Importation of Fresh Immature Inflorescences of Pacaya, tepejilote Liebm., from El Salvador into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

April 5, 2010

Rev. 01

Agency Contact:

Center for Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture Plant Health Inspection Services Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Executive Summary

In this document we assessed the risk associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote, from El Salvador into the continental United States. Information on pests associated with pacaya in Central American countries that produce it revealed two quarantine pests that could be introduced into the continental United States via this pathway. The quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway are:

Brevipalpus hondurani (: ) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (: )

We qualitatively analyzed these quarantine pests using our Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We examined pest biology in the context of Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction, and used these elements to estimate the Pest Risk Potential. Based on available information, Brevipalpus hondurani is highly unlikely to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible. The other two pests pose potential phytosanitary risks to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems. We determined that the pest risk potential is Medium for Sarasinula plebeia and Low for Brooksithrips chamaedoreae.

Pests assigned a Low Pest Risk Potential typically do not require specific mitigation measures as port-of-entry inspection is expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security. For pests with a Medium Pest Risk Potential, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary and options are presented within this document. Final phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the pacaya pathway will be determined during the development of a separate, detailed pest risk management document.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 ii Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...... ii 1. Introduction...... 1 1.1. Commodity information...... 1 1.2. Production information ...... 1 1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures...... 2 2. Risk Assessment ...... 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action...... 2 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya ...... 2 2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions ...... 3 2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway ...... 4 2.5. Consequences of Introduction...... 20 2.6. Likelihood of Introduction...... 22 2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential...... 26 3. Risk mitigation options...... 26 3.1. Mitigation at the origin ...... 27 3.2. Quarantine Treatments...... 27 3.3. Conclusions...... 27 4. Contributors ...... 28 5. Literature Cited ...... 28 6. Appendices...... 37 Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]...... 37 Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea sp. and C. tepejilote from 1985 to 2008 ...... 39

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

1. Introduction

This risk assessment was prepared by the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in response to a request submitted by the government of El Salvador to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm., into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on risks associated with the importation of the commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative; we expressed risk as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

1.1. Commodity information

The Chamaedorea is composed of approximately 100 species. All members of the genus originate in the neotropical zones in the Americas and are understory that live in a warm, humid environment (Mont et al., 1994). Pacaya has a range from Southern through Central America to parts of Colombia and Brazil and is commonly called the pacaya palm (Mont et al., 1994). It is frequently found in association with other Chamaedorea palms, such as the parlor palm, Chamaedorea elegans.

The immature inflorescence of the pacaya palm has been harvested and consumed in Central America, especially , since the pre-Colombian era (Mont et al., 1994). This inflorescence is called pacaya.

1.2. Production information

El Salvador plans to grow pacaya palms in association with coffee production areas at 400 to 800 m above sea level on steep slopes. The total area in production is planned to be 200 ha or about 16,670 plants total. A plant needs at least three years growth to give a commercial viable yield. Harvest season is from August to December (MAG, 2005).

The Salvadoran government wishes to export pacaya to the United States to take advantage of the expatriate and immigrant Salvadorian community in the United States, marketing pacaya especially in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa Ana, Chicago, Boston, Dallas, and New Orleans (Beatres-Marques et al., 2001; Hernández et al., 2003). The Salvadoran government estimates annual production of pacaya at 5-10 tons, on 25-30 ha (Esquivel, 2005).

Since pacaya has never been an agronomic commodity in El Salvador, little information exists about its production and pest problems. Thus, we included information from other countries in the growing region in the analysis, particularly Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. In addition, confusion exists about the of pacaya palm, so we included information about three other taxa as well: 1) Chamaedorea sp., 2) C. alterans, which has frequently been confused with C. tepejilote (Bacon and Bailey, 2006), and 3) C. costaricacannse, which is sometimes referred to as a pacaya in the literature.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 1 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures

Some standard post-harvest treatments were specified in the technical report on the cultivation of pacaya (MAG, 2005), and are included in Appendix A. These measures specify that the pacayas will be harvested during the months of August through December. The external bracts will be removed, and each will have a peduncle of approximately one inch. The pacayas will be immersed in vats of chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds. They will be subjected to a heat treatment of 10 second at 62ºC and then dried by centrifugation. The pacaya will be packed in two-pound trays for export.

2. Risk Assessment

The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2006: ISPM #2) describe three stages in analysis of pest risk associated with specific commodities. This document satisfies the requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment), and our own guidelines (PPQ, 2000).

We begin this pest risk assessment by identifying the initiating event, conducting a weediness potential screening, and discussing past decisions on the commodity. We then identify and characterize the pests likely to be associated with pacaya in El Salvador. Finally, we analyze in more detail the quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway with the imported commodity.

In this assessment, we combine five risk elements to assess the risk associated with the Consequences of Introduction of pests into the United States. Likewise, we combine six sub- elements to assess the Likelihood of Introduction into the United States. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an evaluation of the Pest Risk Potential.

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We conducted this pest risk analysis in response to a request by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) of El Salvador for USDA authorization to allow imports of fresh pacaya. This commodity may present a potential plant pest risk, as indicated in MAG letter No.285-2004 dated 15 October 2004 (MAG, 2005). Importation into the continental United States of fresh pacaya grown in El Salvador is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7 CFR § 319.56) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya

The results of screening for weed potential for pacaya did not prompt a weed-initiated risk assessment (Table 1).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 2 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Table 1. Weed potential of Pacaya Scientific name: Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. Synonyms: Nunnezharia casperiana, Chamaedorea alternans, Stephanostachys wendlandiana, Nunnezharia wendlandiana, Chamaedorea wendlandiana, Edanthe veraepacis, Chamaedorea sphaerocarpa, Chamaedorea exorrhiza, Chamaedorea columbica, Chamaedorea casperiana, Nunnezharia alternans, Stephanostachys casperiana, Stephanostachys tepejilote, Nunnezharia tepejilote Edanthe tepejilote, Chamaedorea anomospadix (Faucon 2005). Common Names: Pacaya, Tepejilote palm, Pacaya palm, Boda (Spanish), Bolá (Spanish, Panama), Caña verde (Spanish), Cana verde (Spanish), Palmito dulce, Camedórea-pacaia (Brazil), Mo xi ge ling long ye zi (Chinese), Ba ka ya ye zi (Chinese) (Barlow, 2003; Faucon 2005; PPQ 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008). Phase 1 Distribution in the United States: Pacaya is not widely distributed in the United States. It is not native to the United States and cannot grow outside of southern Florida in a natural environment Phase 2 Invasive/Weed Potential Status: No Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1979) No World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977) No World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997) No Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988) No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) No Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2007) No Other (Various literature databases) Phase 3 Summary and Conclusions: We found no evidence of invasive behavior by this plant, and the immature inflorescence is highly unlikely to lead to plant establishment. Thus, this pest risk assessment continues.

2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Current import status and Decision history Pacaya can enter the United States as a fresh market commodity from Belize and Mexico into all ports. We also found a proposal to import pacaya into the United States from Guatemala. That was approved in 1935, but currently Guatemala is not allowed to import pacaya.

2.3.2. Pest interceptions Over 19,000 interceptions of quarantine pests associated with Chamaedorea sp. or C. tepejilote were recorded between 1985 and 2008 (Appendix A). About 10,000 of these interceptions were recorded with general cargo, over 2,000 were with permit cargo, and 6,500 were in baggage.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 3 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

2.4.1. Pest list introduction We developed a list of pests associated with pacaya or Chamaedorea sp., and present in El Salvador and neighboring countries (Table 2). The list identifies (1) the presence or absence of the pests in the United States, (2) the references supporting an association between the pest and host, (3) the plant parts where the pest can be found where applicable, (4) the United States quarantine status of the pests, and (5) if the pest could follow the pathway into the continental United States via commercial shipments of pacaya. Although diseases caused by bacteria, phytoplasmas, and viruses are reported for other species of palm (Elliott et al., 2004), none were reported for Chamaedorea species.

A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby, but not yet present, or present, but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). A pest is likely to follow the pathway for pacaya if the pest is present in El Salvador, is associated with the immature inflorescence at the time of harvest, and remains viable with the immature inflorescence during harvesting, packing, and shipping. The possibility that a quarantine pest following the pathway could become established and spread throughout the United States depends on the presence of appropriate climatic and ecological conditions, including protected areas (such as greenhouses), where the presence of primary or alternative hosts and vectors are influential.

A specific issue for this risk analysis is the relative lack of information about infection or infestation of immature inflorescences. Such information is more commonly available about leaves, stems and fruit. When we found no specific information indicating whether or not the pest could affect immature inflorescences, we determined the ability of the pest to follow the pathway based on biology and plant part affected. For example, if evidence indicated that an is associated with leaves but a generalist feeder, then we would deem it reasonably likely to follow the pathway of pacaya. If, on the other hand, we found information that a pest is strictly limited to a plant part other than the inflorescence, or that the pest is biologically unlikely to attack the inflorescence (i.e., feeds on mature fruit), then the pest would be classified as unlikely to follow the pathway. In contrast, if a pathogen only affects leaves, then it seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway. For pathogens especially, the unusual tissue type of the pacaya commodity may not provide a suitable infection site.

Note: In the pest list, we only provide information on plant part association and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 4 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Table 2. Plant pests associated with Pacaya or Chamaedorea sp. in El Salvador or Central American pacaya-producing countries. Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Acari: Eriophyidae Retracrus johnstoni MX, US (TX) (Davis Davis et al., L (Lindquist [Yes]3 No Keifer et al., 1982), CO 1982; Howard et al., 1996; (Howard et al., 2001), et al., 2001; Ochoa et al., CR (Ochoa et al., Ochoa et al., 1991) 1991) 1991 Acari: Tarsonemidae Steneotarsonemus SV (Ochoa et al., Henley et al., N/A No N/A furcatus DeLeon 1991), US (Denmark n.d. and Nickerson, 1981) Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, Childers et al., F, L, S No N/A californicus Banks PA (Maes, 2004a), 2003b; Maes, (Childers et MX, US (CABI, 2007) 2004a; Ochoa al., 2003a) and Salas, 1989 Brevipalpus hondurani HN (Evans et al., Evans et al., L, I, F, S Yes Yes Evans 1998) 1998; Ochoa et (Ochoa and al., 1991; Salas, 1989)4 Brevipalpus ortizi CR (Ochoa et al., Ochoa et al., L (Ochoa et Yes No Ochoa & Salas 1991) 1991 al., 1991) Brevipalpus phoenicis SV (Berry, 1959b), Childers et al., N/A No N/A Geijskes HN (Childers et al., 2003b; Ochoa 2003a), CR (Ochoa and Salas, 1989 and Salas, 1989), US (CABI, 2007) Brevipalpus HN, CR, MX (Evans Evans et al., L (Quirós de Yes No trinidadensis Baker et al., 1993) 1993 G. et al., 2007)

