said adding that a periodic revival She added that the nutritive and healthy of byproduct industry should be undertaken through attributes of coconut which the coconut consuming product diversification. world believed based on anecdotal evidences are Dr M S Swaminathan, Founder Chairperson M now being proven through conclusive clinical studies S Swaminathan Research Foundation, in his video in different parts of the globe. It is the right time for message said that the concept of three- dimensional this conference to add to the sustainability of the farming or multiple cropping system should sector so that we don’t run out of coconuts when efficiently utilized in this sector to take the maximum the global demand is rising. advantage of soil, water and air. Coconut is a crop which has much potential for Dr V K Ramachandran, Vice Chairperson, State value addition and the involvement of the Industries Planning Board, Kerala in his address spoke on the Department will definitely provide impetus for need for bringing back the preeminence of coconut development of the coconut industry in the state. and upgrading the value of coconut by reconsidering She further informed that Coconut Development it as an industrial and agriculture product. Board facilitates establishment of processing units Smt. G Jayalakshmi IAS, Chairperson, Coconut through technical and financial assistance. She hoped Development Board spoke on the present status of that exploiting the potential of processing and value coconut cultivation and processing in the country. addition of coconut will definitely result in increased She told that in spite of the several adversities faced and remunerative prices to the small holder coconut by the sector, coconut is regaining its lost glory and is farmers thereby making the country closer to the

Indian Coconut Journal 7 November 2019 C Report

137th meeting of Coconut Development Board held

The 137th meeting of Coconut Development Board was held on th8 November 2019 in the Board Room of Coconut Development Board, Kochi under the Chairmanship of Smt.Jayalakshmi IAS, Chairperson, Coconut Development Board. Members of the Board Shri P.C. Mohanan Master, Kerala, Shri P.R. Muraleedharan, Kerala, Shri S. Mohan Raj, Tamilnadu, Shri M.R. Shankara Narayan Reddy, Karnataka, Smt. Daksha Rami, Gujarat and Shri Sanjeev Kumar Singh, Bihar, Shri Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development Officer and Shri R. Madhu, Secretary, Coconut Development Board, Dr. A. Joseph Rajkumar, Principal Scientist, ICAR- CPCRI, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, representing the Director, CPCRI attended the meeting.

vision of doubling the farmers income by 2022. Normansyah Syahruddin, Deputy Director for Market Shri V S Sunil Kumar, Minister for Agriculture, Development for Estate Crops Products, Directorate Shri M K Raghavan, Member of Parliament, Shri. A General of Estate Crops, Jakarta, Indonesia spoke Pradeep Kumar, Member of Legislative Assembly on the policies and Programmes for Sustained and Shri. A Jayathilak IAS, Member Secretary, State Development in Coconut Sector in Indonesia. Planning Board and Principal Secretary, Department The Conference discussed the most recent of Planning and Economic Affairs addressed the technological developments in value-addition, gathering. the contemporary trade regime, and institutional Smt. G Jayalakshmi IAS, Chairperson, Coconut arrangements for coconut development from Development Board chaired the session on across the globe. Experts from various coconut International Experiences wherein Dr Qiuyu Xia growing countries shared the policies and Head, Centre for Product Processing Research, programmes followed in their respective countries. Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Entrepreneurs, farmers, agricultural scientists, Tropical Agricultural Sciences China presented the extension workers, social scientists, researchers, Current Coconut Processing Technology and Coconut experts, representatives of mass organizations, Products of China. Dr Edna A Anit, Officer in Charge, NGOs, industry representatives and policy-makers Crops Research Division, Philippine Council for participated in the conference. Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resource Research An exhibition was conducted which showcased and Development, Philippines spoke on Philippine cutting edge technologies for processors, Coconut Industry Strategic S&T Programme – manufacturers, suppliers, fabricators and Reinvigorating the Productivity of the Tree of Life. entrepreneurs. It was also held as a platform for Mr. Sentoor Kumeran Govindasamy Senior Scientist, Business-to-Business Meet (B2B) for local buyers Plant Breeding Industrial Crop Program, Crops and and national and international buyers, processors, Soil Science Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural and suppliers. Research and Development Institute, Malaysia The Conference was organized by the State presented the Policies and Programmes for Sustained Plnning Board in assosiation with the Kerala State Development in Coconut Sector in Malaysia and Dr Industrial Development Corporation. g

8 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Report

Excerpts from the keynote address of Uron Salum, Executive Director, International Coconut Community

Tender coconut water, VCO and Coconut sugar are the emerging products with positive growth rate: Uron Salum

he global importance of the Tree of Life is certified Tby the growth in volumes and values of Coconut products presently on the global market and domestic consumption in producing countries. Statistics indicate collective export value of Coconut and Coconut products reaching nearly US$10 billion. In total aggregate value adding domestic consumption and utilization could easily double this amount. Indonesia and India A ‘sea change’ in newer and consume up to 80% of products whilst much higher value products exporting as little as 20% whilst the are seen in the global markets Philippines is the opposite. in both the edible and non- Global export value figures relating edible categories. Products to the commercial utilization of the of coconut are making ‘a whole nut: Kernel US$5.6, Water US$ Come-Back’, from the 30 odd 2.7, Shell US$0.87, and Husk US$0.24. products 15 years ago to Emerging high value products over 120 different lines and of Coconut also indicate increasing growing year by year. annual export values viz desiccated coconut US$0.86, fresh coconuts US$0.54, coconut milk US$0.37, copra US$0.17, copra meal US$0.13 and coconut sugar US$0.16, mostly from Indonesia. Coconut water, virgin coconut oil and coconut sugar are amongst new emerging products showing positive growth in the last decade.

Indian Coconut Journal 9 November 2019 C Report

sap and other parts of coconut. Mostly the CIF price set in Rotterdam is used as the basis to calculate the farm gate price paid to growers for the de-husked mature nut. By using this formula or method it will It is the concern of the international community usually mean paying the lowest price possible. But that coconut production statistics indicate a slow when fresh nuts are purchased for processing into down and a sure decline amidst the good news of higher value products such as the VCO, DC, Milk and the sea change and coconut making a come-back even White Copra then the baseline used should be economically after a half century of being acclaimed higher assuring increased benefit to farmers making as a ‘dying’ commodity of a ‘sunset industry’. farms a lot more viable. Industry participants, especially in the processing Coconut Oil (CNO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) are segment, have taken bold moves to invest heavily in the only two Lauric Oils amongst all vegetable oils the upgrade, improvement and increase in capacity that contain monolaurin that provides the health at the factories for greater throughput, with two of properties that are good for human consumption. the largest in Indonesia building capacity to maximize Choice by consumers between the two oils is guided at four million nuts per day process and already by the price difference and they would always choose running production line of 50% of that capacity. the cheaper therefore if CNO has a high premium in There is a steady growth and global export price over PKO the consumers choice would affect volumes in the last few years. A ‘sea change’ in market for coconut oils. newer and much higher value products are seen An interesting situation exists to the benefit of in the global markets in both the edible and non- the industry is the price movement and behaviour edible categories. Products of coconut are making for other products including non-edible such as ‘a Come-Back’, from the 30 odd products 15 years charcoal, activated carbon, charcoal briquette as well ago to over 120 different lines and growing year by as coconut water, DC and at times coconut milk and year. coco sugar, are not affected by CIF Rotterdam prices. Coconut though small player demonstrated and The Community urges processors and producers its contribution to the vegetable oils market as last of high value products to ‘share your success with the on the list with only 1% alongside olive oil. Yet it still suppliers of your raw material to encourage these worries the opposing oils as indicated in the recent growers to replant to replace senile palms, plant upsurge in negative claims against the healthy status new coconut lands, improve their farm management of coconut oil. What if Coconut grew its quota to 5%? practices and remain in the industry to strengthen Imagine the ‘war’ on coconut oil, yet the Community coconut livelihoods for future generations. ought to take on this challenge and seriously It is therefore pertinent on the industry to review commence large scale planting because statistics the status of the overall value and supply chain already indicate declining coconut production that situation to turn it around for the shared benefit of all would threaten consistent or adequate supply of raw who are engaged productively in both the food and material for the industry going forward. non-food chains. Only then we are able to ascertain It is important to understand the manner in which or determine what the true value of one coconut price movements have on the livelihood of coconut is at any one time. Such transparency in benefits farmers. Their role is critical as the major suppliers and benefit streams will sustain and grow the of 90% of raw material in fresh coconuts, coconut industry. g

10 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Report

Indian Coconut Journal 11 November 2019 C

The Exhibition By product

Kalpa Krunch Ready-To-Eat Snack

R. Pandiselvam, M.R. Manikantan, Shameena Beegum, A.C. Mathew, and S.V. Ramesh ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India

oconut milk residue (CMR) is a main co-product and lower the serum cholesterol (Gunathilake et al., Cof coconut processing including coconut milk 2009). It provides numeral health benefits in the powder production, virgin coconut oil, flavored prevention of coronary heart diseases, colon cancer, coconut milk and coconut milk yogurt based and diabetes (Trinidad et al., 2007). Furthermore, processing industries. It is a rich source of poly coconut milk residue obtained after milk extraction phenols and dietary fiber (Trinidad et al., 2007). possess good nutritional properties which could The proximate composition of coconut milk be utilized for value addition of various processed residue flour is crude fiber (25.51%), dietary fiber foods. (46.50%), crude fat (49.24%) and crude protein Most popular junk foods contain very high levels (5.29%) respectively (Manikantan, Ambrose, & Alavi, of trans-fats, salts and sugar - which inevitably leads 2015). Nevertheless, CMR is mostly underutilized to severe ill health and diseases like obesity and as animal feed or thrown as waste (Manikantan, diabetes. Commercially available extrudates are Arivalagan, Mathew & Hebbar, 2015). Incorporation usually developed from cereal flour. They tend to of coconut milk residue in our food could go long be low in essential amino acid content with a poor way in meeting our physiological and nutritional biological value and are coated with synthetic flavors requirements (Manikantan, Ambrose, & Alavi, 2015). and color. Hence, nutritious snacks can be produced Published reports reveal that consumption of high by incorporation of coconut milk residue since it is fiber coconut flour products increase the fecal bulk rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols.

