TAXON:Lovoa Trichilioides Harms SCORE
TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Taxon: Lovoa trichilioides Harms Family: Meliaceae
Common Name(s): African walnut Synonym(s): Lovoa brownii Sprague
Benin walnut Lovoa klaineana Pierre ex Sprague
Congowood
Nigerian golden walnut
tigerwood
Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 17 Jun 2021
Designation: L Low Risk WRA Score: -1.0 Rating:
Keywords: Tropical Tree, Timber Source, Shade-Tolerant, Monoecious, Wind-Dispersed
Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents)
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Supporting Data:
Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Cultivated, but not domesticated] "Lovoa trichilioides wood is in high demand on the international market, which resulted in much Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant pressure on natural populations. It has become vulnerable, and the Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA establishment of methods of sustainable forest management for this Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands species are needed. It can be expected that rotation cycles of about 50 years are needed for sustainable harvest. Lovoa trichilioides is recommended for forest enrichment planting."
102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes
WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA
103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes
WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands
202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands
203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Climate - L. trichilioides is found on a wide range of sites in tropical CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB Africa up to 1500 m altitude. The best growth occurs where mean International, Wallingford, UK annual rainfall exceeds 1500 mm and mean annual temperature is about 24‐25°C."
[Elevation range exceeds 1000 m] "Lovoa trichilioides occurs Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant scattered in evergreen forest and semi-deciduous forest, up to 1200 Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA m altitude. It prefers moist but free draining localities on alluvial Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands soils and more than 2000 mm annual rainfall. In Ghana it is strongly associated with acid soils. In Uganda it is common in mixed
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
rainforest along Lake Victoria, but can also be found in gallery forest and thickets."
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands
Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes [Planted within native range] "Location of introductions - CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB Plantations have been established in Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda International, Wallingford, UK and Côte d'Ivoire (Hawthorne, 1995)."
301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Imada, C. (2019). Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (February 2019 update). Bishop Museum No evidence
Technical Report 69. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall
302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall
303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall
304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall
305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Lovoa comprises 2 species, both confined to tropical Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant Africa. It belongs to the tribe Swietenieae and is related to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Entandrophragma, Khaya and Pseudocedrela. Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Lovoa swynnertonii Baker f. occurs in eastern DR Congo, Kenya,
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, in rainforest up to 1500 m altitude. It differs from Lovoa trichilioides by its asymmetrical leaflets and hairy inflorescences, but is otherwise similar. Its wood has been used for similar purposes as that of Lovoa trichilioides. Lovoa swynnertonii has been subject to heavy exploitation in many regions and is rare almost everywhere in its distribution area; it is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red list." Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall
401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Evergreen large tree up to 45 m tall; bole branchless for up to 25(–30) m, usually straight and cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, up to 120(–200) cm in diameter, slightly thickened at base or with short buttresses; bark surface greyish brown to blackish brown, smooth to scaly, with many lenticels, inner bark pinkish red with whitish streaks, fibrous, with strong sweet smell; crown dense, dark green; twigs glabrous. Leaves alternate, paripinnately or imparipinnately compound with (5–)10–15 leaflets, glabrous; stipules absent; petiole 3–9 cm long, channelled and slightly winged, rachis 4–20(–30) cm long; petiolules 2–10 mm long; leaflets opposite to alternate, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, 5–25 cm × 2– Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant 10 cm, cuneate to rounded at base, obtuse to acuminate at apex, Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA leathery, pinnately veined with closely spaced lateral veins. Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Inflorescence an axillary or terminal panicle up to 40 cm long, glabrous. Flowers functionally unisexual, regular, 4-merous; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long, jointed; calyx lobed almost to the base, 1–2 mm long; petals free, elliptical, 4–6.5 mm long, white, tinged greenish or reddish; male flowers with stamens fused into a cup-shaped tube with 8 anthers at margin, ovary not functional; female flowers with superior, globose ovary, 4-celled, gradually passing into the style, stigma head-shaped, stamens not functional. Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm × 1–1.5 cm, black, dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds attached to the top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long including the large apical wing."
402 Allelopathic n Source(s) Notes "It is promoted in Uganda for tree planting programmes; it is locally Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant planted as a shade tree in agroforestry programmes, for crops such Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA as coffee and banana." [No evidence. Planted as a shade/nurse tree Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands for other crops]
403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes "Evergreen large tree up to 45 m tall; bole branchless for up to 25(– Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant 30) m, usually straight and cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, up to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA 120(–200) cm in diameter, slightly thickened at base or with short Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands buttresses" [Meliaceae. No evidence]
404 Unpalatable to grazing animals
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Antelopes and rodents eat the bark of seedlings and young trees." Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA [Palatability of foliage not described] Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands
405 Toxic to animals Source(s) Notes [No direct evidence, but use in fish poison suggests toxins may be Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal present that could affect other animals] "The sawdust may be and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, irritant. Bark analgesic; crushed bark rubbed on the chest to treat Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca pulmonary troubles. Fish poison, bark and leaves mixed with bark Raton, FL and leaves of Erythrophleum guineense."