1 BZ = Belize; CO = Colombia; CR = Costa Rica; GT = Guatemala; HN = Honduras; MX = Mexico; NI = Nicaragua; PA = Panama; SV = El Salvador; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species if considered a quarantine pest for the United States) 2 Plant Parts: Br=Branch, F=Fruit, I=Inflorescence, L=Leaf, R=Root, and S=Stem. N/A = Not Applicable (see text for more detail). 3 Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States. 4 We found little information on B. hondurani. Brevipalpus species generally feed on leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, and trunks of host plants (Ochoa and Salas, 1989).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 5 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Tenuipalpus bakeri HN, CR, GT, MX, US Evans et al., N/A No N/A McGregor (Evans et al., 1993; 1993; Ochoa et Ochoa et al., 1991) al., 1991 Tenuipalpus CR (Ochoa et al., CABI, 2007; L (Ochoa et Yes No chamaedoreae Salas 1991; Salas and Ochoa et al., al., 1991; & Ochoa Ochoa, 1985) 1991; Salas and Salas and Ochoa, 1985 Ochoa, 1985) Acari: Tetranychidae Tetranychus gloveri CO, CR, HN, PA Bolland et al., N/A No N/A Banks (Migeon and Dorkeld, 1998; Migeon 2008), MX, US and Dorkeld, (Bolland et al., 1998) 2008 Tetranychus salasi CR, NI (Bolland et al., Bolland et al., L (Ochoa, Yes No Baker & Pritchard 1998; Maes, 2004a; 1998; Maes, Aguilar et al. Migeon and Dorkeld, 2004a; Migeon 1991) 2008; Ochoa et al., and Dorkeld, 1991) 2008; Ochoa et al., 1991 Tetranychus tumidus CO, PA (Migeon and Migeon and N/A No N/A Banks Dorkeld, 2008) Dorkeld, 2008 Tetranychus urticae GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, Maes, 2004c; N/A No N/A Koch (Syn: T. PA (Maes, 2004c), US Ochoa et al., cinnabarinus (CABI, 2007) 1991 Boisduval) INSECTA Coleoptera: Bruchidae Caryobruchus SV, US (Nilsson and Nilsson and N/A No N/A gleditsiae Johansson Johnson, 1993) Johnson, 1993 & Linné Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Calyptocephala PA (Meskens et al., Meskens et al., L (Meskens Yes No antennata Spaeth 2008) 2008 et al., 2008) Calyptocephala MX, GT, NI, PA, CO Maes et al., L (Meskens Yes No brevicornis Boheman (Blackwelder, 1946), 2009 Meskens et al., 2008) CR (Maes et al., 2009) et al., 2008 Calyptocephala CR, GT, MX, NI, PA Morton, 1997; L (Córdova- Yes No gerstaeckeri (Borowiec and PestID, 2009 Ballona and Boheman Więtojańska, 2008a) S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 6 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Calyptocephala HN, GT (Sánchez and Oyama and L (Howard et Yes No marginipennis Ortiz, 1998), MX Dirzo, 1991; al., 2001; Boheman (Blackwelder, 1946; PestID, 2009; Oyama and Oyama and Dirzo, Windsor et al., Dirzo, 1991) 1991) 1992 Calyptocephala sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Córdova- Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Ballona and S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001) Cephaloleia lata Baly PA (Meskens et al., McKenna and L (McKenna Yes No6 2008), CR (McKenna Farrell, 2005; and Farrell, and Farrell, 2005), Meskens et al., 2005; Central America 2008 Meskens et (Strong, 1977)5 al., 2008), I Strong, 1977) Charidotella semiatrata MX, CR, GT Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No Boheman (Syn: (Borowiec and PestID, 2009 al., 2001; Coptocycla Więtojańska, 2008b) PestID, semiatrata Boheman) 2009) Charidotella SV (Berry and Salazar Morton, 1997; L (Howard et [Yes] No tuberculata Fabricius Vaquero, 1957), MX, PestID, 2009 al., 2001) (Syn: Metriona CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, tuberculata Fabricius) NI (Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002), US (Balsbaugh and Riley, 1980) Charidotis leprieuri HN (Blackwelder, Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No Boheman 1946), GT (Morton, PestID, 2009 al., 2001) 1997) Coptocycla sordida MX, BZ, CR, GT PestID, 2009 L (Flowers Yes No Boheman (Borowiec and and Janzen, Więtojańska, 2008c) 1997) Ischnocodia annulus SV (Berry, 1959b), Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No Fabricius (Syn: CO, CR, GT, MX, NI, PestID, 2009 al., 2001) Tapinaspis annulus PA (Borowiec, 1998) Blackwelder)

5 Cephaloleia lata has been collected “from Mexico to Panama” (Strong, 1977). 6 Generally known as leaf rollers, some larvae of Cephaloleia sp. feed on the inflorescences of palms (Strong, 1977). As external feeders, any C. lata feeding on pacaya are highly likely to be removed via post-harvest treatments of cleaning, submersion, and bract removal.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 7 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Metriona trisignata SV (Berry and Salazar Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No Boheman Vaquero, 1957), MX PestID, 2009 al., 2001) (Blackwelder, 1946), GT (Morton, 1997) Microctenochira CR, GT, MX, NI, PA Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No cumulata Boheman (Borowiec and PestID, 2009 al., 2001) Więtojańska, 2008d) Microctenochira SV, CR, GT, MX, NI PestID, 2009 L (Howard et Yes No ferranti Spaeth (Borowiec and al., 2001) Swietojanska, 2002) Microctenochira MX, CR, GT, PA Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No hieroglyphica (Borowiec and PestID, 2009 al., 2001) Boheman Więtojańska, 2008e) Prosopodonta dorsata PA (Meskens et al., Meskens et al., L (Meskens Yes No Baly 2008) 2008 et al., 2008) Tapinaspis wesmaeli SV (Berry, 1959b; Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No Boheman Borowiec and PestID, 2009 al., 2001) Swietojanska, 2002), MX, GT (Blackwelder, 1946) Coleoptera: Conotrachelus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; I, F, L Yes Yes MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 (CABI, 2007) Metamasius hemipterus SV (Giblin-Davis et PestID, 2009 L, S Yes No carbonarius al., 1994) (Weissling Chevrolat and Giblin- Davis, 2007) Metamasius hemipterus SV (Giblin-Davis et Morton, 1997; L, S [Yes] No Linnaeus al., 1994; Gonzalez PestID, 2009 (Weissling Chavez, 2002), BZ, and Giblin- CR, SV, GT, HN, NI, Davis, 2007) PA, US (FL) (CABI, 2007) Metamasius hemipterus SV (Giblin-Davis et PestID, 2009 L, S [Yes] No sericeus Olivier al., 1994; McGuire and (Weissling Crandall, 1967), US, and Giblin- MX, HN, NI, CR, PA, Davis, 2007) CO (Maes and O'Brien, 1990), US (FL) (CABI, 2007)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 8 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Parisoschoenus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L, S (PestID, Yes Yes HN, MX (PestID, PestID, 2009 2009), I7 2009) (Howard et al., 2001) Phelypera distigma SV (Berry, 1959b), PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A Boheman MX, GT, NI, PA (Maes and O'Brien, 1990) Coleoptera: Scolytidae Coccotrypes CO, MX, PA, US Wood, 1992 N/A No N/A dactyliperda (Wood, 1992) Fabricius : Aleyrodidae Aleurocerus GT (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 L (Walker, Yes No flavomarginatus 2009)8 Bondar Aleurocerus palmae BZ, CR, GT, HN, MX, Anderson, L (Walker, [Yes] No Russell NI, PA (Anderson, 2007; Dooley, 2009) 2007), US (FL) 2009; Evans, (Hodges and Evans, 2007a; Martin, 2005) 2005 Aleurocerus sp. GT (Evans, 2007a; Evans, 2007a; L (Walker, Yes No Morton, 1997) Morton, 1997 2009) Aleuroglandulus PA (Evans, 2008; Dooley, 2009; L (Nakahara, Yes No magnus Russell Mound and Halsey, Evans, 2008; 1995)9 1978), CR (Manzari Mound and and Quicke, 2006) Halsey, 1978 Aleuroglandulus subtilis CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, Dooley, 2009; N/A No N/A Bondar MX, PA (Evans, Evans, 2008; 2008), BZ, NI, US Mound and (Martin, 2005) Halsey, 1978; PestID, 2009 Aleuroplatus cococolus BZ, CO, CR, NI, PA Morton, 1997; L Yes No Quaintance & Baker (Evans, 2008), GT PestID, 2009 (Quaintance (Morton, 1997) and Baker, 1917)

7 Larvae bore into immature florets of palms (Howard et al., 2001). 8 We found little biological information for A. flavomarginatus. usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995). 9 We found little biological information for A. magnus. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 9 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Aleuroplatus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Nakahara, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 1995)10 Aleurotrachelus atratus GT (Gerling et al., Dooley, 2009 L (Walker, [Yes] No Hempel 2006), CO, MX 2008) (Evans, 2007b), US (FL, HI) (NAPIS, 2009) Aleurotrachelus sp. GT, MX, SV, US Evans, 2007a; L (CABI, [Yes] No (Evans, 2007a) Morton, 1997 2007) Aleurotrachelus CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, Dooley, 2009; N/A No N/A trachoides Back MX, NI, PA, US Evans, 2008 (Evans, 2008) NI (Maes and Mound, 1993) Aleurotulus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Nakahara, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 1995) Paraleurolobus BZ, CR, MX, NI Evans, 2008; L (Russell, Yes No chamaedoreae (Martin, 2005) Martin, 2005 1994) Russell Paraleurolobus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L, S (PestID, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 2009) Paraleyrodes minei BZ, GT, HN, MX, US Dooley, 2009; N/A No N/A Iaccarino (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 Singhiella citrifolii CO, CR, GT, HN, Evans, 2008 N/A No N/A Morgan MX, PA, US (Evans, 2008) Tetraleurodes acaciae BZ, CR, SV, GT, MX, Dooley, 2009; N/A No N/A Quaintance NI, PA, US (Nakahara, Evans, 2008; 1995), CO, HN Nakahara, 1995 (Evans, 2008) Tetraleurodes chivela MX (Oaxaca) Dooley, 2009; L (Nakahara, Yes No Nakahara (Nakahara, 1995), BZ, Evans, 2008; 1995) MX (Evans, 2008) Nakahara, 1995 Tetralicia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Nakahara, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 1995) Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae Asterolecanium GT (Ben-Dov et al., Ben-Dov et al., N/A No N/A epidendri Bouché 2008; Howard et al., 2008; Howard 2001) et al., 2001