14 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 By product

Fig 1. Line extrusion unit installed at ICAR-CPCRI for production of Kalpa Krunch Machineries required for production of Kalpa Krunch (Capacity 5 to 15 kg/h) Sl. Unit price Total cost Item Quantity No (Rs.) (Rs.) 1. Twin screw extruder 1 2100000 2100000 2. Ingredient mixer 1 100000 100000 3. Coating machine 1 200000 200000 Packaging machine 4. 1 300000 300000 (Form fill seal system) 5. Mechanical dryer 2 200000 400000 6. Pulveriser 1 100000 100000 Miscellaneous items such as stainless steel Extrusion containers, SS contain- Extrusion technology is a most adaptable and 7. ers with trolley attached - 100000 100000 and other vessels, economical method due to continuous nature, short weighing balance, mois- processing time, energy efficiency and absence of ture meter, etc., effluents to formulate new cereal -based snacks in 33,00,000 variety of shapes (Kowalski et al., 2016). Extrusion Total cost has been used to produce a variety of foods such as ready-to-eat cereals, textured vegetable protein, and animal foods. In extrusion process, the desirable ingredients are subjected to high mechanical shear, celery. Kalpa Krunch is rich in dietary fiber, protein, fat drag, friction, and compression forces (Pandiselvam and carbohydrate with antioxidant activity. It is crispy et al., 2019). Therefore, moistened starchy, fibrous, and puffy in nature. Hence, Kalpa Krunch is a healthy, and protein materials are worked into viscous dough nutritious and crunchy snack food for all. Apart from before being forced through the die (Lazou and that the underutilized coconut milk residue will fetch Krokida, 2010). a decent market price if it is converted to extrudates, it add to boost the income of the coconut growers Kalpa Krunch and virgin coconut oil manufactures. g ICAR-CPCRI has developed a technology for the utilization of coconut milk residue to develop a ready-to-eat extrudates and named as “Kalpa Retired Krunch”. This technology has been commercialized to two entrepreneurs. Kalpa Krunch Production Process The various steps involved in Kalpa Krunch production are mixing the ingredients (coconut milk residue and cereal flours), addition of moisture (14-16%, w.b.), extrusion (co-rotating twin screw extruder), drying, flavour coating and packaging. The process flow is described below, Kalpa krunch is prepared by using rice flour, corn flour and coconut milk residue. It is coated Shri. Supriya Guha retired from the with natural and healthy flavors. The flavors are service of Coconut Development Board formulated from ten different types of spices and on 31st October 2019. He has served the vegetables including coriander, garlic, turmeric, Board for more than 33 years. clove, cinnamon, chilli, mint, cardamom, tomato and

Indian Coconut Journal 15 November 2019 C Article

An ode to the Goodness of coconut:

Vindu N, CDB, Kochi

Dr. Rejitha Nandini is a Consultant Paediatrician with several years of clinical experience. On realizing the various beneficial effects of coconut oil as an excellent medium of moisturizer for both the skin and the hair, Dr. Rejitha has turned into making coconut oil based skin and hair care products under the brand name of Aloha. The properties of coconut oil help remove dead skin cells and dirt away from the body. The oil also help prevent or reduce acne and helps to firm up skin and helps look younger as coconut oil based products are rich in antioxidants. Under the brand name Aloha, Dr. Rejitha is manufacturing coconut oil based handmade soaps, face packs, gel cream and herbal hair oil Coconut milk based soap, gentle exfoliation scrub soaps and face scrubs are the other coconut based products which are in the pipeline of Aloha.

Excerpts of the interview with 1. What attracted you towards making skin and hair Dr. Rejitha Nandini care products at home? Aloha started as a quest for natural alternative for my daughter’s allergy prone dry skin. After researching a lot on handmade soaps I made my first soap and it helped in soothening my kids inflamed skin. 2. When did you feel that you should make skin and hair care products commercially? After personally realising the various beneficial effects of the products, I started gifting the products

16 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Value Addition

of saturated fat and this is easily to several of my friends and absorbed by our skin. It has relatives. The response was high percentage of Lauric acid really encouraging and even which has antimicrobial effects. amazing. Those with sensitive Moreover coconut oil suits all skin got immense relief. This skin types. In Aloha handmade made me confident enough to soaps it contributes to cleansing initiate commercial production of effect and hardness of the soap. the same so that larger section would be benefitted with the quite natural benefits of these products. Licensing procedures Coconut oil is remarkably free are going on for the same. from allergens and therefore can be used even for a just born baby 3. What are the handmade skin safely. and haircare products available under the brand Aloha? 7. Is coconut oil a main Currently an array of ingredient in Aloha Hair oil too? handmade soaps, face packs , What is the advantage of using gel cream and herbal hair oil are coconut oil in hair care? available under Aloha brand. Since time immemorial people in the tropics have had long black 4. Is coconut oil a main tresses, thanks to the application ingredient in Aloha skin and of coconut oil in the scalp and hair care products? 6. Does Aloha have special hair. Coconut oil penetrates the In varying proportions coconut handmade soaps for babies? How hair roots and stimulates hair oil is used in all Aloha skin beneficial is coconut oil in the growth and reduces premature and hair care products. Aloha skincare routine of babies? greying. Aloha herbal hair oil handmade soaps contain 20 to 60 Yes. Aloha brand has proven remarkable results percent of coconut oil, Aloha gel manufactures a soap specially in terms of reducing hair loss, cream has fifty percent coconut made for the soft skin of babies dandruff, arresting greying and oil and Aloha hair oil is medicinal with lots of coconut oil in it. In promoting hair growth. Coconut herbs boiled in coconut oil. Kerala babies were traditionally oil used in preparing Aloha hair ‘Grameena’ or ‘Kera’ brands of massaged with coconut oil. The oil helps it to penetrate deep coconut oil is used in Aloha skin medium chain triglycerides in into the hair roots and the hair and hair care products. Coconut coconut oil are easily absorbed by nourishing nutrients stimulate oil procured from Krishimitra, the delicate skin of the babies. hair growth. The anti microbial Kottarakkara is also used. It moisturises the skin thoroughly effects help with scalp infection. and keeps the skin hydrated and 5. What is the advantage of using 8. Which other coconut products rash free. coconut oil over other oils in are used in Aloha brand? Aloha handmade soaps? Cradle cap, a common crusting Coconut shell charcoal Coconut oil is rich in medium of infant scalp benefits from (activated) is used in Aloha anti chain fatty acids which are a form applying coconut oil to scalp. acne soaps and Aloha anti acne

Indian Coconut Journal 17 November 2019 C Value Addition

Dr.Rejitha has taken her MBBS from Medical College, Trivandrum and MD in Paediatrics from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. She has worked in both the government and private sectors in Kerala and Dubai. She has also worked as Asst. Professor in Sri Mookambika College of Medical Sciences. She is currently working at Muthoot Medicare, Pathanamthitta.

face pack, Coconut milk powder is used for making Aloha face packs . 11. There has been lot of negative publicity going 9. How do you use coconut shell charcoal in Aloha on against coconut products in Ones daily diet. As charcoal soap? medical practitioner what are your observations? Aloha activated charcoal soap is a popular skin Well as a doctor I would definitely recommend care product. It is a deep cleanser which unclogs the coconut products in one’s daily diet especially skin pores gently and detoxifies the skin. It is natural in the diet of growing children. Premature and and harmless cleanser and has very less chance for underweight new born babies are given two drops creating allergies. of coconut oil with each feed for improved weight 10. Are you planning to use other coconut products gain. This is because the medium chain triglycerides in the upcoming Aloha skin/hair care products? in coconut oil are easily digested even by new born Aloha coconut milk soap especially for babies babies. Coconut oil can increase HDL cholesterol will be launched soon. Also Aloha gentle exfoliation and also increase the rate of calories burnt. scrub soaps and Aloha face scrubs will soon hit Generations who thrived on coconut oil and other the online market with coconut flour as the main coconut products were remarkably healthy until ingredient. new food habits got introduced. g

A casual visit to the face book page of Aloha handcraftedcosmetics and the website www.alohahandcrafted.com would leave one amazed with the fantastic array of amazing handmade coconut oil based skin and hair care products.

