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Invasion of the Palm Infesting Whitefly, Aleurotrachelus Atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental Region

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Invasion of the Palm Infesting Whitefly, Aleurotrachelus Atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental Region See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334447695 Invasion of the palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental region Article in Phytoparasitica · July 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s12600-019-00742-1 CITATIONS READS 10 646 3 authors: Selvaraj Krishnan Ramachandran Sundararaj National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources Institute of Wood Science and Technology 84 PUBLICATIONS 290 CITATIONS 138 PUBLICATIONS 536 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Sumalatha B.V. NBAIR 20 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Exploration of Isaria fumosorosea for management of emerging invasive whiteflies in coconut View project To preserve and get health seedlings View project All content following this page was uploaded by Selvaraj Krishnan on 07 August 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Invasion of the palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental region K. Selvaraj, R. Sundararaj & B. V. Sumalatha Phytoparasitica ISSN 0334-2123 Phytoparasitica DOI 10.1007/s12600-019-00742-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Nature B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Phytoparasitica https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00742-1 Invasion of the palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental region K. Selvaraj & R. Sundararaj & B. V. Sumalatha Received: 31 March 2019 /Accepted: 7 June 2019 # Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Infestation of the highly invasive whitefly Introduction Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is reported for the first time from India as The enormous increase in the volume, diversity and well as from the Oriental region. The pest was found swiftness of movement of plant products throughout colonizing coconut palm, Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) the world has led to a proliferation and dissemination and ornamental areca palm, Dypsea lutescens of invasive species, particularly ones closely associated (Arecaceae) in Mandya and Mysore districts of Karna- with plants, such as scale insects and whiteflies (Wosula taka during February, 2019. Whitefly specimens were et al. 2018). Increased trade, transport and travel are the collected from infested palm plants and the identity of major drivers of bioinvasions and will continue to in- the species is confirmed by morphological characteris- crease as a by-product of globalization (USDA 2001) tics. No parasitisation was observed but four species of and invasive exotic species move from one region of the predators viz., Dichochrysa astur (Neuroptera: world to others. So far, more than 110 exotic insect Chrysopidae), Cybochephalus spp. (Coleoptera: species had been reported from India, of which, white- Nitidulidae), Chilocorus nigrita and Jauravia pallidula flies and mealybugs constitute a major part of the inva- (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were found feeding on this sion (Mandal 2011). In India, 463 whiteflies species invasive species. The severity of the infestations and its belonging to 68 genera are known are known to feed impact on coconut as well as other crop plants in India is on many agricultural, horticultural and forestry crop discussed. plants which include four recently invaded species viz., solanum whitefly, Aleurothrixus trachoides (Back) on 24 host plants (Sundararaj et al. 2018), rugose Keywords Invasive . Coconut . Aleurotrachelus spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin atratus . Predator. Oriental region on coconut and several horticultural and ornamental plants (Sundararaj and Selvaraj 2017), Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi Ι K. Selvaraj (*) : B. V. Sumalatha (Josephrajkumar et al. 2019)andP. minei accarino on Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR- coconut (ICAR-CPCRI 2018). During February 2019, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, one more palm infesting, highly invasive whitefly spe- Bengaluru 560024, India cies, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: e-mail: [email protected] Aleyrodidae) was found colonizing on members of R. Sundararaj Arecaceae viz., coconut, (Cocos nucifera) and ornamen- Forest Protection Division, Institute of Wood Science and tal areca palm (Dypse alutescens) at Mysore and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024, India Mandya districts of Karnataka, India. Author's personal copy Phytoparasitica The genus Aleurotrachelus is one of the largest gen- taxonomic characteristics specific to the species and also era of whiteflies and currently containing 74 species by matching with characteristics specified in the keys of worldwide with 12 species known to occur in the (Wosula et al. 2018) were made by using Nikon Afrotropical region (Evans 2008) and so far only four Optiphot T-2 EFD microscope. The confirmed mounted species viz., A. corbetti Takahashi, A. longispinus slides were deposited in the collection of ICAR- Nation- Corbett, A. multipapillus Singh and A. tuberculatus al Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, Singh have been reported from India (Sundararaj and India (accession number NBAII/HEM-ALEU/1234– Pushpa 2011). A. atratus is a Neotropical whitefly, 2019) and available in the personal collection of K. originally described by Hempel (1922). Algumas Selvaraj. A. atratus population and intensity of damage especies novas de Hemipteros da familia Aleyrodidae. on five randomly selected coconut palms per garden at Notas Preliminares editadas pela redaccao da Museu three strata (upper, medium, lower leaves) was assessed Paulista, 2 (1): 3 - 10. (2010) from Brazil and reported at five locations in both Mandya and Mysore districts. widely in the tropics and subtropics and colonize on more than 110 plant species belonging to Arecaceae, Rutaceae, Solanacee, Cycadaceae and Lauraceae (Malumphy and Treseder 2011). Results and discussion A. atratus has spread rapidly in the Neotropical re- gion viz., Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Bra- Identification of the species The identity of the whitefly zil, Colombia, Guyana, Nevis, Puerto Rico, Venezuela is confirmed using best mounted slides as and USA, (Florida) probably due to anthropogenic ac- Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: tivities such as trade in ornamental palms (Howard et al. Aleyrodidae) based on the specific puparial taxonomic 2001). It is now found in Africa, North and South characteristics, which includes, Elongate oval puparium America, Central America and the Caribbean, Europe with entire dark cuticle (Fig. 1a); marginal teeth sepa- and Oceania (Borowiec et al. 2010). Due to its invasive- rated, with converging subtruncate or rounded apices, ness and extensive host range, the species was consid- each one with serrated margins (Fig. 1b); absence of first ered as a pest of significant economic status. In the abdominal and mesothoracic setae, metathoracic setae Comoro Islands, A. atratus was responsible for an eco- extending beyond 2nd abdominal segment, 8th abdom- nomic loss of 55% to local coconut producers in 2002 inal setae longer than the vasiform orifice, caudal setae (Youssoufa et al. 2006). It corroborates the report of very long and set on tubercles; submarginal area with (Borowiec et al. 2010)thatA. atratus is increasing its rows of flat, elongate granules of subequal size; lingula distribution and damage to palms. This is the first report tip rounded (Fig. 1c). The studied specimens were in the of this pest from India as well as in the Oriental region. collection of ICAR-NBAIR. Its occurrence, severity, host range, natural enemies and impact on coconut cultivation in India are discussed in Diagnosis and life stages of A. atratus Eggs and larvae this communication. of A. atratus occur on the underside of palm fronds, and when abundant they are highly conspicuous due to the dense flocculent white wax which covers the black Materials and methods pupae. Eggs are stalked, initially creamy white and turn to dark brown before hatching (Fig. 2a). The first instars Identification and material examined Whitefly speci- have four pairs of wax plumes excreted by glands at the mens were collected from infested plants (Coconut & base of dorsal setae (Fig. 2c). Each dorsal seta has Areca palm) by senior author and Sumalatha, B.V from curving longitudinal grooves that guide the wax flakes several locations in Mandya (12.5644° N, 76.7337° E) as they are secreted from the seta base and all the and Mysore districts (12.1873° N, 76.3637° E) of Kar- nympal stages are black. Puparia are elliptical, black, nataka. Furthermore, heavily infested leaves were kept 1.0–1.1 mm long with a long marginal white wax fringe in separate containers to study parasitoids. Puparia from and dorsal
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