10 Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 10 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Palmaspis inlabefacta MX (Ben-Dov et al., Ben-Dov et al., L, F (Howard Yes No Russell (Syn: 2008; Howard et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001) Asterolecanium 2001) et al., 2001 inlabefactum Russell) Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes floridensis MX, BZ, GT, HN, NI, Maes, 2004c; N/A No N/A Comstock US (Maes, 2004c), Morton, 1997; CR, PA, CO, (CABI, Quezada, 1972 2007) Coccus hesperidum SV (Quezada, 1972), Ben-Dov, 1993; N/A No N/A hesperidum Linnaeus CO, MX, PA, SV, US CABI, 2007; (Ben-Dov, 1993), GT, Maes, 2004c HN, SV (Maes, 2004c) Coccus viridis Green MX, GT, BZ, HN, SV, Maes, 2004c F, L, S [Yes] No NI, CR, PA, CO (CABI, (Maes, 2004c), US 2007) (FL, HI) (CABI, 2007) Eucalymnatus SV (Berry and Salazar PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A tessellatus Signoret Vaquero, 1957), MX, CO, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009) Kilifia americana Ben- MX, US (Ben-Dov, Ben-Dov, 1993 N/A No N/A Dov 1993) Lopholeucaspis SV (Berry, 1959a), Ben-Dov et al., N/A No N/A cockerelli Grandpré SV, MX, US, CO, CR, 2009; Howard & Charmoy (Syn: HN, PA (Ben-Dov et et al., 2001 Leucaspis cockerelli) al., 2009) Vinsonia stellifera CO, NI (Maes, 2004b), PestID, 2009 L (PestID, [Yes] No Westwood US (AL, GA, FL) 2009) (Ben-Dov et al., 2009) Hemiptera: Acutaspis albopicta MX, CR, GT, HN, PA, Morton, 1997; L (Ben-Dov [Yes] No Cockerell US (CA, TX) (Ben- PestID, 2009 et al., 2009) Dov et al., 2009) Aonidiella aurantii HN, US (CABI, 2007) Ben-Dov et al., N/A No N/A Maskell 2008 Aspidiotus destructor SV (Berry, 1959b), Howard et al., N/A No N/A Signoret US, MX, GT, BZ, SV, 2001; Maes, HN, NI, CR, PA, CO 2004c; Miller (Maes, 2004c) and Davidson, 2005

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 11 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Aspidiotus spinosus Central America, US, Miller and N/A No N/A Comstock MX, CO (Miller and Davidson, 2005 Davidson, 2005) Chrysomphalus SV (Berry, 1959b; Howard et al., N/A No N/A aonidum Linnaeus Quezada, 1972), MX, 2001; Maes, GT, SV, HN, NI, CR, 2004c; Miller PA (McGuire and and Davidson, Crandall, 1967), CO, 2005 US (Maes, 2004c) Chrysomphalus SV (Quezada, 1972), Miller and N/A No N/A dictyospermi Morgan CR, GT, HN, NI, PA, Davidson, 2005 MX, US (CABI, 1994) Diaspis boisduvalii SV (Berry, 1959a), Gaimari, 2008; N/A No N/A Signoret Cosmopolitan Howard et al., (Howard et al., 2001) 2001; Miller and Davidson, 2005 Diaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L, F, S Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 (Tenbrink and Hara, 1992) Dinaspis aculeata GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Ferris, Yes No Ferris MX (PestID, 2009), PestID, 2009 1973) CO, PA (Ben-Dov et al., 2009) Fiorinia fioriniae Cosmopolitan Howard et al., N/A No N/A Targioni Tozzetti (Howard et al., 2001) 2001 Furcaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L, S (PestID, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 2009) Hemiberlesia CO, CR, MX, NI, PA, Maes, 2004c N/A No N/A cyanophylli Signoret US (Watson, 2005) (Syn: Abgrallaspis cyanophylli Signoret) Hemiberlesia lataniae MX, NI (Maes, Maes, 2004c; N/A No N/A Signoret 2004c), GT, PA, US Miller and (CABI, 1994) Davidson, 2005 Ischnaspis longirostris SV (Berry and Salazar Ben-Dov et al., N/A No N/A Signoret Vaquero, 1957), MX, 2008; Howard HN, SV, NI, CR, PA, et al., 2001; CO, US (Maes, 2004a) Maes, 2004a; Miller and Davidson, 2005

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 12 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Malleolaspis mammata PA (Ben-Dov et al., PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID, Yes No Ferris 2009) 2009) Malleolaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (PestID, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 2009) Pinnaspis buxi Bouché SV (Berry, 1959b), PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A MX, BZ, CO, PA, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009) Pinnaspis strachani SV (Berry, 1959a, Howard et al., N/A No N/A Cooley 1959b), CO, MX, US 2001 (CABI, 2007) Pseudischnaspis MX, SV, NI, PA, CO Ben-Dov et al., L (Ben-Dov Yes No acephala Ferris (Ben-Dov et al., 2009; 2009; Maes, et al., 2009) Maes, 2004c) 2004c Pseudoparlatoria CO, HN, PA, MX, US Ben-Dov et al., N/A No N/A parlatorioides (Ben-Dov et al., 2009) 2009; Miller Comstock and Davidson, 2005 Selenaspidus articulatus SV (Quezada, 1972), Miller and N/A No N/A Morgan US (Miller and Davidson, 2005 Davidson, 2005) Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L, S (CABI, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 2007) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Geococcus coffeae HN, GT, SV, BZ, CO, Ben-Dov, 1994; R (Barrera, [Yes] No Green CR, MX, PA (Ben- Howard et al., 2008; Kuitert Dov, 1994), US (FL) 2001 and Dekle, (Kuitert and Dekle, 1966) 1966) Nipaecoccus nipae GT, SV, US, BZ, CO, Ben-Dov, 1994; N/A No N/A Maskell CR, MX, NI, PA (Ben- Howard et al., Dov, 1994) 2001; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 Phenacoccus gregosus MX, Central America Ben-Dov, 1994; L, S (CABI, Yes No Williams & Granara (Howard et al., 2001) Howard et al., 2007) de Willink CR, MX (Ben-Dov, 2001; Williams 1994; Williams and and Granara de Granara de Willink, Willink, 1992 1992)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 13 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Pseudococcus CO, CR, GT, HN, Ben-Dov, 1994; N/A No N/A longispinus Targioni MX, PA, US (Ben- Howard et al., Tozzetti Dov et al., 2009; 2001 CABI, 2007) Rhizoecus americanus CO, CR, HN, MX, PA Howard et al., N/A No N/A Hambleton (Ben-Dov, 1994), US 2001 (CABI, 2007) Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae Biruga chariclo Fennah MX (Fennah, 1974) Fennah, 1974 L (Fennah, Yes No 1974) : Brassolidae Opsiphanes sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (Howard et Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 al., 2001; PestID, 2009) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae Carystoides sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; L (PestID, Yes No MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 2009) Tromba xanthura SV (Chavez, 1985), Janzen and L (Howard et Yes No Godman CR (Janzen and Hallwachs, al., 2001) Hallwachs, 2005), 2005 MX, HN, PA, CO, BZ (Savela, 2007) Lepidoptera: Copitarsia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), Morton, 1997; I, F, L, S Yes Yes11 MX, CO (PestID, PestID, 2009 (PestID, 2009) 2009) Lepidoptera: Brassolis isthmia Bates CR, PA (Young, Young, 1986 L (Young, Yes No 1986), CO (Bristow, 1986) 2008)

11 Copitarsia sp. was intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. three times, in 1986, 1987, and 1988 (PestID, 2009), and a total of nine alive immatures were collected on Chamaedorea leaves, in general cargo, stores, and permit cargo. We found no published information that “palm” or Chamaedorea sp. are true hosts of any member of the Copitarsia genus. The three interceptions (more than 20 years ago) are insufficient evidence of host status. We concluded that this genus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway on pacaya.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 14 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Lepidoptera: Tineidae Opogona sacchari Central America CABI, 2007; I, L, S [Yes] No13 Bojer (EPPO, n.d.)12, HN EPPO, n.d.; (CABI, (EPPO, 2006, CABI Howard et al., 2007), R 2007) US (FL, HI) 2001; Robinson (Peña et al., (CABI 2007) et al., 2001 1990) Orthoptera: Acrididae Microtylopteryx hebardi CR (Howard et al., Braker, 1989; L, S (Braker, Yes No Rehn 2001) Howard et al., 1989) 2001 Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Idiarthron MX, GT, HN, SV, CR, Barrera, 2008; L, F (Barrera, Yes No subquadratum CO (Zavala et al., Zavala et al., 2008) Saussure & Pictet 2005) 2005 Thysanoptera: Thripidae Brooksithrips CR, BZ, Central Retana-Salazar I (Retana- Yes Yes chamaedoreae Retana America (Retana- and Mound, Salazar and & Mound Salazar and Mound, 2005 Mound, 2005)14 2005) FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Aegerita sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Aschersonia sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Ascochyta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009)

12 Opogona sacchari is generally widespread in Central America (EPPO, n.d.). 13 Opogona larvae typically feed at the base of Chamaedorea palms, where the aerial roots enter the soil (Heppner et al., 1987). They are highly unlikely to occur in the inflorescences of Chamaedorea palms. Adults are highly mobile and are not likely to remain with the commodity through standard post-harvest treatments of washing and immersion 14 Although the authors described specimens from Belize and Costa Rica, B. chamaedoreae is considered widespread in Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 15 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Calonectria kyotensis CO, PA, MX, US (Farr Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Terash. et al., 2009) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Coccostromopsis CR (Farr et al., 2009), Farr et al., 2009 L (PestID, Yes No15 chamaedoreae (Syd.) MX (PestID, 2009) 2009; Elliott K.D. Hyde & P.F. et al., 2004 Cannon (Syn: Cocodiella chamaedoreae (Syd.) Hino & Katum) (Ascomycetes: ) Colletotrichum GT (Chapen, 2007), Chapen, 2007 N/A No N/A gloeosporioides CO, CR, PA, US (Farr (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. et al., 2009), BZ, GT, (: HN, NI (CABI, 2007) Incertae sedis) Colletotrichum sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Cylindrocadium sp. GT (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Ganoderma sp. GU (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 S, L Yes Yes (Chapen, 2007) Gliocladium MX, GU (Sol- Sol-Sánchez, N/A No N/A vermoesenii Sánchez, 2007), US 2007 (Biourge) Thom (Atilano et al., 1980) (Syn: Nalanthamala vermoesenii (Biourge) Schroers) (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) Macbridella olivacea MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 S (Schroers Yes No Seaver (Syn. et al., 2005) Rubrinectria olivacea Rossman and Samuels) (: Pleosporales)