18 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Quality

Adulteration in Coconut and Virgin Coconut Oil

Implications and Detection Methods

R. Pandiselvam, M.R. Manikantan, S.V. Ramesh, Shameena Beegum, and A.C. Mathew ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India

oconut oil is one of the most important Cvegetable oils in the tropical region. Coconut oil is used extensively for various edible and industrial purposes. The oil is rich in medium-chain fatty acids and exhibits good digestibility (Che Man & Marina, 2006). Of late, coconut oil have Some of the coconut industries been liable to adulteration either accidentally or tend to mix the dried testa with intentionally (Rohman et al., 2019). Adulteration copra and utilize the mixture for of food not only decreases its quality but also lead extracting the oil. The refined to a number of ill effects on the health. Due to the shortfall in production and consequent high price and deodorized testa oil is of oils, adulteration has emerged as a major issue also adulterated along with worldwide. In 2018, FSSAI has banned 166 brands coconut oil to reduce the cost of of coconut oil in Kerala as they were found to be production of pure coconut oil. adulterated. It is essential to have the knowledge on identification of pure and adulterated oil. The available methodologies to detect the adulteration at home level and/or industry scale is discussed in this paper.

Indian Coconut Journal 19 November 2019 C Quality Common adulterants in coconut oil XXPalm kernel oil The physical and chemical characteristics of palm kernel oil are closest to coconut oil and it blends easily with coconut oil. Hence, adulteration detection becomes rather difficult, especially when the adulterant has similar chemical characteristics to that of the original oil (Anklam & Bantaglia, 2001). The price of the palm kernel oil is 60% less than coconut oil. Cochin Oil Merchants Association (COMA) reported that the current price of copra is 92.50/kg. Some of the coconut processing industries are selling coconut oil at Rs. 127/kg. (Business Line., April 30th 2019). It is hard to sell coconut oil at Rs. 127/kg. considering the unit operations involved in coconut oil production including labour cost, power, copra extraction, filtration, packaging and transportation costs. Hence, it is highly likely that of copra. The fat content in the testa ranges from the coconut oil available at a price below Rs.150/kg 34 to 63% (Appaiah et al., 2014). In general, testa could be an adulterated product. oil is used in the process of soap making. Some of the coconut industries tend to mix the dried testa XXTesta oil with copra and utilize the mixture for extracting Testa is a brown skin present in the coconut the oil. The refined and deodorized testa oil is also meat and the major by-product from the coconut adulterated along with coconut oil to reduce the cost processing industries including virgin coconut oil, of production of pure coconut oil. dessicated coconut, coconut chips and flavored Argemone oil & Cotton seed oil are also used for coconut milk. It is dried and sold at about 65% of cost adulteration of coconut oil.

Table 1. Authentication methods for virgin coconut oil (VCO) Raw material Instrumentation Accuracy Reference VCO adulterated with palm kernel olein FTIR spectroscopy Successfully measured adulteration to the level of 1% Manaf et al. (2006) VCO adulterated with soybean oil Differential scanning Detect the samples that where adulteration Marina et al. calorimetry exceeds 10% (2009) VCO adulterated with palm oil FTIR spectroscopy Successfully quantified the level of adulterant from 1 to 50% Rohman and Che Man (2009) VCO mixed with refined, bleached and de- Electronic nose Pure and adulterated samples could be differ- Marina et al. odorized palm kernel olein entiated with 1% detection limit (2010) VCO adulterated with corn (CO) and sunflower FT-MIR spectroscopy The error value are relatively low, i.e. 1.68% Rohman and Che oil (SFO) and 1.32% (v/v), respectively for CO and SFO. Man (2011) VCO adulteration with animal fats (mutton Two-dimensional gas Possible to detect animal fats in VCO at a Xu et al. (2015) tallow, beef tallow, chicken fat or their mixture) chromatography (GC × level as little as 0.25%. GC–TOF/MS) VCO adulterated with mustard oil FTIR spectroscopy Detected the adulterants level of 5% or more Pandurangan et al. (2017) VCO adulterated with lard (lard-fat from a pig) FTIR spectroscopy The measurement are within ±10% of the Lee et al. (2017) expected value for lard in VCO VCO adulterated with grape seed oil (GSO) FTIR spectroscopy It differentiates the pure VCO from that of oil Rohman et al. and soybean oil (SO) adulterated with GSO and SO with an accura- (2019) cy level of 100%

20 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Quality

such as free fatty acid (FFA) or acid value also may be helpful to find out the adulteration. Lower the acid value better the quality. According to the FSSAI, the permissible limit of acid value is not more than 4.0 for edible oils. XXVirgin coconut oil (VCO) Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is obtained from the flesh of coconut meat by natural or mechanical means. Unlike the commercial coconut oil, VCO remains unrefined and therefore is not processed by deodorizing and bleaching (Xu et al., 2015). In this way, the natural chemical and volatile components in VCO are preserved, including vitamin E, pro-vitamin A, and polyphenols (Dayrit et al., 2011; Manikantan et al., 2018). VCO has received much attention among the consumers due to its antiviral and antimicrobial property (Marina, Che Man, & Ismail, XXSecond grade oil 2009). The market price of VCO is approximately Improper handling of coconut while producing copra leads to rotten product and/or fungus Table 2: Comparative quality characteristics of VCO by hot and fermentation processes with commercial coconut oil and APCC/ infestations. Inferior quality copra is made available FSSAI * standard for VCO at a low price compared to the good quality (white color) copra. Hence, in order to offset the production Chemical Hot pro- Fermented Com- APCC/ parameters cess VCO VCO mercial FSSAI* cost of coconut oil, the inferior quality, rotten copra Coconut Oil standard could be mixed with good quality copra during oil extraction. It causes the rapid spoilage of oil due to Tocopherol 15-20 20-30 2-6 - (µg/g) its relatively high free fatty acid content. Polyphenols 500-700 350-500 150-250 - Detection methods (µg/g) According to the Food Safety and Standards Antioxidant 80-90 65-75 35-45 - Authority of India (FSSAI), some common adulterants activity (%) and contaminants can be tested in home itself. The Mono- 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-1.5 - simple method to detect adulterants in coconut oil is glycerides to pour the oil in a transparent glass and place it in (%) the refrigerator (do not keep it in the freezer). If it is Phytosterol 2.5-3.0 2-2.5 0.5-1.0 - pure coconut oil, it will solidify; otherwise adulterant (µg/g) forms a distinct layer. Color (Lovi- 0.1R+0.5Y 0.1R+0.1Y 0.1R+0.5Y Water The coconut oil adulterated with other edible bond) clean oils can be detected by testing the Iodine Value (IV). Refractive 1.4480- 1.4480- 1.4480- 1.4480- A higher iodine value represents a higher content Index at 1.4490 1.4490 1.4490 1.4492 of unsaturated fatty acids. Coconut oil contains 40°C medium chain saturated fatty acids having an iodine Saponifica- 250-260 250-260 250-260 250-260 value of about 7 to 10 whereas all other oils have tion value relatively high iodine values. This feature could be Iodine value 7-8.6 7.5-8.4 7.4-8.1 4.1-11.00 used to distinguish other oils from coconut oil. Testa oil generally have an iodine value of about 20, palm Specific 0.915- 0.915- 0.915- 0.915- gravity at 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 kernel oil about 16-19, and for cotton seed oil the 30°C value ranges from 100-117 (Thomas, 2000). Hence, coconut oil possessing an iodine value of greater Moisture (%) 0.09-0.1 0.08-0.1 0.08-0.1 0.1-0.5 than 10 is an indication of adulteration. *APCC – Asia Pacific Coconut Community, Jakarta, Indonesia; *FSSAI-Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (Source: Similarly, estimating other chemical parameters Manikantan et al., 2016)

Indian Coconut Journal 21 November 2019 C Quality

5 - 10 times higher than that of common plant oils (Rohman & Man, 2011). Therefore, VCO is extensively adulterated with cheaper plant oils. An analytical technique offering fast and reliable detection of such adulteration has been developed by researchers from different parts of the world (Table 1). Based on the available quality standards such as Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) standards, it is hard to differentiate coconut oil and virgin coconut oil. The main differentiating feature and quality control of food products. Analysis of the coconut oil produced from copra and virgin of adulteration in oils has been reported using coconut oil is the variation in tocopherol, polyphenols differential scanning calorimetry, spectroscopy, and antioxidant capacity (Manikantan et al., 2016). e-nose, gas chromatography and many more. The comparative quality profile of VCO produced Most of these instruments are expensive, requires by different methods and commercial coconut oil manpower expertise and arduous interpretation (produced from copra) is depicted in Table 2. skills. There is a need for simple and cost effective Recent advancements have offered many techniques to check the adulteration in coconut oil equipments/tools that could be utilized for analysis and other oil-based food products. g