15 This pathogen is only interveinal (Farr et al., 2009), which would prohibit it from infecting the immature inflorescence. Thus, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 16 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Mycosphaerella sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Pestalotiopsis MX (PestID, 2009), PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A palmarum (Cooke) US (Mordue and Steyaert Holliday, 1999), CO, (Sordariomycetes: SV, PA (Farr et al., ) 2009) Pestalotiopsis sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Phoma sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Phomopsis sp. MX (Rehner and Rehner and L (Rehner Yes Yes (Sordariomycetes: Uecker, 1994) Uecker, 1994 and Uecker, Diaporthales) 1994) Phytophthora MX, GT (Sol-Sánchez, Sol-Sánchez, N/A No N/A palmivora E.J. Butler 2007), CR, GT, HN, 2007 (Oomycetes: PA, SV, US (Farr et Peronosporales) al., 2009) Phyllosticta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Platypeltella MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 L (Farr et al., Yes No angustispora M.L. 2009) Farr & Pollack (Dothideomycetes: Microthyriales) Pyrenochaeta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009) Thanatephorus SV (CABI, 2006), CO, Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A cucumeris (A.B. CR, HN, MX, NI, US Frank) Donk (Syn. (Farr et al., 2009) Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kuhn) (Agaricomycetes: Cantharellales) Zygosporium MX, US (Farr et al., Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A oscheoides Mont. 2009) (Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis) Zygosproium sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes 2009)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 17 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway NEMATODA Meloidogyne incognita CR (Solano et al., Meerow and N/A No No (Kofoid & White) n.d.), US (Meerow and Weissling, 1998 Chitwood Weissling, 1998; Handoo and Ellington, 2009) MOLLUSKA Calcicuccinea Aff. MX (PestID, 2009), PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A Luteola (Gould) US (Thompson, 2008) (Succinieidae) Drymaeus dominicus MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Reeve) 2009) (Bulimulidae) Drymaues sp. GT (PestID, 2009), US PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Bulimulideae) (Deisler, 2005) Guppya gundlachi CR (PestID, 2009), GT PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Pfeifer) (Goodrich and Van der (Euconulidae) Schalie, 1937), MX, US (Sandoval, 1999) Helicella virgata MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Dacosta) 2009) (Hygromiidae) Helicina cinctella MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Shuttleworth) 2009) (Helicinidae) Henderson occulta MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Say) (Helicinidae) 2009) Leidyula moreleti MX (PestID, 2009), PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Fischer) US (Life, 2009) (Verononicellidae) Oligyra sp. MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (Helicinidae) 2009) Pallifera costaricensis GU (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes No (Morch) 2009) (Philomycidae) Pallifer sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes (Philmycidae) 2009) Pupisoma dioscoricola MX, US (PestID, PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A (C.B. Adams) 2009) (Vallloniidae)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 18 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host Plant part(s) Quaran- Follow association affected2 tine pest pathway Sarasinula plebeia MX (PestID, 2009), PestID, 2009 L (PestID, [Yes] Yes (Fischer) GU, SV, HN, BE, NI, 2009), I (Veronicellidae) CR, PA (Barker, (Barker, 2002), US (FL) 2002) (Stange and Deisler, 2009) Veronicella sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, Yes Yes (Veronicellae) 2009)

2.4.2. Pests not likely to follow the pathway Quarantine plant pests in this assessment which we did not further scrutinize may be detrimental to agricultural production systems of the United States or the natural environment. We did not analyze pests identified only at the genus level or higher if the group already occurs in the United States. This lack of biological information should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Many species may occur within a genus, and we cannot reasonably assume identical biology for all congeneric organisms. The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or inadequacy of the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for species identification. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus level are intercepted on pacaya from El Salvador in the future, their species specific determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a re- evaluation of their risk may be necessary.

In the pathway-initiated risk analysis titled “Importation of fresh immature inflorescence of pacaya into the Continental United States from El Salvador” dated July 2005, scientists from the Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF) included several organisms in the pest list that we excluded. Previously, they based host status on interception data for the following arthropods: Acanthoscelides guazume Johnson & Kingsolver (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Malacorhinus irregularis Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Metriona crucipennis Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Conoderus varians Steinheil (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Planococcus minor Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Each of these organisms was only intercepted on or with Chamaedorea sp. one or two times, which we consider insufficient evidence for a pest-host relationship. We found no other references to these arthropods occurring on Chamaedorea sp., and therefore we removed them from the draft pest list. In addition, we removed the following arthropods because we were unable to verify host status from any source: Deloyala zettersatedti Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 19 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Opsiphanes cassinia Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Brassolidae) Saissetia coffeae Walker (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Cocodiella chamaedorea has frequently been intercepted, but this pathogen has been reexamined and is now Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae. It is one of 31 causal agents of tar spot of palms. We excluded C. chamaedoreae from further analysis because it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. That is because it infects plants intraveinally, which precludes it infecting immature inflorescences.

2.4.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway but excluded from analysis We identified three pathogens—Cocodiella chamaedoreae, Phomopsis sp., and Zygosporium oscheoides—for which we had no information relating to an actual damaging disease. Zygosporium oscheoides did not have defined taxonomy so its pathogenicity, if it was a pathogen, had never been described. Likewise, Phomopsis sp. has only been observed in molecular assays and has no known associated disease, so its pathogenecity status is unclear. Because pathogenecity had never been described, in these cases it was not possible to assess risk.

2.4.4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and analyzed We will analyze quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of pacaya, in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We found three quarantine pests that may follow the pathway of fresh immature inflorescences: Saransinula plebeia, Brevipalpus hondurani, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae. Although Chamaedorea species have never been described as hosts of S. plebeia, the frequency with which they were intercepted suggests that the could follow the inflorescences pathway. As a small , B. hondurani may be found on the inflorescences. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway.

2.5. Consequences of Introduction

We estimate the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. They assign a Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) to each Risk Element and add the Risk Elements to produce a Cumulative Risk Rating for each pest analyzed (PPQ, 2000). Table 3 summarizes the Consequences of Introduction values.

Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction Negligible Brevipalpus hondurani is only known to occur in Bermuda and the Honduras (Evans et al., 1998). This region corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 12 and 13 (Magarey et al., 2008), which do not occur in the continental United States. The continental United States spans a wide climatic range from zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to zone 11 in Miami, Florida (PERAL, 2008). Based on its

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 20 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings distribution, we estimate that B. hondurani would not be able to establish in the continental United States. Based on the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments (PPQ, 2000), the RA for Brevipalpus hondurani STOPS.

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Risk ratings Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction Low (1) While Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is apparently widespread in Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), it is not reported anywhere else. This species is likely tropical, with a limited ability to survive in the United States. Plant hardiness zones present in Central America are zones 11 through 13, with zone 10 encompassing some higher elevation regions (Magarey et al., 2008). We estimate that B. chamaedoreae may establish in the southern portion of Florida, within Plant Hardiness Zone 11 and perhaps some of Zone 10. Chamaedorea spp. is found in Florida (NRCS, 2009). Risk Element #2: Host Range Low (1) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae only reproduces in certain Chamaedorea () species (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Medium (2) We found little information about B. chamaedoreae, which is only recently described. At some sites, “many thousands” of individuals were present, and all life stages were found on the same plant (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), indicating high reproductive capacity. In general, thrips have limited capability for natural spread, though wind can move them long distances (Vierbergen, 1995). They are also commonly transported in trade of propagative materials, and are one of the most frequently intercepted arthropods (Vierbergen, 1995). Due to the limited capabilities of thrips to disperse naturally, we rated the dispersal potential of B. chamaedoreae as Medium. Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Low (1) We found little information on Chamaedorea production in the United States. Some Chamaedorea is produced in the United States, by about 23 growers (Wilsey and Endress, 2007). Chamaedorea palms are used in the floral industry: large volumes of leaves are imported from Central and South America. The act of B. chamaedoreae boring into male inflorescences may reduce production of Chamaedorea sp. Adults are likely to be involved in the pollination of Chamaedorea sp. (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). Given the limited production of Chamaedorea sp. in the United States, we rated the economic impact to be Low for this species. Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Low (1) No Chamaedorea spp. which may be impacted by B. chamaedoreae are listed on the Threatened or Endangered species list (USFWS, 2009). We found no indication that this pest would cause any significant environmental impacts. Thus, we rated Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low for environmental impact.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 21 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Sarasinula plebeia Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction Low (1) In Latin America this slug is limited to tropical and sub-tropical zones (Barker, 2002). These zones correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (PERAL, 2008). This limited distribution yields a Low rating. Risk Element 2: Host Range High (3) The host range is large since S. plebeia is polyphagous (Barker, 2002). It is a major pest of Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Barker, 2002). Since it can attack plants in multiple families, we rated it High. Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential Medium (2) Sarasinula plebeia has a limited potential for spread since it is non-burrowing (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It is oviparous, and produces 1-2 annual clutches of approximately 37 eggs each (Barker, 2002). Like many mollusks its larvae and eggs can travel in water (Barker, 2002). It also moves in commercial shipments. For these reasons, we rated it Medium. Risk Element 4: Economic Impact High (3) Sarasinula plebeia has been described as a “significant” pest of dry beans and squash (Barker, 2002), and damages cacao plants, stock, and nursery plants (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It may be the most serious threat to harm Florida agriculture (Stange and Deisler, 2009). S. plebeia causes severe economic damage as both an agricultural pest as well as an intermediate host of parasites (Barker, 2002). Additional control measures are necessary in areas where S. plebeia is established, thereby increasing costs of production (Barker, 2002). We rated the economic impact as High. Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact Low (1) Sarasinula plebeia is not known to attack any endangered species and seems to be primarily an agronomic pest. Thus, we rated this element Low.

Table 3. Summary of risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction. Pest Climate/Host Host Dispersal Economic Environ. Cumulative Interaction Range Potential Impact Impact Risk Ratinga Brevipalpus hondurani Negligible N/A N/A N/A N/A Negligible Brooksithrips Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6) chamaedoreae Sarasinula plebeia Low (1) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Low (1) Medium (10) a Low = 5-8 points; Medium = 9-12 points; High = 13-15 points.

2.6. Likelihood of Introduction

The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a reproductive population is dependent on a series of six independent events: 1) the quantity of the commodity imported, 2) the ability of the pest to survive post-harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survive

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 22 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port-of-entry, 5) the likelihood that it will be moved to a suitable habitat, and 6) the probability that it will come into contact with suitable host material (PPQ, 2000). We evaluated these six elements below, and summarized them in a cumulative risk rating (Table 4).

2.6.1. Quantity of product imported annually The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commodity that is imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is estimated in units of standard 40-foot-long shipping containers.

The market for pacaya in the United States is limited. The primary intended consumers are Salvadorian expatriates and recent immigrants. Pacaya could only be marketed in communities with sufficient size to justify the costs of shipping and to consume the product fast enough that it would not spoil. A small number of areas in the United States meet those criteria (Hernández et al., 2003). The quantities exported are likely to be small until these markets are developed, so the number of containers is likely less than 10 (Hernández et al., 2003), and the risk associated with the quantity being imported is Low.

2.6.2. Survive post-harvest treatment Post-harvest treatment refers to any industry-standard manipulation, handling, or specific phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. We summarized these processes above (see 1.3), but the most important were removal of the external bracts, immersion in chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds, a 10 second heat treatment of 62ºC, and drying by centrifugation.

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal pest, so the planned treatments are unlikely to fully mitigate against it. Thus, we rated it High.

As an external pest, Sarasinula plebeia is unlikely to survive immersion in chlorinated water, heat treatment, and drying by centrifuge. Thus, we rated it Low.

2.6.3. Survive shipment Shipping conditions for pacaya from El Salvador are not known. The most likely method of entry seems to be by air, and El Salvador is only a short flight (two hours) to Miami.

Because B. chamaedoreae larvae will be inside in the inflorescence, they are likely to be protected during shipment. Thus, we rated it High for this sub-element.

Most S. plebeia intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. from Mexico and Costa Rica, in cut flower/greenery shipments, have been live adults (PestID, 2009). Thus, S. plebeia is likely to survive shipment from Central America to the continental United States. If shipped by air, conditions seem unlikely to cause significant mortality, especially compared to post-harvest treatments. Thus, we rated the risk of surviving the shipment as High.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 23 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

2.6.4. Not detected at port-of-entry The likelihood that a pest will not be detected at a port-of-entry depends on several factors, including pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment.