References

n Appaiah, P., Sunil, L., Prasanth Kumar, P. K., & Gopala Krishna, A. G. (2014). Composition of coconut testa, coconut kernel and its oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 91(6), 917-924. n Che Man, Y. B., & Manaf, M. A. (2006). Medium-chain triacylglycerols. In Nutraceutical and specialty lipids and their co-products (pp. 41-70). CRC Press.n Dayrit, F. M., Dimzon, I. K. D., Valde, M. F., Santos, J. E. R., Garrovillas, M. J. M., & Villarino, B. J. (2011). Quality characteristics of virgin coconut oil: Comparisons with refined coconut oil. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 83(9), 1789-1799. n Manaf, M. A., Man, Y. B. C., Hamid, N. S. A., Ismail, A., & Abidin, S. Z. (2007). Analysis of adulteration of virgin coconut oil by palm kernel olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Food Lipids, 14(2), 111-121. n Manikantan, M.R., A.C.Mathew, K. Madhavan, T.Arumuganathan, M. Arivalagan, Shameena Beegum., & K.B. Hebbar. (2016). Virgin coconut oil hot and fermentation process. Technical bulletin no-108, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala. n Manikantan, M. R., Pandiselvam, R., Beegum, S., & Mathew, A. C. (2018). Harvest and Postharvest Technology. In K. U. K. Nampoothiri, V. Krishnakumar, P.K. Thampan, M. Achuthan Nair, (Eds.), The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives (pp. 635-722). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 981-13-2754-4_13 n Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., Nazimah, S. A. H., & Amin, I. (2009). Monitoring the adulteration of virgin coconut oil by selected vegetable oils using differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Food Lipids, 16(1), 50-61. n Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., & Amin, I. (2010). Use of the SAW sensor electronic nose for detecting the adulteration of virgin coconut oil with RBD palm kernel olein. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(3), 263-270. n Pandurangan MK, Murugesan S, N Shettu and Gajivaradhan. (2017). Detection of adulteration of coconut oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 2017; 2(6): 46-51. n Rohman, A., & Che Man, Y. B. (2009). Monitoring of virgin coconut oil (VCO) adulteration with palm oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of food lipids, 16(4), 618-628. n Rohman, A., & Man, Y. B. C. (2011). The use of Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy for detection and quantification of adulteration in virgin coconut oil. Food Chemistry, 129(2), 583-588. n Rohman, Che Man, and Eakub Ali. (2019). The authentication of virgin coconut oil from grape seed oil and soybean oil using ftir spectroscopy and chemometrics. Int J App Pharm, 11(2), 259-263. n Rohman, A., & Man, Y. B. C. (2011). The use of Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy for detection and quantification of adulteration in virgin coconut oil. Food Chemistry, 129(2), 583-588. n Thomas, A. (2000). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley- VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173 n Lee, Z.H., Kuek, J.S., & Chua, A.M. (2017). Quantitative Determination of Lard Adulteration by FTIR Spectroscopy with Chemometrics Method - Virgin Coconut Oil. Halal Authentication Analysis, Application News. AD-0167. n Xu, B., Li, P., Ma, F., Wang, X., Matthäus, B., Chen, R., ... & Zhang, Q. (2015). Detection of virgin coconut oil adulteration with animal fats using quantitative cholesterol by GC× GC–TOF/MS analysis. Food Chemistry, 178, 128-135.

22 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Pest

Invasion of the Palm infesting Neotropical Whitefly in Coconut

Selvaraj, K*., Sundararaj1, R and Sumalatha, B.V Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru-560024, India 1Forest Protection Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka, India

ncreased trade, transport and travel are the spiralling whitefly,Aleurodicusrugioperculatus Martin Imajor drivers of bioinvasions and will continue on coconut and several horticultural and ornamental to increase as a by-product of globalization and plants (Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017), Bondar’s invasive exotic species move from one region of nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodesbondari Peracchi and the world to the other. The enormous increase in P. mineiΙaccarino on coconut (ICAR-CPCRI, 2018; the volume, diversity and swiftness of movement Chandrika Mohan et al., 2019). During February of plant products throughout the world has led to a 2019, one more palm infesting, highly invasive proliferation and dissemination of invasive species, whitefly species, AleurotrachelusatratusHempel particularly those closely associated with plants, (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was found colonizing on such as scale insects and whiteflies. So far, more than members of Arecaceaeviz., coconut, (Cocos nucifera) 110 exotic insect species had been reported from and ornamental areca palm (Dypsealutescens) at India, of which, whiteflies and mealybugs constitute Mysore and Mandya districts of Karnataka, India. a major part of the invasion. In India, 463 whiteflies The genus Aleurotrachelus is one of the largest species belonging to 68 genera are known to feed genera of whiteflies and currently containing 74 on many agricultural, horticultural and forestry crop species worldwide with 12 species known to be well plants which include four recently invaded species distributed in the Afrotropical region (Evans, 2008). A. viz.,solanum whitefly,Aleurothrixustrachoides (Back) atratus is a Neotropical whitefly, originally described on 24 host plants (Sundararajet al., 2018), rugose by Hempel (1922) from Brazil and reported widely in

Indian Coconut Journal 23 November 2019 C Pest

Fig 1: Aleurotrachelus atratus

a b c d e a) Mounted puparium, b) Puparium, c) Colony structure, d) Dichochrysa predator, e) Adult

the tropics and subtropics and colonize on more than than P. bondariand P. minei and without any wavy 110 plant species belonging to Arecaceae, Rutaceae, marking on the wings (Fig 1e). A. atratus can be Solanacee, Cycadaceae and Lauraceae (Malumphy easily diagnosed from its closely related and other and Treseder, 2011). A. atratushas spread rapidly recently invaded species Aleurothrixestrachoides in the Neotropical region viz., Antigua, Bahamas, (Back) by elongate oval puparium, the marginal Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, teeth having crenulations on their sides, the pattern Nevis, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and USA, (Florida). It is of the tile-like sculpturing on the submargin, and the now also found in Africa, North and South America, rounded lingula tip which is not bilobed. Central America and the Caribbean, Europe and Symptoms of damage: Found infesting mainly on Oceania (Borowiec et al., 2010). the under surface of leaflets in groups ranging from Whitefly specimens were collected from infested 97 to 186 nymphs per group with 3 to 48 groups plants (Coconut & Areca palm) from several locations per leaflet. In severe cases more than 60% coverage in Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka. The of leaflet by the nymphs resulting in chlorosis or identity of the whitefly is confirmed using best necrosis and loss of vigour with drying of leaflets mounted slides as Aleurotrachelusatratus Hempel (Fig.1c). Further indirect damage is caused by the (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) based on the specific excreted honeydew that serves as a medium for the puparial taxonomic characteristics, which includes, growth of sooty moulds. Elongate oval puparium with entire dark cuticle Natural enemies: Considering the economic (Fig. 1a); marginal teeth separated, with converging importance of new invasion of A. atratusin in India, subtruncate or rounded apices, each one with an attempt to find natural enemies revealed no serrated margins; absence of first abdominal and parasitisation but four species of predators such mesothoracic setae, metathoracic setae extending Dichochrysaastur (Banks) (=Malladaastur (Banks)) nd th beyond 2 abdominal segment, 8 abdominal (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Jauraviapallidula setae longer than the vasiform orifice, caudal setae (Motschulsky), Chilocorusnigrita (Fabricius) very long and set on tubercles; submarginal area (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Cybochephalusspp. with rows of flat, elongate granules of subequal size; (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) were found feeding in the lingula tip rounded. field condition. Eggs and larvae of A. atratus occur on the Considering the economic importance of new underside of palm fronds, and when abundant they invasion of A. atratus in India, an attempt to find are highly conspicuous due to the dense flocculent natural enemies revealed no parasitisation but four white wax which covers the black pupae. Eggs are species of predators such Dichochrysaastur (Banks) stalked, initially creamy white and turn to dark (Malladaastur (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), brown before hatching. The first instars have four Jauraviapallidula (Motschulsky), Chilocorusnigrita pairs of wax plumes excreted by glands at the (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), base of dorsal setae (Fig.2c). Puparia are elliptical, Cybochephalusspp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) were black, 1.0-1.1 mm long with a long marginal white found feeding in the field condition. wax fringe and dorsal wax filaments that often Impact on coconut: India being the largest completely cover the insect (Fig.1b). Adults differ coconut producing country in the world, contributes from the recently invaded whiteflies infesting palms; 31% of global production. Coconut palm provides smaller than Aleurodicusrugioperculatus but larger

24 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Pest food security and livelihood opportunities to in Hemiptera and Homoptera because of their life- more than 12 million people in India, covering 16 history traits, such as their aggregated and sedentary states and three Union Territories. Coconut and lifestyle. Thus danger posed by A. stratus is likely to coconut products are gaining global importance as spread to other coconut producing states in India a contributing factor to the health, nutrition and and extent its host ranges on other Arecaceae palms, wellness of human being. India ranks second in Solanaceae and Rutaceae plants. terms of productivity (10349 nuts / ha) next to Brazil Though, two parasitoids, Encarsiabasicincta and (11574 nuts / ha), among the major coconut growing Eretmoceruscoco is reported as efficient natural countries (Murthy, 2018). With the current report enemies for the suppression of this coconut whitefly of A. atratus, altogether 464 species of whiteflies population in its native range in Brazil. However, In belonging to 68 genera are known from India in India, nil natural parasitism either by native or exotic which so far six species viz., Aleurocanthusarecae parasitoid could be observed so far thus indicating David & Manjunatha, Aleurodicusdispersus that pest was introduced probably without natural Russell, Aleurodicusrugioperculatus Martin and P. enemies complex into India. Therefore, it could be bondariand P. minei are known to infest coconut a potential threat to coconut cultivation as well as a palm in India. Among these whiteflies, except threat to environmental tourism in India if unchecked. Aleurocanthusarecae, all others were invasive In view of above to develop effective management to India. The present study revealed that rugose strategies, intensive surveys for its distribution, host spiralling whitefly, A. rugioperculatus seems to range, intensity and natural may be enemies has be slowly getting replaced by A. atratus as only been initiated. Red pest alert note issued to all other few colonies or nil colonies /population (10-15 life stakeholders to look out its occurrence on other stages/leaflet) could be seen in the same infested locations and host plants as soon as they notice this leaflet as interspecific competition is more common potential pest. g

Acknowledgement We are grateful to the Director, ICAR-NBAIR, Bengaluru for providing facilities to carry out the research and The Chairman, Coconut Development Board, Kochi for financial support through research grant. References Borowiec, N., Quilici, S., Martin, J., Issimaila, M., Chadhouliati, A., Youssoufa, M.A, Beaudoin-Ollivier, L., Delvare, G. & Reynaud, B. (2010). Increasing distribution and damage to palms by the Neotropical whitefly, Aleurotrachelusatratus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 134(6), 498-510. DOI. org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01450.x Chandrika Mohan, Josephrajkumar, A., MerinBabu, Arya Krishna &Krishnakumar, V. (2019). Occurrence of invasive bondar’s nesting whitefly on coconut in Kerala. Indian Coconut Journal, 61(4), 17-18. Evans, G.A. (2008). The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies.http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/whitefly/PDF_PwP%20ETC/world-whitefly-catalog-Evans. pdf[accessed 19 May, 2019]. ICAR-CPCRI (2018). Pest alert - A new invasive Bondar’s nesting whitefly reported on coconut from Kerala, India. http://www.cpcri.gov.in/images/images/news/ICAR-CPCRI% 20Pest%20Alert%20Paraleyrodes %20 %20bondari1.pdf (Accessed on 29 March, @019). Malumphy, C &Treseder, K. (2011). Palm-infesting whitefly Aleurotrachelusatratus (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) established in England at a botanical garden. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 147 (1760-62), 23-31 Murthy, B.N.S (2018). Country Paper – India, Presented in Global Conference held during 17th-19th April 2018 at Dubai. Indian Coconut Journal, 61 (04), 4-10. Sundararaj, R. &Selvaraj, K. (2017). Invasion of rugosespiraling whitefly, Aleurodicusrugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a potential threat to coconut in India. Phytoparasitica, 45(1): 71-74, DOI 10.1007/s12600-017-0567-0. Sundararaj, R., Amuthavalli, T. &Vimala, D. (2018). Invasion and establishment of the solanum whitefly Aleurothrixustrachoides (Back) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in South India. Current Science, 115 (1): 29-31.

Indian Coconut Journal 25 November 2019 C By product Coconut Fibre A high Dietary Fibre Source

oconut is a unique fruit as it contains a number The fibre content of coconut flour is definitely Cof vitamins and minerals and is a rich source of the highest of all types of flours. A 100-g serving of dietary fibre. Coconut fibre or coco fibre contains coconut flour contains almost 39 g of fibre, which more dietary fibre than many other sources. Fibre is above the fibre content of whole grain, wheat plays an important role in the digestive process and flour or all-purpose flour, which contain 11 g and can meaningfully positively boost human health. 3 g of fibre, respectively. Fibre is part of the total carbohydrates, which means that 60 percent of the Health benefits of fibre carbohydrates in coconut flour is fibre. This means that a 1/4 cup of coconut flour provides 12 g of fibre Regulates bowel activity and 1 tbsp. contains about 3 g of fibre. Absorbs carcinogens and other toxic chemicals Coconut dietary fibre is particularly important as it is reported to produce high amount of butyric Acts as food for beneficial gut bacteria acid in stomach, which helps in inhibiting tumor formation. Coconut flour incorporated foods Aids in filling the stomach and producing a show low glycemic index, which is good for proper feeling of fullness control and management of diabetes mellitus and in the maintenance of weight. It can reduce Helps regulate blood sugar total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides Protects against heart attacks and strokes in moderately raised serum cholesterol levels of human (Trinidad, 2001). Coconut controls Fibre plays an important role in digestion, adds cholesterol and sugar levels in blood and prevent bulk to stool and prevents constipation. It also colon cancer. Studies revealed that consumption promotes healthy cholesterol levels and is linked to of high fibre coconut flour increases faecal bulk a decreased risk of heart disease. (Arancon, 2009).

Coconut dietary fiber is particularly important as it is reported to produce high amount of butyric acid in stomach, which helps in inhibiting tumor formation. Coconut flour incorporated foods show low glycemic index, which is good for proper control and management of diabetes mellitus and in the maintenance of weight.

26 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 By product

A study titled Formulation isolate and to analyse the dietary fibre (72.5%) than any and storage stability of coconut storage stability of coconut flour other cereals. Dietary fibre isolate flour and dietary fibre isolate and dietary fibre isolate were stored up to 10 months ambient was conducted by Manikandan the specific objectives of the conditions, did not produce any Arumugam et al of Department study. The coconut fibre isolate rancid odour and the microbial of Food and Nutrition, RVS was prepared by hydrolysis with load was also within the safe College of Arts and Science, Ca(OH)2 as per the established limits. Dietary fiber isolate Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India protocol. administration substantially with the objective of formulating The study found that the brought down the blood glucose high percentage dietary fibre dietary fibre content of dietary level and reduced the lipid isolate from coconut flakes, as fibre isolation was 72.25% and parameters. Hence, dietary fiber a functional food. Formulating further it was found to be 42% isolate prepared from coconut coconut flour from coconut and 48% in coconut flakes and flakes renders as a safe, odourless flakes, determining the proximate coconut flour respectively. With therapeutic functional food. As composition and microbial dietary fiber isolate potentially respect to CaOH2 to hydrolysis, analysis of coconut flakes, 0.3M and 0.4M concentrations ameliorates glucose and lipid coconut flour and dietary fibre were found to be very ideal levels, this may be used as a in suppressing the dominant functional food for human beings. coconut taste. With water Further, a systematic human holding, retention and swelling study may be carried out using capacities, isolate was found to dietary fiber isolate in order to be the best (8.27, 7.42, 21.33 ml explore its impact in humans. water/g samples,). According to Courtesy: International Journal of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. the microbial load and peroxide ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 7, Issue 3, 2015, value were within safe limits in Formulation and storage stability of isolate (up to 10 months). coconut flour and dietary fibre isolate: The study concludes coconut Manikandan Arumugam*1, Meera fibre isolate is a rich source of Raman1, Kannan Eagappan, Department dietary fibre, when it was treated of Food and Nutrition, RVS college of Arts with calcium hydroxide hydrolysis and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and found that coconut flakes India, 2Department of Clinical Nutrition, lost their coconut taste and PSG college of Arts and Science, produced highest percentage of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Indian Coconut Journal 27 November 2019 C News CDB celebrated Hindi Fortnight

Coconut Development Board celebrated Hindi of officers and staff of the Board. Shri R. Madhu, fortnight from 13th to 27th September 2019. The Secretary CDB distributed the prizes for winners celebration was inaugurated onth 13 September of team competitions and distributed certificates 2019 by Shri R.Madhu, Secretary, CDB and the to the officers and staff who participated in the Valedictory function was held on 31st October 2019. Hindi incentive scheme 2018-19. All the unit offices Shri. Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development of CDB also celebrated Hindi Fortnight. Officer chaired the function. Dr. Indu Velsar, Head, Department of Hindi, Maharajas College, Eranakulam was the chief guest of the function and Exposure Visit Shri. P.R Muralidharan, Board Member attended the programme as special guest. Dr.Indu Velsar, in her address emphasized the importance of Official Language. Shri. Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development Officer and Shri R.Madhu, Secretary spoke during the occasion. Shri. Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development Officer awarded cash prize and certificates tothe winners of the Hindi poetry competition held for the students and Hindi teachers of the schools from Ernakulam District. Chief Guest Dr. Indu Velsar distributed prizes to the winners of the competitions conducted for the officers and staff of the Board. Shri Muralidharan, Board Member, CDB distributed prizes to the children of officers and staff of Board who have scored highest marks in Hindi in the th th 10 and 12 standard exams and the winners A view of the meeting with farmers and officials from of the competitions conducted for the children Meghalaya who visited CDB as part of Exposure Visit.