The internal feeder, B. chamaedoreae, is highly unlikely to be detected at the port-of-entry, so we rated it High for this sub-element.

The coloring and small size of can make visual detection more difficult (Barker, 2002). In addition, slugs may hide near the stem of the pacaya. Thus, we rated this risk as Medium.

2.6.5. Imported or moved to an area with an environment suitable for survival The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival depends on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country. Some pacaya is likely to be imported into Miami, and some into more northern ports.

We estimated above that B. chamaedorea would only be able to establish in southern Florida. Thus, we rated this sub-element Low for this pest. South Florida is the environment most likely to be a suitable environment for S. plebeia in the United States. Since the Salvadoran government has targeted Miami as a market for Salvadoran products, pacaya is highly likely to go there (Hernández et al., 2003). Hence, the risk is High for this sub-element.

2.6.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction Even in environments suitable for pest survival, pests must still come in contact with viable host material. This largely depends on two factors, the pest’s dispersal ability and the presence of host material in the region. Chamaedorea spp. are not native to the continental United States, and typically are only found in greenhouse production and as a garden ornamental.

In general, thrips have a low capability for self-dispersal, though they may move long distances with wind currents (Vierbergen, 1995). Still, because B. chamaedoreae is only known to affect certain Chamaedorea species, and little Chamaedorea production exists in the United States, this pest is highly unlikely to contact a suitable host. Thus, we rated B. chamaedoreae Low.

Sarasinula plebeia is polyphagous (Barker, 2002), attacking both dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and squash, which are widely grown. Thus, we rated it High.

2.6.7. Cumulative Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction Both quarantine pests of concern had a Medium cumulative risk rating.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 24 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Table 4. Summary of risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. Pest Quantity Survive Survive Not Moved Contact Cumula- imported post- shipment detected at to with tive risk annually harvest port-of- suitable host ratinga treatment entry habitat material Sarasinula Low (1) Low (1) High (3) Medium (2) High (3) High (3) Medium plebeia (13) Brooksithrips Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Medium chamaedoreae (12) a Low = 6–9 points; Medium = 10–14 points; High = 15–18 points

2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential

The overall Pest Risk Potential of a pest incorporates the likelihood of its introduction and establishment with the potential economic and environmental consequences that may follow. It is a qualitative estimation of risk that is expressed in terms of Low, Medium, or High. We calculate Pest Risk Potential by summing the risk element values from those two components of risk (PPQ, 2000). Based on available information, it is highly unlikely that Brevipalpus hondurani would be able to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible.

We rated Sarasinula plebeia (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) as Medium Pest Risk Potential, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as Low Pest Risk Potential (Table 5). According to our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), port-of-entry inspection provides sufficient phytosanitary security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for Medium pest risk potentials and are strongly recommended for High pest risk potentials.

Table 5. Pest Risk Potential. Pest Consequences of Likelihood of Cumulative Introduction Introduction Risk Ratinga Sarasinula plebeia Medium (10) Medium (13) Medium (23) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low (6) Med (12) Low (18) a Low =11-18 points; Medium = 19-26 points; High = 27-33 point

3. Risk mitigation options

The risk assessment of pacaya exported from El Salvador to the continental United States determined that Brooksithrips chamaedoreae was a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway, with Low Pest Risk Potential. Given this rating, we have not presented any risk mitigation options.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 26 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

On the other hand, Sarasinula plebeia had Medium Pest Risk Potential. This may require specific phytosanitary measures, so we have presented risk mitigation options here. The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures.

3.1. Mitigation at the origin

Mitigations for these pests may include inspection at the point of origin for culling and hot water treatments. As part of post-harvest processing, the open spaces in the inflorescence could be inspected along with the bags and boxes before shipment to the United States. Visual inspection may be required as a condition of movement, and the exporting country’s National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates stating that such inspection was done. The shipping box may be labeled with the identity of the production site.

3.2. Quarantine Treatments

No quarantine treatments have been approved for pacaya (PPQ 2008). The treatments below would need to be checked for efficacy.

3.2.1. Hot Water Hot water treatment consists of submerging the fruit in circulating hot water for an extended period of time (PPQ, 2008). Eight minutes at 49ºC is an acceptable treatment for killing slugs and snails, including S. plebeia (USDA, 1993). Some experimentation may required to determine if pacaya quality is unaffected by this treatment. Also, some trapping options under development (Hollingworth, 2007) could help certify that packing areas are and remain free of S. plebeia.

3.2.2. Methyl bromide Methyl bromide (CH3Br) fumigation is an effective treatment for disinfesting a wide variety of plant pests on a wide variety of commodities. Methyl bromide is effective at treating (all life stages), and ticks (all life stages), nematodes (including cysts), snails and slugs, and fungi (such as oak wilt ) (PPQ, 2008). It is effective in mitigating internal Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Pseudococcidae, as well as some surface feeders such as thrips infesting various commodities.

3.3. Conclusions

We have identified risk mitigation strategies that may reduce the likelihood of Sarasinula plebeian establishing in the United States. A single risk mitigation option may not be sufficient to reduce pest risk to an acceptable level for all situations. A systems approach with specific mitigations targeting this pest may be more appropriate.

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or systems approach. It identifies risks and provides information regarding known mitigative measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 27 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. Risk management measures will be established in a Risk Management Document.

4. Contributors

Prepared by: John Rogers, Botanista Cynthia Landry, Ecologista

Reviewers: Robert Ahern, Entomologista Betsy Randel-Shadel, Plant Pathologista Ashley Jackson, Editorial Assistanta a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

5. Literature Cited

7 CFR § 319. 2008. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319 – Foreign Quarantine Notices). Anderson, H. 2007. CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Aleurocerus palmae. Central Science Laboratory (CSL), Sand Hutton, York. 7 pp. Atilano, R. A., W. R. Llewelin, and H. M. Donselman. 1980. Control of Gliocladium of Chamaedorea Palms. Proceeding Journal of the Horticultural Science Society 93:194- 195. Bacon, C. D., and C. D. Bailey. 2006. Taxonomy and Conservation: A Case Study from Chamaedorea alternans. Annals of Botany 98:755-763. Balsbaugh, E. U., and E. G. Riley. 1980. Two Foreign Tortoise Newly Recorded from the United States (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: ). Coleopterists Bulletin 34(2):175-176. Barker, G. M. (ed.). 2002. Molluscs as Crop Pests. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, UK. 115-145 pp. Barlow, S. 2003. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Chamaedorea names. University of Melbourne. http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Chamaedorea.html. Barrera, J. F. 2008. Coffee Pests and Their Management: Long-horned Grasshoppers or Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae). Pages 990-991 in J. L. Capinera, (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world. (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) : with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 536 pp. Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) : with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK. 686 pp. Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2008. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/scalenet.htm. (Archived at PERAL).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 28 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/scalenet.htm. (Archived at PERAL). Berry, P. A. 1959a. Entomologia Economica de El Salvador. Pages 228-229 in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano, Santa Tecla, El Salvador. Berry, P. A. 1959b. Segunda Lista de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador. Pages selected pages in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano~, Santa Tecla, El Salvador, C.A. Berry, P. A., and M. Salazar Vaquero. 1957. Lista de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador. in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano, Santa Tecla, El Salvador, C. A. Blackwelder, R. E. 1946. Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America (Part 4). Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington. 763 pp. Bolland, H. R., J. Gutierrez, and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 1998. World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill, Leiden - Boston - Koln. 392 pp. Borowiec, L. 1998. Review of the Cassidinae of Ecuador, with a description of thirteen new species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Wroclaw, Genus 9(2):155-246. Borowiec, L., and J. Swietojanska. 2002. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/index.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008a. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman. University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego, Department of and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://culex.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/calyptocephalagerstaeckeri. htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008b. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Charidotella (s. str.) semiatrata. University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/charidotellasemiatrata.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008c. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Coptocycla (s. str.) sordida Boheman, 1855. University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/coptocyclasordida.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008d. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Microctenochira cumulata. University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/microctenochiracumulata.h tm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008e. Cassidinae of the world - an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Microctenochira hieroglyphica. University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy/microctenochirahieroglyphi ca.htm. Braker, H. E. 1989. Oviposition on host plants by a tropical forest grasshopper (Microtylopteryx hebardi: Acrididae). Ecological Entomology 14(2):141-148.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 29 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Bristow, C. R. 2008. A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806:47-58. CABI. 1994. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests Series A (Agricultural). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), London. CABI. 2006. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. Chapen, P. A. O. 2007. Comaparacion Financiera de tres Metodos de Produccion de Xate Cola de Pescado (Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii) en los Departmentos de Peten e Izabel, Guatemala, Univeridad de San Carlos de Guatemala, San Carlos, Guatemala. Chavez, O. B. C. 1985. Insectos Determinados del Museo de Historia Natural Metodos de Recoleccion, Montaje y Preservacion. La Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador. 42 pp. Childers, C. C., J. V. French, and J. C. V. Rodrigues. 2003a. Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, B. phoenicis, and B. lewisi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): a review of their biology, feeding injury and economic importance. Experimental and Applied Acarology 30:5–28. Childers, C. C., J. C. V. Rodrigues, and W. C. Welbourn. 2003b. Host plants of Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, and B. phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and their potential involvement in the spread of viral diseases vectored by these mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 30:29–105. Córdova-Ballona, L., and S.-S. S. 2008. Datos Bionómicos y Descripción de los Inmaduros de Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Plaga de la Palma Aceitera ( J.) y de la Palma Camedor (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.) (Arecaceae) en Tabasco, México. Neotropical Entomology 37(6):674-680. Davis, R., C. H. W. Flechtmann, J. H. Boczek, and H. E. Barke. 1982. Catalogue of Eriophyid Mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw. 254 pp. Deisler, J. E. 2005. Tree Snails (of Florida), Drymaeus, Orthalicus, Liguus spp. (: Bulimulidae) (EENY148). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 6 pp. Denmark, H. A., and J. C. Nickerson. 1981. A tarsonemid mite, Steneotarsonemus furcatus De Leon on Maranta spp. (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) (Entomology Circular No. 229). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 2 pp. Dooley, J. 2009. Fauna of the World. United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/whitefly/Homepage.htm. (Archived at PERAL). EcoPort Record. 2008. Chamaedorea tepejilote. EcoPort. http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=4466&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full. EPPO. 2006. Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe: Opogona sacchari. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO. n.d. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Opogona sacchari. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 4 pp. Evans, G. A. 2007a. Host Plant List of the Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) of the World (Version 070611). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 290 pp.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 30 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Evans, G. A. 2007b. The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the World and Their Host Plants and Natural Enemies (Version 070116). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 715 pp. Evans, G. A. 2008. The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the World and Their Host Plants and Natural Enemies (Version 2008-09-23). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Evans, G. A., H. L. Cromroy, and R. Ochoa. 1993. The Tenuipalpidae of Honduras (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). Florida Entomologist 76(1):126-155. Evans, G. A., H. L. Cromroy, and R. Ochoa. 1998. The Family Tenuipalpidae in Bermuda (Prostigmata: Acari). The Florida Entomologist 81(2):167-170. Farr, D. F., A. Y. Rossman, M. E. Palm, and E. B. McCray. 2009. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. (Archived at PERAL). Farr, M. L., and F. G. Pollack. 1969. A new species of Paltypeltella from mexico. Mycologia 1969:191-195. Faucon, P. 2005. Desert-Tropicals: Tepejilote Palm, Pacaya Palm. Last accessed October 28, 2008, http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Arecaceae/Chamaedorea_tepejilote.html. Fennah, R. G. 1974. A new Tropiduchid (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea) infesting Chamaedorea (Palmaceae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 63:673-675. Ferris, G. F. 1973. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, Volume IV. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Flowers, R. W., and D. H. Janzen. 1997. Feeding Records of Costa Rican Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Florida Entomologist 80(3):334-366. Gaimari, S. (ed.). 2008. California Plant Pest & Disease Report. California Department of Food & Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, Sacramento, CA. 119 pp. Gerling, D., S. Kyamanywa, and J. Legg. 2006. Some New Whitefly Pests in Africa (Whitefly Species Forum). European Whitefly Studies Network (EWSN). http://www.whitefly.org/whiteflyforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=70. (Archived at PERAL). Giblin-Davis, R. M., J. E. Pena, and R. E. Duncan. 1994. Lethal Pitfall Trap for Evaluation of Semiochemical-Mediated Attraction of Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist 77(2):247-255. Gonzalez Chavez, M. O. 2002. Proyecto Especies Invasoras Marn-Iabin Informe de Consultoria Sobre: Diagnostico de las Especies Invasoras de Fauna Invertibrada y sus Efectos Sobre Ecosistemas en El Salvador. in. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador. Goodrich, C., and H. Van der Schalie. 1937. of Peten and North Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala (Miscellaneous Publications No. 34). University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. 50 pp. Gunn, C. R., and C. A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Technical Bulletin Number 1719.). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.A. 313 pp. Handoo, Z. A., and D. Ellington. 2009. USDA Nematode Collection. Online database. United States Department of Agriculture. Last accessed July 2, 2009, http://www.nem.barc.usda.gov/.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 31 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Henley, R. W., A. R. Chase, and L. S. Osborne. n.d. Chamaedorea Palm Production Guide (CFREC-A Foliage Plant Research Note RH-91-10). University of Florida, IFAS Central Florida Research and Education Center. Heppner, J. B., J. E. Pena, and H. Glenn. 1987. The Banana , Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), in Florida (Entomology Circular No. 293). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 4 pp. Hernández, E. L., J. E. Alfaro, E. F. Fagoaga, A. M. Vásquez, A. M. Carillo, and D. A. Carballo. 2003. Estudio de Mercado de Productos Etnicos in EE.UU. Ministerio de Economia de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador. Hodges, G. S., and G. A. Evans. 2005. An Identification Guide to the Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the Southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist 88(4):518-534. Hollingworth, R. 2007. Methods for excluding slugs and snails on exported agricultural commodities. Holm, L., J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Rancho, and J. Herberger. 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1129 pp. Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 391 pp. Holm, L. G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, and J. P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 69 pp. Howard, F. W., D. Moore, R. M. Giblin-Davis, and R. G. Abad. 2001. Insects on Palms. CABI Publishing. 400 pp. Janzen, D. H., and W. Hallwachs. 2005. Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Costa Rican Hesperiidae checklist: Tromba. http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/dblinks/cklistfd.lasso?herbsp=Tromba. Kuitert, L. C., and G. W. Dekle. 1966. Control of Root Mealybug, Geococcus coffeae Green. Florida State Horticultural Society:484-488. Life, D. 2009. Leidyula moreleti (Crosse and P. Fischer, 1872). University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Leidyula+moreleti&guide=North_American _Invasives. Lindquist, E. E., M. W. Sabelis, and J. Bruin. 1996. Eriophyoid Mites Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. 790 pp. Maes, J.-M. 2004a. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte III : Citricos (Citrus spp., Rutaceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64 (Supplemento 1, parte III):1-242. Maes, J.-M. 2004b. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte XII. Marañon (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64(Supplemento 1, parte XII):1-64. Maes, J.-M. 2004c. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Troplicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte IV: Aguacate (Persea americana, Lauraceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64(Supplemento 1, parte IV):1-262. Maes, J.-M., and L. Mound. 1993. Catalogo de los Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 25:37-49.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 32 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Maes, J.-M., and C. W. O'Brien. 1990. Lista Anotada de los Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 12:1-78. Maes, J.-M., C. L. Staines, E. G. Riley, and R. W. Flowers. 2009. Bio-Nica: Familia Chrysomelidae. http://www.bionica.info/Ento/Coleo/chrysomelidae.htm MAG. 2005. Informe tecnico sobre el cultivo Pacaya (Chamaedorea tepejilote). Personal communication to C. d. E. Fitosanitaria on from Magarey, R.D., D.M. Borchert, and J.W. Schlegel. 2008. Global Plant Hardiness Zones for Phytosanitary Risk Analysis. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Brazil). 65: 54-59. Manzari, S., and D. L. J. Quicke. 2006. A cladistic analysis of whiteflies, subfamily Aleyrodinae (Hemiptera: : Aleyrodidae). Journal of Natural History 40(44):2423-2554. Martin, J. H. 2005. Whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Part 2 - a review of the subfamily Aleyrodinae Westwood (Zootaxa 1098). Magnolia Press. 116 pp. McGuire, J. U. J., and B. S. Crandall. 1967. Survey of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases of Selected Food Crops of Mexico, Central America, and Panama. Pages 35, 87, 121, 127, 132, 147. USDA. McKenna, D. D., and B. D. Farrell. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf ‘hispine’ genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:117-131. Meerow, A. W., and T. J. Weissling. 1998. Pest of palms in Florida and the Caribbean Region. in. University of Florida - IFAS, Gainesville, FL. Meskens, C., D. Windsor, and T. Hance. 2008. A comparison of hispine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with three orders of monocot host plants in lowland Panama. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 27(3/4):159-171. Migeon, A., and F. Dorkeld. 2008. Spider Mites Web. http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/index.php. Miller, D. R., and J. A. Davidson. 2005. Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University. 442 pp. Mordue, J., and P. Holliday. 1999. Pestalotiopsis palmarum. CABI Bioscience. Morton, N. 1997. Informe de Consultoria a Corto Plazo en Entomologia Agricola. Pages 63, 152, 166-168, 252 in Inventario de Plagas Artropodos de Cultivos en Centro America y Una Revision de las Listas Cuarentenarias. PARSA, San Salvador, El Salvador. Mound, L. A., and S. H. Halsey. 1978. Whitefly of the world: A systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 340 pp. Nakahara, S. 1995. Taxonomic Studies of the Genus Tetraleurodes (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Insecta Mundi 9(1-2):105-150. NAPIS. 2009. National Agriculture Pest Information System (NAPIS). Center for Environmental & Regulatory Information Systems. http://napis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/homepage.com. (Archived at PERAL). Nilsson, J. A., and C. D. Johnson. 1993. A taxonomic revision of the palm bruchids (Pachymerini) and a description of the world genera Pachymerinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society Number 41. NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov. (Archived at PERAL).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 33 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Ochoa, R., H. Aguilar, and C. Vargas. 1991. Acaros Fitofagos de América Central: Guía Ilustrada. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. 251 pp. Ochoa, R., and L. A. Salas. 1989. The Genus Brevipalpus in Costa Rica. International Journal of Acarology 15(1):21-30. Oyama, K., and R. Dirzo. 1991. Ecological Aspects of the Interaction between Chamaedorea tepejilote, a Dioecious Palm and Calyptocephala marginipennis, a Herbivorous Beetle, in a Mexican Rain Forest. Principes 35(2):86-93. Peña, J. E., R. Duncan, and V. Torres. 1990. Dynamics and Control of the Banana Moth on Foliage Plants. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 103:189-192. PERAL. 2008. Plant Hardiness Zones of the United States: Area and Population Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Raleigh, NC. 6 pp. PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for pathway-initiated pest risk assessments (Version 5.02). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 30 pp. PPQ. 2007. Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Import Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 616 pp. PPQ. 2008. Treatment Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 782 pp. Quaintance, A. L., and A. C. Baker. 1917. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the White Flies of the Subfamily Aleyrodinae (Aleyrodidae) (No. 2156). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Quezada, R. 1972. Principales Especies de Insectos Asociados a los Cultivos de Citricos en El Salvador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, San Salvador, El Salvador. 49 pp. Quirós de G., M., Y. Petit, D. Pacheco, G. Sthormes, and N. Poleo. 2007. Malezas hospederas de ácaros Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en huerto de Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), municipio Miranda, estado Zulia, Venezuela [Weed hosts for Brevipalpus mites (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) orchard at Miranda municipality, Zulia, Venezuela]. Revista de la Facutad de Agronomia, Universidad del Zulia 24(Supl. 1):380-385. Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. 746 pp. Rehner, S., and F. A. Uecker. 1994. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer phylogeny and host diversity in the coelomycete. Canadian Journal of Botany 72:1666-1674. Retana-Salazar, A. P., and L. A. Mound. 2005. Character state variation in a new genus and species of Thripidae (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated with Chamaedorea (Arecaceae) inflorescences in Central America. Brenesia 63-64:121-126.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 34 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2001. Hostplants of the moth and caterpillars of the Oriental Region. Southdene Sdn Bhd & The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur & London. 744 pp. Russell, L. M. 1994. Notes on the Genus Paraleurolobus: Redescription of the Genus and its Type Species and Description of a New Species (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96(3):537-547. Salas, L. A., and R. Ochoa. 1985. Tenuipalpus chamaedorea, una nueva especie de falsa aranita roja (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en pacaya (Chamaedorea spp.). Agronomia Costarricense 9(2):171-174. Sánchez, S., and C. F. Ortiz. 1998. Oil Palm Pests and Pollinators in Tabasco, Mexico. ASD Costa Rica. Sandoval, A. C. 1999. Zoogeografía de los gastrópodos terrestres de la región oriental de San Luis Potosí, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 47(3). Savela, M. 2007. Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Tromba xanthura. http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/hes periinae/tromba/index.html#xanthura. Schroers, H.-J., M. M. Geldenhuis, M. J. Wingfield, M. H. Schoeman, Y.-F. Yen, W.-C. Shen, and B. D. Wingfield. 2005. Classification of the guava wilt fungus Myxosporium psidii, the palm pathogen Gliocladium vermoesenii and the persimmon wilt fungus Acremonium diospyri in Nalanthamala. Mycologia 97:375-395. Sol-Sánchez, A. 2007. Ecological and economic factors affecting the sustainable production of camedor palm (Chamaedorea elegans Mart) in Petén, Guatemala and Veracruz, Mexico., Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) Turrialba, Costa Rica. Strong, D. R. 1977. Rolled-Leaf Hispine Beetles (Chrysomelidae) and their Zingiberales Host Plants in Middle America. Biotropica 9(3):156-169. Tenbrink, V. L., and A. H. Hara. 1992. Crop Knowledge Master: Diaspis boisduvalii. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Last accessed May 5, 2009, http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/d_boisdu.htm. Thompson, F. G. 2008. An Annotated Checklist and Bibliography of the Land and Freshwater Snails of Mexico and Central America. Gainesville, Florida. Last accessed April 28, 2009, http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/malacology/mexico-central_america_snail_checklist. USDA. 1993. Treatment Schedules. Section 6.1, T200.6.22. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, D.C. USFWS. 2009. Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/. (Archived at PERAL). Vierbergen, G. 1995. International movement, detection and quarantine of Thysanoptera pests. Pages 119-131 in B. L. Parker, M. Skinner, and T. Lewis, (eds.). Thrips biology and management. Plenum Press, New York. Walker, K. 2008. Pests and Diseases Image Library: Aleurotrachelus atratus. http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=1102. (Archived at PERAL). Walker, K. 2009. Pests and Diseases Image Library: Aleurocerus whitefly (Aleurocerus palmae). http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=1105. (Archived at PERAL). Watson, G. W. 2005. Arthropods of Economic Importance: Diaspididae of the World. University of Amsterdam, Zoological Museum. http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/diaspididae.php?menuentry=soorten&id=96.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 35 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Weissling, T. J., and R. M. Giblin-Davis. 2007. Silky Cane , Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Oliver) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) (EENY-053). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 6 pp. Williams, D. J., and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 635 pp. Wilsey, D. S., and B. A. Endress. 2007. Evaluating the Role of Certification in the Sustainable Harvest of Chamaedorea Leaves (Working Paper #1). Sustainable Palm Initiative. 16 pp. Windsor, D. M., E. G. Riley, and H. P. Stockwell. 1992. An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Pages 372-391 in D. Quintero and A. Aiello, (eds.). Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica Selected Studies. Oxford Universtiy Press, New York. Wood, S. L. 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index Volume B. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. 1553 pp. WSSA (2007). Composite List of Weeds, Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Young, A. M. 1986. Natural History Notes on Brassolis isthmia Bates (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in Northeastern Costa Rica. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 24(4):385-392. Zavala, J. A., J. F. Barbera, H. Morales, and M. L. Rojas-Wiesner. 2005. Design and Evaluation of Traps for Idiarthron subquadratum (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with Farmer Participation in Coffee Plantations in Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology 98(3):821-835.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 36 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