28 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 News Vigilance Awareness Week-2019

Shri. Saradindu Das Shri.R.Madhu Smt. Deepthi Nair S Administration of Integrity Pledge by CDB staff

In accordance with the direction of Central Valedictory Session on 31st October 2019. In her Vigilance Commission, Coconut Development Board presidential address she advised all employees to observed Vigilance Awareness Week 2019 from maintain integrity and ensure code of ethics during 28th October to 2nd November 2019 on the theme official dealings. She further spoke on the theme Integrity – a way of life. Smt. Deepthi Nair S, Deputy “Integrity – A way of life”. Shri. Saradindu Das, Chief Director & Vigilance Officer-in-Charge, Coconut Coconut Development Officer, CDB, Kochi during Development Board administrated the Integrity his felicitation called upon the employees of CDB to Pledge in the presence of the officials of the Board maintain high standards of integrity, transparency on 28th October 2019. Administration of Integrity and good governance in all aspects of office activities. Pledge was organized at all Regional Offices, State He emphasized that every official should be vigilant Centres and Demonstration cum-Seed Production and remove chances of corruption while in official farms and other unit offices of Coconut Development life. Shri.R.Madhu, Secretary spoke on the need for Board. following laws, rules, regulations and procedures Smt. Deepthi Nair S, Deputy Director & relevant to their work for honest discharge of office Vigilance Officer-in-Charge, CDB presided over the duties.

Krishi Fair 2019 on coconuts and its products, Board's schemes, activities etc. were displayed. Queries on the availability of coconut seedling, CPS formation and coconut processing units were clarified by Board’s officials. Various central and state govt. organisations, Nationalised Banks, NGOs, SHGs, Fertilizer Companies, Agricultural Machinery Manufactures, organic farming related enterprisers & seed Coconut Development Board, State Centre, companies participated in the fair. Odisha participated in the 10th Krishi Fair 2019 held th th th The valedictory session was conducted on 25 from 21 to 25 October, 2019 at Puri. The fair was October, 2019. Shri. Ganeshi Lal Hon'ble Governor organised by Shree Shrikshetra Soochana, Puri. Shri. of Odisha and Shri. Jayanta Kumar Sarangi, Hon'ble Jayanta Kumar Sarangi, Hon'ble Member of Legislative MLAssembly, Puri awarded certificates and Assembly, Puri inaugurated the programme. mementos to the participating organizations and Coconut Development Board displayed coconut appreciated the interest of agricultural organizations seedlings of different varieties, coconut palm in disseminating knowledge and new findings climbing machine, different coconut varieties, through exhibitions and fairs. Puri being a major various value added products like virgin coconut oil, coconut growing district of Odisha, participation virgin coconut capsule, desiccated coconut, coconut in the five days 'Krislil Fair 2019' helped to create milk, coconut Jam, squash, coconut oil, coconut milk awareness about coconut cultivation technology and powder, handicraft, items and informative posters activities and schemes of the Board.

Indian Coconut Journal 29 November 2019 C News District Level Workshop

With an objective to impart knowledge and products, varieties, mother palm selection, seed skill on scientific coconut cultivation to officials, nut selection, methods of planting and nutrient farming community and extension workers, Coconut management. Development Board, State Centre, Kolkata organized Mr. Depayan De Halder, Technical Officer, CDB, a District Level Workshop on Scientific Coconut SC, Kolkata spoke on various schemes of the Board th Cultivation Technologies on 14 November, 2019 at being implemented in the state of West Bengal. Shri. Purba Medinipur Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Bengal. Tarun Sarkar, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Around 200 farmers attended the workshop. briefed on water management and soil conservation Ms. Sritama Biswas, Technical Officer, CDB SC, including irrigation practices and green manure Kolkata delivered the welcome address. Dr. Krishna crops in coconut garden. Shri. Saswata Kamal Roy, Kishor Goswami, Senior Scientist, Purba Medinipur Director of Agriculture (Water Management), Govt. KVK in his address highlighted the importance of of West Bengal spoke on the various schemes of Coconut in West Bengal and stressed upon the the government of West Bengal for the welfare of need for creating awareness among coconut the farmers of the state. Mr. Sagar Tamang, Subject farmers. Mr. Sayan Sau, Subject Matter Specialist Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) briefed on root (Horticulture) spoke on scientific coconut cultivation feeding and spraying of plant protection chemicals with emphasis on utility of various coconut based using gun sprayer on coconut trees in the KVK farm.

Regional Agri Fair 2019

Coconut Development Board Regional Office, Assam participated in the CAU Regional Agri Fair 2019 organized by Central Agriculture University, Manipur, at College of Horticulture & Forestry, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh held from 11th to 13th 2019. Sri Tagi Taki, Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Dairy Development and Fisheries of Arunachal Pradesh inaugurated the Regional Agri Fair-2019. Coconut Development Board displayed various varieties of nuts, coconut convenience food, value added products from coconut kernel, coconut shell & coconut water, coconut shell/wood based handicrafts and various leaflets, books & publications on coconut and postures on the nutritional and health benefits of coconut and its products. The Agriculture Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. Prof. M. Premjit Singh, Vice-Chancellor & Patron, Central Agriculture University, Imphal. Manipur, Prof R.K. Saha Director(EE) & Organizing Secretary, Central Agriculture University, Imphal, Manipur and Prof. B.N. Hazarika, Dean& Local Organizing Secretary visited CDB Stall. Board’s stall bagged the second prize for its excellent display of various products and services.

30 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 News CDB participated in Exhibitions

Friends Fest Season 6, Kochi Swasraya Bharath, CMFRI, Kochi

Swasraya Bharath, Marine Drive, Kochi Chaithanya Karshikamela, Kottayam

Advertisement Tariff of Coconut Journals

Indian Coconut Journal (English monthly), Indian Nalikeral Journal (Malayalam monthly), Bharatiya Nariyal Patrika (Hindi quarterly), Bharatiya Thengu Patrike (Kannada quarterly) and Indhia Thennai Idazh (Tamil quarterly) are the periodicals of the Coconut Development Board. These journals regularly feature popular articles on scientific cultivation and other aspects of coconut industry. The journals are subscribed by farmers, researchers, policy makers, industrialists, traders, libraries, etc.

Indian Indhia Bharatiya Bharatiya Indian Bharatiya Bharatiya Nalikera Thennai Kobbari Thengu Coconut Naral Patrika Nariyal Patrika Journal Idhazh Patrika Patrike Position Journal (Marathi (Hindi (Malayalam (Tamil (Telugu (Kannada (English Bi-annual) quarterly) monthly) quarterly) Bi- annual) quarterly) monthly) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) Full page - No B&W No B&W 5000 5000 5000 5000 No B&W pages B & W pages pages Full page - 20000 20000 10000 10000 10000 10000 5000 Colour Half page - No B&W No B&W 3000 3000 3000 3000 No B&W pages B & W pages pages Quarter page – No B&W No B&W 1500 1500 1500 1500 No B&W pages B & W pages pages Back inner 25000 25000 10000 10000 10000 10000 8000 cover - Colour Back cover - 30000 30000 15000 15000 15000 15000 10000 (Colour) Special package : A rebate of 10% will be allowed on advertisements inserted in any two editions of the journal at a time and 12% discount if inserted in three or more editions at a time. 15% discount will be given to bonafide advertising agents.

Indian Coconut Journal 31 November 2019 C Cultivation Practices

Cultivation practices for coconut December

Collection and storage of seednuts From the identified mother palms seed nuts should be carefully harvested and properly stored to prevent drying of nut water. Wherever the ground surface is hard, harvested bunch should be lowered to the ground using a rope. Nursery management Irrigation has to be provided to the seedlings in the nursery. Weeding has to be done wherever necessary. Mulching with coconut leaves or dried grass or live mulch by raising green manure crops can be done in the nursery. If termite infestation is noted in the nursery drenching with chlorpyriphos (2ml chlorpyriphos in one litre of water) should be done. Spraying of water on the lower surface of leaves of seedlings can be done against spiralling white fly attack. Remove five month old ungerminated seed nuts and dead sprouts from the nursery. Fertilizer application • For irrigated coconut palms one fourth of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers can be given during December. • Drip fertigation, wherever feasible, may be continued in coconut gardens as per the monthly XXIrrigation schedule. • Regular irrigation can be started in coconut • Apply 100 g of Borax in coconut palm basin gardens during December. wherever Boron deficiency is observed. • Clean the irrigation channels if irrigation water • Apply 500 g Magnesium sulphate per palm in is guided to the palm basin through channels. the basin wherever yellowing of coconut leaves is • If basin irrigation method is adopted, provide observed due to Magnesium deficiency. irrigation once in four days @ 200 litres per palm. XXMulching and intercultivation • Drip irrigation is the ideal method of irrigation • Mulching of palm basins can be undertaken if for coconut. The number of dripping points should not done earlier. Fallen dried coconut leaves available be six for sandy soils and four for other soil types. in coconut gardens can be used for mulching. Depending on the evaporation rate, quantity of water to be provided through drip irrigation system • Level down the soil mounds piled up earlier in in different coconut growing tracts can be decided. In the coconut garden. Kerala 30-35 litres and in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka XXShading 35-45 litres of water is sufficient per palm per day • Shade has to be provided for the newly planted through drip irrigation system. and young coconut seedlings. • Seedlings can be given irrigation either through drip or basin method. If drip method is adopted,

32 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Cultivation Practices

Spear leaf damage Inflorescence damage M anisopliae infected grub Mass multiplication of M anisopliae provide irrigation @ 10 litres of water per seedling XXRhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) per day. If other methods like basin method is In the post-flood fury, Kerala witnessed habitat adopted 60 litres per seedling once in four days is destruction of breeding grounds of rhinoceros beetle sufficient. (Oryctes rhinoceros) which could suppress the • Irrigation can be started to negate the effect damage potential of the pest in adult palms. Being of low temperature in the non-traditional areas a ubiquitous cum cosmopolitan pest, incidence of like Bihar, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and North rhinoceros beetle is invariably observed in all seasons eastern states. Also ensure thick mulch in the palm and the juvenile palms are extensively damaged. basin to regulate the soil temperature in such areas. Coconut seedlings planted during May-June should XXDrainage be customarily shielded from pest incursion during this period. More than 0.5% natural incidence of • Provide adequate drainage in coconut gardens Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) was recorded in in localities having drainage problems. Peninsular India and therefore the OrNV-insensitive Pest and disease management Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle-Guam (CRB-G) strain is not prevalent in our country, as this strain is taking The receding phase of North-East monsoon is a great toll in South-East Asian region causing great one of the hallmarks of December month, wherein concern among International community making the weather slowly turns dry and at the same extensive damage. time become cool opening up of winter season. Cool and dry period triggers pest occurrence Management in the perennial system including coconut • Prophylactic treatment of top most three leaf axils plantations. with either botanical cake [Neem cake /marotti cake Wetness coinciding monsoon showers could / pongam cake (250 g)] admixed with equal volume diminish pest incidence, whereas advent of winter of sand or placement of 12 g naphthalene balls (December) opens out pest prevalence as well as covered with sand. subdues disease causing pathogens, and therefore • Routine palm scrutiny during morning hours along strict vigilance and sustained scouting should with brushing of teeth and hooking out the beetle become more focussed for timely pest and disease from the infested site reduces the floating pest diagnosis and management. Regarding common and population. perennial diseases such as leaf rot, stem bleeding • Shielding the spear leaf area of juvenile palms and basal stem rot persists during this period for with fish net could effectively entangle alighting which adequate health restoration is the key for the rhinoceros beetles and placement of perforated palms to withstand the pressure incited by them and sachets containing 3 g chlorantraniliprole /fipronil on avoid further deterioration. top most three leaf axils evade pest incursion. The cosmopolitan insect pests viz., rhinoceros • Dairy farmers could treat the manure pits with beetle and red palm weevil, as well as incidences of green muscardine fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae @ slug caterpillar, rugose spiralling whitefly, coreid bug 5 x 1011 /m3 to induce epizootics on the developing and rodents could emerge and take an upper hand grubs of rhinoceros beetle. Area-wide farmer- during this period in endemic zones. participatory approach in technology adoption could

Indian Coconut Journal 33 November 2019 C Cultivation Practices

Adults weevils Crown entry Toppling of palm

reduce the pest incidence very effectively and forms an eco-friendly approach in pest suppression. East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh and Tumkur, • Incorporation of the weed plant, Clerodendron Karnataka could happen as this period is quite infortunatum in to the breeding pits caused conducive for the population build up especially hormonal irregularities resulting in morphogenetic on coconut palms planted along the river beds and transformational aberration in the immature stages brackish water zones. Several hundreds of caterpillars of the pest. would congregate and feed from under surface of palm leaflets, causing glistening spots and in synergy XXRed palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugine- with grey leaf blight disease complete scorching of us) leaflets could be observed. In severe cases, complete Reduction in the incidences of rhinoceros beetle, defoliation was realized and only midribs will be would subsequently suppress the invasive potential spared. High temperature and cool weather could be of the killer pest, viz., the red palm weevil, which one of the triggering factors. needs an injury for the weevils to orient towards Management the palm cue and lay eggs. Dwarf genotypes and • Complete destruction of affected palm leaflets palms aged between 5-15 years are relatively more with caterpillar at early stages of infestation should susceptible. All life stages of the pest were noticed be made immediately so that the pest build up is inside the infested palms. Being a fatal enemy of suppressed. Care should be taken as the caterpillars palms, 1% action threshold has been fixed. cause extreme itching when contacted with human Management skin due to the presence of poisonous scoli. • Avoiding palm injury is very critical to disorient • Establishment of light traps and spraying Bacillus the gravid weevils away from the field and therefore thuringiensis 5 g/litre was found effective along leave out at least one metre from palm trunk when with inundative biological control using the eulophid petioles are cut. larval parasitoid, Pediobius imbrues. • Crop geometry and correct spacing is very crucial XXRugose Spiralling Whitefly (Aleurodicus to reduce pest attack. rugioperculatus) • Timely and targeted spot application of imidacloprid This period could also witness the establishment 0.002% (1 ml per litre of water) or indoxocarb 0.04% of the invasive rugose spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus (2.5 ml per litre of water) on infested palms would rugioperculatus) in new areas as well as re- kill the feeding grubs and induces recovery of palms emergence in already reported areas. Presence of by putting forth new spear leaf. whitefly colonies on the under surface of palm • Crop-habitat diversification (Ecological Bio- leaflets and appearance of black coloured sooty engineering) through coconut based cropping mould deposits on the upper surface of palm leaflets system strategy inciting defenders and pollinators are characteristic visual symptoms of pest attack. In would diffuse the palm-linked volatile cues and severe cases, advancement in senescence and drying encouraged pest suppression. Diversified cropping of old leaflets was observed. Leaflets, petioles and system reduced pest incidence than mono-cropping. nuts were also attacked by the whitefly pest and a XXSlug caterpillars (Darna nararia) wide array of host plants including banana, bird of paradise, Heliconia sp. were also reported. Emergence of slug caterpillar, Darna nararia is

34 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Cultivation Practices

Slug caterpillar infested field Mature caterpillars on palm leaflet

Management Management • In juvenile palms, spraying of water with jet speed • Need based pruning and destruction of affected could dislodge the whitefly and reduce the feeding spear leaf and other adjacent leaves in the terminal as well as breeding potential of the pest. region. • No insecticide should be used as this causes • Spot application of hexaconazole 2 ml in 300 ml resurgence of the pest and complete kill of the water on the affected spear leaf region. natural aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupae. • Installation of yellow sticky traps and conservatory Stem bleeding (Thielaviopsis (Ceratocystis) biological control using E. guadeloupae could reduce paradoxa) the pest incidence by 70% and enhance parasitism This disease is mostly confined in the acid soils by 80%. of Kerala and becomes quite explicit during the • Habitat preservation of the sooty mould scavenger period. Conspicuous exudation of reddish-brown beetle, Leiochrinus nilgirianus could eat away all the gummy fluid is visible on the trunk which turns sooty moulds deposited on palm leaflets and cleanse black on drying. It could be observed initially as them reviving the photosynthetic efficiency of small bleeding patch along the longitudinal crack, palms. which later coalesce and form extensive lesion. The tissues underneath show tremendous discoloration Close monitoring and systematic scrutiny of and decay subsequently. In advanced stage of palms for timely detection of pests are critical to infection, outer whorls of leaves turns yellow, dry execute the correct approaches in pest suppression and shed prematurely affecting the overall health and reduce crop loss to double income. of the palm. Invasion by scolytid beetles such as Leaf rot disease (Colletotrichum Diocalandra and Xyleborus would further weaken the gloeosporioides, Exserohilum rostratum) stem. It is commonly observed on palms affected by Management root (wilt) disease wherein foliar necrosis of terminal • Avoid burning of trash and palm residues near spear leaf and adjacent leaves are registered. The the trunk to avoid trunk/root injury disease prominently noticed in the post-monsoon • Adequate irrigation and adoption of soil and phase during the month of December. Affected water conservation measures is advised. leaves turn necrotic and are not detachable from the • Application of 5 kg of neem cake enriched palm and remain intact. This disease could be initially with Trichoderma harzianum and soil test based observed as minute lesions which later enlarge, nutrition. coalesce and cause extensive rotting affecting the photosynthetic efficiency of palms. The disease is • Application of paste of Trichoderma harzianum endemic to root (wilt) affected regions of Southern talc formulation on the bleeding patches on the trunk Kerala was also found effective in preventing the spread of stem bleeding.