6. Appendices

Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]

(See translation below.) Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005).

Datos del informe de Pacaya (Chamaedorea tepejilote): La Pacaya se cultiva desde los 400 m.s.n.m. hasta los 800 m.s.n.m. En la actualidad, este cultivo se encuentra asociado con cultivos de café.

El inicio de la cosecha de este cultivo comienza en agosto y termina en diciembre. Siendo aproximadamente 5 meses de producción.

Datos generales: El distanciamiento por Ha. es de 1.5 por 1.5. Esto da una densidad de 3,334 plantas por ha y una planta produce 5 Pacayas por corte. Esto da una producción de 16,670 Pacayas por corte y se calcula que son de dos a tres cortes por temporada. El peso de 5 Pacayas con una bráctea es 0.45 kilogramos Con este peso se calcula 4 toneladas por hectárea.

Área aproximada de siembra total a nivel nacional: 200 hectáreas.

La presentación del producto para su exportación puede ser sin bráctea o con una bráctea interna ambas con pedúnculo de una pulgada.

El cultivo de pacaya comienza a producir tres años después de la siembra.

El tratamiento poscosecha consiste en: - Lavado: sumergimiento en tinas por 10 seg. con hipoclorito a 50 ppm. - Tratamiento térmico: 10 seg. a 62ºC. - Secado por centrifugación - Empaque en bandejas de 2 libras.

El volumen estimado a exportar es de 20-25 toneladas por año.

Zonas de siembra: Departamentos de: Ahuachapan, San Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vicente, y Usulutan.

Importancia: con la siembra de una mayor área del cultivo se favorecería la protección del medio ambiente y del recurso suelo por ser un cultivo que se siembra en asocio con café y en suelos principalmente, con pendientes pronunciadas. Adicionalmente se mejorarían los ingresos de los productores (como consecuencia de su grupo familiar) así como la calidad de vida. Se daría una diversificación de la agricultura tradicional y se generaría una mayor fuente de trabajo para los trabajadores del área rural.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 37 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005).

Information for the Pacaya Report (Chamaedorea tepejilote)

Pacaya is grown between 400 and 800 meters above sea level and usually in association with coffee production.

Harvest begins in August and ends in December, which is approximately 5 months of production per year.

General Information

The distance is between plants 1.5 m by 1.5 m. This separation gives a density of 3,334 plants per hectare and one plant produces 5 Pacayas each cutting. This arrangement results in 16,670 Pacayas for each cutting and there are three cutting each season. Five Pacayas, with bracts, weighs 0.45 Kg which gives a total production of 4 metric tons per hectare per year. Total area planted nationally is approximately 200 ha.

The export grade Pacaya does not have a bract or is with an internal bract. In either case a peduncle the Pacayas are cut with a one inch peduncle or stalk.

Production begins three years after planting.

Post-harvest treatment consists of the following: -Washing is by submerging the Pacaya in vats containing a solution 50 ppm bleach for 10 seconds - Heat treatment of at 62 C for 10 seconds -Drying by centrifugation -Package in 2 lbs bags

The estimated export volume is 20-25 metric tons per year.

The production zones are the departments or states of Ahuachapan, Sna Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vincente, and Usulutan.

Note: Cultivation of Pacaya is principally in areas which need environmental protections and soil conservation. In particular, Pacaya is grown in association with coffee production and on steep slopes. Also, Pacaya production could improve family income which improves the quality of life for many farmers. Additional benefits are diversification of traditional agriculture and increased employment in the rural areas.

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 38 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea sp. and C. tepejilote from 1985 to 2008.16 Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Abgrallaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 15 219 234 Acalles sp. (Curculionidae) 5 5 Acrolepiidae, species of 1 1 Acutaleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 3 2 5 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) 83 146 53 2 284 Acutaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 2 1 3 Agallia modesta Osborn & Ball (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Agriolimacidae, species of 1 1 Agromyzidae, species of 4 2 9 15 Alagoasa sp. (Ahrysomelidae) 6 6 Aleurocanthus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 2 1 3 Aleurocerus palmae (Russell) (Aleyrodidae) 384 294 935 1,614 Aleurocerus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 397 1,791 71 2 2,261 Aleurodicus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 8 9 Aleuroglandulus similis Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Aleuroglandulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2 Aleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker 166 266 28 460 (Aleyrodidae) Aleuroplatus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 728 295 29 3 1,060 Aleurothrixus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2 Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 42 114 7 163 Aleurotulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 24 320 4 348 Aleyrodidae, species of 11 8 17 36 Aleyrodinae, species of (Aleyrodidae) 3 4 7 sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Amblyomma sp. (Ixodidae) 1 1 Amorbia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1 Anasa sp. (Coreidae) 1 1 Anastrepha sp. (Tephritidae) 4 2 6 Anchonus sp. (Curculionidae) 6 6 Anomala sp. () 4 4 Anthonomus sp. (Curculionidae) 3 3 Anthostomella sp. (Xylariaceae) 1 1 , species of 7 1 8 Aphis sp. (Aphididae) 1 1

16 Source = PestID, 2009. Not shown are three interceptions in mail (Coccodiella chamaedoreae; Helicidae, species of; and Pseudococcidae, species of), one interception in quarters (Malleolaspis sp.), and nine interceptions on miscellaneous items (Aleurocerus palmae; Aleuroplatus sp. [5 times]; Asteraceae, species of; Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae); and Steiarrhinus sp. (Curculionidae)).

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 39 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Apion sp. (Apionidae) 8 2 10 Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Apidae) 1 1 Arctiidae, species of 2 8 1 11 Ascochyta sp. (Coelomycetes) 26 56 1 83 Asphaera sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Asphodelus fistulosus Linnaeus (Asphodelaceae) 1 1 Asteraceae, species of 1 6 1 9 Asterolecaniidae, species of 1 3 4 Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell 1,193 564 18 4 1,779 (Asterolecaniidae) Asterolecanium sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 9 9 20 38 Aulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Aulacoscelis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Baridinae, species of (Curculionidae) 2 2 Baris sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Blapstinus sp. (Tenebrionidae) 16 2 18 Blissus sp. (Blissidae) 1 1 Botryosphaeria sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 4 4 Brachybaenus sp. (Gryllacrididae) 1 1 Brachystylus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Brassolidae, species of 4 4 Brevipalpus chamaedorea Baker, Tuttle, & Abbatielo 10 50 13 73 (Tenuipalpidae) Brevipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 1 2 1 4 Buprestidae, species of 1 1 Calcisuccinea aff. Luteola (Gould) (Succineidae) 1 1 4 6 Calcisuccinea sp. (Succineidae) 1 1 Calligrapha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman 1 48 1 50 (Chrysomelidae) Calyptocephala marginipennis Boheman 4 240 38 282 (Chrysomelidae) Calyptocephala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 12 13 26 Camirus sp. () 2 2 Caryobruchus sp. (Bruchidae) 1 1 Carystoides sp. (Hesperiidae) 2 2 2 6 Cassidinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 11 12 , species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Catolethrus longulus Boheman (Curculionidae) 1 1 Catolethrus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Cecidomyiidae, species of 4 4 Cephaloleia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ceraspis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 40 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Cerataphis sp. (Aphididae) 2 2 4 Cercopidae, species of 1 1 Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 24 14 34 72 Ceroplastes rubens maskell (Coccidae) 2 2 Ceroplastes sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Cerotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chaetocnema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chalcodermus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Chalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 2 4 7 Charidotella proxima Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 3 3 Charidotella semiatrata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 6 6 Charidotella sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 186 8 199 Charidotella trisignata (Boh.) (Chrysomelidae) 20 8 28 Charidotella tuberculata (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Charidotis aurofasciata Erichson (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Charidotis leprieuri Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Charidotis seminulum (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 11 5 16 Charidotis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 4 Chariodotella sexpunctata (Fabricius) 1 1 1 3 (Chrysomelidae) Chelymorpha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chloropidae, species of 1 1 Cholus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Chorizococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Chrysauginae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1 Chrysomelidae, species of 3 44 15 62 Chrysomelinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Cicadellidae, species of 3 10 13 Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 11 12 Coccidae, species of 13 13 11 3 40 Coccodiella chamaedoreae (Syd.) Hino & Katum. 332 795 35 1,163 () Coccostroma sp. 1 1 Coccotrypes sp. (Scolytidae) 2 7 9 Coccus sp. (Coccidae) 5 3 8 Coccus viridis (Green) (Coccidae) 1 1 Coelomycetes, species of 2 2 Coelonertus nigrirostris Solari (Curculionidae) 1 1 Coelonertus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Colaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 1 6 Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) 5 22 3 30 Coniothyrium sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 41 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Conoderus rugicollis Champion (Elateridae) 1 1 Conoderus varians (Steinheil) (Elateridae) 1 1 Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae) 37 4 41 Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1 Cophes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Copitarsia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1 1 3 Coptocycla dorsoplagiata (Champ.) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Coptocycla leprosa Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Coptocycla semiatrata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 5 Coptocycla sordida Bakeman (Chrysomelidae) 60 4 64 Coptocycla sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 8 12 21 Coreidae, species of 1 1 Corynespora sp. 1 1 Cosmopterigidae, species of 1 1 2 Crambidae, species of 1 1 Crematogaster sp. (Formicidae) 3 3 Crypticerya rosae Riley & Howard (Margarodidae) 1 1 2 Crypticerya sp. (Margarodidae) 3 2 5 , species of (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 2 3 Ctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ctenuchinae, species of (Arctiidae) 1 1 Curculio sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Curculionidae, species of 2 30 15 47 Curculioninae, species of (Curculionidae) 4 4 Curvularia pallescens Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) 1 1 Curvularia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 5 6 Cyclocephala sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11 Cyclorrhapha, species of 1 1 1 3 Cydia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1 Deloyala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 8 10 20 Deloyala zetterstedti (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Delphacidae, species of 1 1 Demotispa sp. (Chrysomelidae) 10 10 Derelomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Deuterocampta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Diabrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim 1 1 (Chrysomelidae) Diaspididae, species of 3 1 2 6 Diaspidiotus sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2 Diaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 38 385 4 427