Indian Coconut Journal 35 November 2019 C Cultivation Practices

Colony of rugose spiralling whitefly Encarsiaguadeloupae Sooty mould scavenging beetle

Leaf rot disease in juvenile palm Basal stem rot disease Bracket fungus

Basal stem rot disease (Ganoderma spp.) Management It is a destructive disease observed in all coconut • Avoid burning of trash and palm residues near growing regions and found very severe in soils the trunk to avoid trunk/root injury with higher pH and moisture stress condition. The • Removal of dead palms and palms in advanced pathogen invades the root system during early stage of the disease as well as destruction of the stages of infection that are not visibly noticed. boles and root bits of the diseased palms to remove Very severe in areas of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu parts disease inoculums. of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh and Arsikara, • Isolation of neighboring healthy palms, by Karanataka. The outer whorl of leaves turn digging isolation trenches (60 cm deep and 30 cm yellowish, then gradually become brown and droop wide) around the affected palm (1.2 m away from from their point of attachment and hang vertically the base of the trunk). downwards to form a skirt around the trunk • Application of neem cake (5 kg) fortified with apex. Trichoderma harzianum (CPTD 28) talc formulation In course of time, the apex of the trunk shows (50 g) per palm per year at six monthly intervals tapering with the advancement of the disease, and reduced the disease intensity. bleeding symptoms may appear on the bole region. • Root feeding of hexaconazole @ 2% (100 ml At the base of the stem a characteristic reddish solution per palm) and soil drenching with 0.2% brown discoloration develops, accompanied by the hexaconazole or with 40 l of 1% Bordeaux mixture in exudation of a brown viscous gummy substance. the coconut basin are recommended These brownish patches may extend up to one metre from ground level and at times bark pealing was also Hence, sustained monitoring and prophylactic observed. Sometimes fruiting bodies (basidiocarp) treatments would suppress the damage potential of of the pathogen develop from the affected pest and disease and suitable health management trunk. strategies need to be adopted at the appropriate time.

(Prepared by: Thamban C, Subramanian P, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod and Joseph Rajkumar, CPCRI Regional Station, Kayamkulam)

36 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019 Market Review Market Review – October 2019 Domestic Price

Coconut Oil Weekly price of Milling Copra at major markets (Rs/Quintal) During the month of October 2019 the price of Kochi Alappuzha Kan- coconut oil opened at Rs.16200 per quintal at Kochi, Kozhikode Rs.16300 per quintal at Alappuzha market and (Rasi Copra) gayam Rs.17350 per quintal at Kozhikode market. The price 01-10-2019 10500 10500 10500 9400 of coconut oil expressed an overall mixed trend at 06-10-2019 10500 10400 10400 9400 Kochi and Kozhikode market and downward trend in 13-10-2019 10200 10100 10000 9300 Alappuzha market during the month. 20-10-2019 10200 10100 10050 8900 The price of coconut oil closed at Rs.15925 per quintal at Kochi, Rs.15900 per quintal at Alappuzha 27-10-2019 10200 10100 10250 8900 market and Rs.16900 per quintal at Kozhikode 31-10-2019 10225 10100 10300 8900 market with a net loss of Rs.275, Rs.400 and Rs.450 Edible copra per quintal at Kochi, Alappuzha and Kozhikode The price of Rajapur copra at Kozhikode market market respectively. opened at Rs. 13500 per quintal expressed an overall The price of coconut oil at Kangayam market in fluctuating trend during the month and closed at Tamilnadu, which opened at Rs.13000 per quintal, Rs.12900 per quintal with a net loss of Rs.600 per expressed a mixed trend during the month and quintal. closed at Rs.13000 per quintal. Weekly price of edible copra at Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal)

Weekly price of coconut oil at major markets Rs/Quintal) 01-10-2019 13500 06-10-2019 13300 Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kangayam 13-10-2019 13900 01-10-2019 16200 16300 17350 13000 06-10-2019 16200 16200 17250 13000 20-10-2019 14400 13-10-2019 15900 16100 16800 12867 27-10-2019 12900 20-10-2019 15900 15900 16800 12667 31-10-2019 12900 Ball copra 27-10-2019 15900 15900 16900 12900 The price of ball copra at Tiptur market which 31-10-2019 15925 15900 16900 13000 opened at Rs.12500 per quintal expressed a mixed trend and closed at same price during the month. Milling copra During the month, the price of milling copra opened at Rs.10500 per quintal at Kochi, Alappuzha Weekly price of Ball copra and Kozhikode market. The price of copra at Kochi at major markets in Karnataka (Rs/Quintal) and Kozhikode markets in Kerala expressed a mixed 01-10-2019 12500 trend whereas price of copra in Alappuzha market 06-10-2019 12500 expressed a downward trend during the month. 13-10-2019 12800 The prices closed at Rs.10225 at Kochi, Rs.10100 at Alappuzha market and Rs.10300 at Kozhikode 20-10-2019 13000 market with a net loss of Rs.275, Rs.400 and Rs.200 27-10-2019 12300 per quintal at Kochi, Alappuzha and Kozhikode 31-10-2019 12500 market respectively.

Indian Coconut Journal 37 November 2019 C Market Review

Dry coconut . At Kozhikode market, the price of dry coconut Weekly price of opened at Rs.10900 per quintal expressed a dehusked coconut with water downward trend during the month. The prices closed Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) at Rs.10150 per quintal with a net loss of Rs.750 per quintal. Philippines) Indonesia Srilanka India* Weekly price of Dry Coconut at 05.10.2019 100 124 127 387 Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) 12.10.2019 110 125 142 380 01-10-2019 10900 19.10.2019 115 125 161 380 06-10-2019 10700 26.10.2019 115 125 186 380 13-10-2019 10500 *Pollachi market 20-10-2019 10500 Coconut Oil 27-10-2019 10150 The international price of coconut oil and 31-10-2019 10150 domestic price of coconut oil in Philippines, Srilanka Coconut and India expressed a mixed trend during the At Nedumangad market the price of partially month. Whereas the domestic price of coconut dehusked coconut opened at Rs.15000 per oil in Indonesia expressed a slight downward thousand nuts and closed at same price during trend. The price of coconut oil quoted at different the month. At Pollachi market in Tamil Nadu, international/ domestic markets is given below. the price of coconut opened at Rs.12000 per Weekly price of coconut oil in major thousand nuts and ruled at same price during the coconut oil producing countries month. At Bangalore APMC, the price of partially International Domestic Price(US$/MT) dehusked coconut opened at Rs.19000 and closed Price(US$/MT) at Rs.23000 per thousand nuts during month. At Philippines/ Philip- Indone- Sri Indonesia (CIF India* Mangalore market the price of partially dehusked pines sia lanka coconut opened at Rs.22000 per thousand nuts Europe) and ruled at same price throughout the month. 05.10.2019 705 625 628 1569 1830 Weekly price of coconut at major markets 12.10.2019 717 650 649 1578 1812 (Rs /1000 coconuts) 19.10.2019 714 642 650 1552 1783 Neduman- Pollachi Banglore Mangalore 26.10.2019 725 650 650 1573 1816 gad (Grade -1) * Kangayam 01-10-2019 15000 12000 19000 22000 Copra 06-10-2019 15000 12000 19000 22000 The domestic price of copra at Philippines 13-10-2019 16000 12000 19000 22000 and Srilanka expressed a mixed trend during the 20-10-2019 16000 12000 18000 22000 month. The domestic price of copra at Indonesia expressed a slight upward trend whereas, the 27-10-2019 16000 12000 18000 22000 domestic price of copra in India expressed a 31-10-2019 15000 12000 23000 22000 downward trend. The price of copra quoted at different domestic markets is given below. International price Weekly International price of copra in major copra producing countries Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) Coconut Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* The price of coconut quoted at different domestic markets in Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka 05.10.2019 398 409 766 1323 and India are given below 12.10.2019 391 410 819 1309 19.10.2019 394 414 813 1253 26.10.2019 396 420 817 1253 * Kangayam

38 Indian Coconut Journal C November 2019