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 42 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Didymella sp. (Pleosporaceae) 9 9 Didymosphaeria sp. (Didymosphaeriaceae) 3 3 Dinaspis aculeata Ferris (Diaspididae) 82 422 15 3 522 Diplotaxis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11 Diptera, species of 5 5 Disonycha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 1 3 Dothiorella sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Dyscinetus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2 Dysmicoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 2 Eburia sp. (Cerambycidae) 1 1 Elateridae, species of 2 2 Eleodes sp. (Tenebrionidae) 2 2 Empoasca sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 , species of (Curculionidae) 1 1 Epicaerus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 1 14 Epilachna mexicana (Guerin-Meneville) 1 1 () Eubulus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Eucalandra sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae) 2 1 3 Exitianus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Fabaceae, species of 1 1 Ferrisia sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 10 11 Fiorinia sp. (Diaspididae) 3 3 Flatidae, species of 3 1 4 Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) 5 5 Furcaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 103 164 147 2 416 Fusarium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 147 41 3 191 Fusicoccum sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6 Gelechiidae, species of 6 3 9 Geometridae, species of 1 4 2 7 Gerstaeckeria sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Glomerella sp. (Glomerellaceae) 2 25 1 28 Gnathotrichus sp. (Scolytidae) 3 3 Gracillariidae, species of 11 17 5 4 37 geometrica orientalis Warren (Noctuidae) 1 1 Gryllacrididae, species of 1 1 2 Gryllidae, species of 1 1 Guignardia sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 1 2 3 Gynandrobrotica lepida (Say) (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3 Gynandrobrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Halysidota sp. (Arctiidae) 1 1

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 43 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Heilipus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Helicella virgata Dacosta (Hygromiidae) 1 1 Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Hesperiidae, species of 11 160 57 228 Heteroptera, species of 1 1 2 Hispinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Homoptera, species of 1 2 3 Hoplandrothrips sp. (Phlaeothripidae) 1 1 Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 Hypothenemus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1 Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard 1 1 (Margarodidae) Icerya sp. (Margarodidae) 2 3 4 9 Insecta, species of 3 3 6 Isorhinus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4 Lamiinae, species of (Cerambycidae) 1 1 Laminicoccus pandani (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Leidyula moreleti (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 1 1 Lema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Lepidoptera, species of 4 7 10 21 Leptinotarsa nitidicollis (Stal) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Leptodothiorella sp. 1 1 Leptosphaeria sp. (Leptosphaeriaceae) 2 2 4 Ligyrocoris sp. () 1 1 Ligyrus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1 Limacidae, species of 1 1 Limacodidae, species of 3 8 11 Linochora sp. 5 1 6 Listroderes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Listronotus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 13 Llaveiella sp. (Margarodidae) 1 1 Lobometopon sp. (Tenebrionidae) 1 1 Lophodermium sp. (Rhytismataceae) 8 8 Lycaenidae, species of 1 1 Lygaeidae, species of 1 1 2 Macrodactylus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1 Macrohaltica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Malacorhinus irregularis (Jacoby) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Malleolaspis mammata Ferris (Diaspididae) 15 4 62 81 Malleolaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 493 855 29 1 1,379 Margarodidae, species of 11 61 32 104

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 44 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Marmara sp. (Gracillariidae) 1 2 3 Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Crambidae) 2 2 Melanaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Melanconium sp. 1 1 Membracidae, species of 1 1 2 4 Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae) 4 4 Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius (Chevrolat) 19 4 23 (Dryophthoridae) Metamasius hemipterus hemipterus (linnaeus) 1 1 (Dryophthoridae) Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Olivier) 12 12 (Dryophthoridae) Metamasius sp. (Dryophthoridae) 64 1 65 Metriona crucipennis (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona erratica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona trisignata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 14 1 15 Microcentrum sp. (Tettigoniidae) 2 2 Microctenochira cumulata (boheman) 7 4 11 (Chrysomelidae) Microctenochira ferranti (Spaeth) (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4 Microctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) 5 2 7 (Chrysomelidae) Microctenochira sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 111 12 126 Microctenochira vivida (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 24 3 27 Microsphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 7 8 Mikania micrantha Humboldt Bonpland, et Kunth. 2 2 (Asteraceae) Mikania sp. (Asteraceae) 1 4 2 7 , species of 3 7 10 Mollusca, species of 2 2 Monoxia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Mycosphaerella advena Syd. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 1 2 3 Mycosphaerella palmae Miles (Mycosphaerellaceae) 2 2 Mycosphaerella sp. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 67 137 3 207 Myochrous sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3 Myodocha intermedia Distant (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1 Neoconocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) 1 1 Nipaecoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 4 4 16 24 Noctuidae, species of 1 2 13 16 Nodonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4 Notodontidae, species of 2 1 3 Notolomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 45 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Nymphulinae, species of (Crambidae) 1 1 Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae) 1 1 Ochlerus sp. (Pentatomidae) 1 1 Octotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Odontota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Oecophoridae, species of 6 1 7 Ogdoecosta catenulata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ogdoecosta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Omphalia flavida (Cke.) Maubl. & Rangel 1 1 (Tricholomataceae) Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Ophiodothella sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 13 7 3 23 Opogona sp. (Tineidae) 1 1 Opsiphanes sp. (Brassolidae) 4 15 4 23 Orocharis sp. (Gryllidae) 1 1 Osbornellus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Ozophora consanguineus (Distant) 1 1 (Rhyparochromidae) Pallifera costaricensis (Mörch) (Philomycidae) 4 4 8 Pallifera sp. (Philomycidae) 50 3 53 Palmaspis sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 1 1 Pandeleteius sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae Russell (Aleyrodidae) 1 2 3 Paraleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 9 94 1 104 Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi (Aleyrodidae) 2 7 9 Paraleyrodes citri Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 2 2 Paraleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 7 2 10 Parallelia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1 Paria sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus Champion 2 2 (Curculionidae) Parisoschoenus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 95 3 99 Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2 Paroecanthus aztecus Saussure (Gryllidae) 1 1 Pelidnota sp. (Scarabaeidae) 4 4 Pentatomidae, species of 6 9 15 Pentatomoidea, species of 2 2 Periconia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 1 Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1 Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 7 7 1 1 16 Phaeoseptoria sp. (Coelomycetes) 65 43 108 Phaeosphaeria palmarum chaudhuri(EcoPort Record) 54 4 2 60 & P.N. Rao (Phaeosphaeriaceae)

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 46 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Phaeosphaeria sp. (Phaeosphaeriaceae) 10 47 57 Pheidole punctatissima Mayr (Formicidae) 1 1 Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) 2 2 Phenacoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 2 3 Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 9 35 5 49 Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 33 70 4 107 Phoradendron sp. (Santalaceae) 14 57 12 83 Phycitinae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1 Phyllachora sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 1 1 2 Phyllocnistis sp. (Gracillariidae) 5 4 22 31 Phyllophaga sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 7 1 9 Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Phyllotreta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 sp. (Hyponectriaceae) 1 1 2 Physonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 2 7 Physorhinus sp. (Elateridae) 1 1 Pieridae, species of 1 1 Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 3 1 4 Pityophthorus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1 Plagiometriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Planococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Platynota sp. (Tortricidae) 2 2 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2 2 Pseudocercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 2 5 3 10 Pseudococcidae, species of 10 11 21 3 46 Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Pseudoparlatoria carolilehmanni balachowsky 2 2 (Diaspididae) Pseudoparlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Psyllidae, species of 1 1 2 Puccinia cymbopogonis Mass (Pucciniaceae) 1 1 Puccinia tillandsiae Cumm. & Pollack (Pucciniaceae) 1 1 Pulvinaria sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Pyralidae, species of 1 1 Pyraloidea, species of 2 2 Pyrenochaeta sp. (Coelomycetes) 13 21 34 Raoiella indica hirst (Tenuipalpidae) 1 1 Resseliella sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1 Retracrus johnstoni Keifer (Nalepellidae) 26 26 Reuteroscopus sp. (Miridae) 1 1 Rhabdopterus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 47 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Rhinostomus barbirostris (Fabricius) (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae) 1 1 Saccharum sp. (Poaceae) 3 3 Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Santalaceae, species of 2 2 Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 12 1 13 Saturniidae, species of 2 2 Scarabaeidae, species of 1 1 Scolytidae, species of 4 4 Scrophulariaceae, species of 1 1 Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara (Diaspididae) 7 3 2 12 Selenophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Sesiidae, species of 1 1 1 3 Sibine sp. (Limacodidae) 1 1 Sibinia sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Sipha sp. (Aphididae) 1 1 Sitona sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Sminthuridae, species of 1 1 2 Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) 1 1 Sphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 2 Sphenophorus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 2 2 Stagonospora sp. (Coelomycetes) 3 9 12 Stictolobus minor (Fowler) (Membracidae) 1 1 Stilodes sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Stolas sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 1 5 Strategus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2 Succinea costaricana Von Martens (Succineidae) 4 4 Succinea horticola Reinhardt (Succineidae) 1 1 Syrphidae, species of 2 2 Tanymecus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4 Tapinaspis annulus (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 6 2 8 Tapinaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Tapinaspis wesmaeli (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 30 4 34 Tenuipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 2 2 Tetraleurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Tetralicia sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1,642 864 117 2,623 Tetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae) 4 2 8 14 Tettigoniidae, species of 1 2 4 7 Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) 1 1 Thysanoptera, species of 1 1 Tingidae, species of 1 1 Tischeriidae, species of 1 1

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 48 Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total General Permit Tomolips sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Tortricidae, species of 7 9 16 Tortricinae, species of (Tortricidae) 1 1 Tridax procumbens Linnaeus (Asteraceae) 1 1 Triozidae, species of 1 1 Venturia sp. (Venturiaceae) 1 1 Veronicella sp. (Veronicellidae) 2 3 5 Veronicellidae, species of 32 12 44 Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) (Coccidae) 7 8 1 16 Xenocassis amoena Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Xenochalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 26 26 Yuccaborus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Grand total 6,523 10,343 2,341 30 19,237

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 49