406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens Source(s) Notes "Diseases and pests - Large-scale destruction of seedlings by shoot borers has been recorded. In Cameroon longhorn beetles, borers, Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant scale insects and defoliator insects are the main pests observed in Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA young plantations, and collar decay also occurs. Antelopes and Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands rodents eat the bark of seedlings and young trees. Fruits and seeds are subject to heavy predation by insects such as Catopyla dysorphnaea." "Protection - Catopyla dysorphnaea has been recorded on the fruits and seeds of L. trichilioides (Wagner et al., 1991). Wood deterioration by basidiomycetes such as Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus sp. is common. Pests recorded CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB Insects: International, Wallingford, UK Catopyla dysorphnaea Hypsipyla Fungus diseases: Gloeophyllum sepiarium Pleurotus" "Very little is recorded regarding pests and diseases of L. FAO. (2009). Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases. trichilioides. It is considered less susceptible to tree borers and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations other insects than others in this genus, and Catopyla dysorphnaea, a (FAO), Rome, Italy minor stem borer of maize, has been recorded on the fruits and seeds of L. trichilioides (Wagner, Atuahene and Cobbinah, 1991)."
407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, "The sawdust may be irritant. Bark analgesic; crushed bark rubbed Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca on the chest to treat pulmonary troubles." Raton, FL
408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Source(s) Notes
Bucini, G., & Lambin, E. F. (2002). Fire impacts on "Dense humid forests - In dense humid forests, fires are different in vegetation in Central Africa: a remote-sensing-based frequency and spatial pattern compared with the other ecotypes. statistical analysis. Applied Geography, 22(1), 27-48 The dense humid forest clearly bounds the burning front and fires
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
affect only a small fraction of this ecosystem (see Fig. 5). The detected fire events take place at the border of included savannahs and forest clearings, and are associated with logging or land clearing activities." [Lovoa trichilioides included in the representative taxa of this forest type, and does not apparently contribute to increased fire frequency] Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Kouamé, F.Y.N’. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2004). Biodiversity of West African Forests: An "It is more common in the wetter forest types (Voorhoeve 1965)." Ecological Atlas of Woody Plant Species. CABI, [No evidence. Unlikely given habitat] Wallingford, UK [No evidence] "Lovoa trichilioides occurs scattered in evergreen Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant forest and semi-deciduous forest, up to 1200 m altitude. It prefers Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA moist but free draining localities on alluvial soils and more than Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 2000 mm annual rainfall."
409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y Source(s) Notes "L. trichilioides is very shade tolerant when young, but is light CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB demanding later. It is more shade tolerant when young than International, Wallingford, UK Entandrophragma spp. and Khaya spp."
[Establishes in shade, but needs gaps to mature] "Seedlings of about Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant 20 cm tall may be abundant even in full shade, where they may Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA survive for several years, but saplings only grow where gaps develop Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands in the forest canopy."
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 n conditions if not a volcanic island) Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "It prefers moist but free draining localities on alluvial soils and Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA more than 2000 mm annual rainfall. In Ghana it is strongly Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands associated with acid soils." "L. trichilioides is strongly associated with acid, base‐poor soils. It grows best on freely‐drained sites (Hawthorne, 1995). It is most often found on flat ground and on slopes of less than 15°. Soil descriptors CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB ‐ Soil texture: light; medium; heavy International, Wallingford, UK ‐ Soil drainage: free ‐ Soil reaction: acid
‐ Special soil tolerances: infertile ‐ Soil types: acid soils; ferralsols; lateritic soils; sandy soils" Orwa C,, Mutua, A., Kindt R., Jamnadass, R, & Anthony, S. (2009). Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. "Soil type: Prefers deep humid soils." http://www.worldagroforestry.org. [Accessed 16 Jun 2021] Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Kouamé, F.Y.N’. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2004). Biodiversity of West African Forests: An "Strongly associated with acid, base-poor soils (Hawthorne 1995a)." Ecological Atlas of Woody Plant Species. CABI, Wallingford, UK
411 Climbing or smothering growth habit n Source(s) Notes
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
"Evergreen large tree up to 45 m tall; bole branchless for up to 25(– Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant 30) m, usually straight and cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, up to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA 120(–200) cm in diameter, slightly thickened at base or with short Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands buttresses"
412 Forms dense thickets n Source(s) Notes [Found in thickets, but pure stands occur in cultivation] "In Uganda Katende, A. B., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. (1995). Useful it is found in thickets, gallery forest and mixed tropical rain forests Trees and Shrubs for Uganda. Regional Land Management and is abundant in forest on the shores of Lake Victoria." ... "Does Unit, Nairobi, Kenya well as a pure stand or together with crops, e.g. in coffee and banana plantations." [No evidence] "Lovoa trichilioides occurs scattered in evergreen forest and semi-deciduous forest, up to 1200 m altitude." ... "In the forest, large trees of Lovoa trichilioides generally occur scattered. In southern Cameroon densities of trees with a bole diameter larger Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant than 60 cm vary between 3 boles and 25 boles per 100 ha, and the Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA average bole volume varies between 0.15 m³ and 2.3 m³ per ha. In Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Côte d’Ivoire, the Central African Republic, Gabon and Congo the densities are generally low, with less than 1 bole of more than 60 cm diameter per 10 ha, but in south-eastern Gabon up to 1 bole per 2 ha may occur. In Liberia the average number of exploitable trees is 12 per 100 ha, locally up to 25." [No evidence] "The African L. trichilioides is a large emergent CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB evergreen tree associated with acid, base‐ poor soils. On suitable International, Wallingford, UK sites, growth is fast and the stem form is good." White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. Unesco, Paris No evidence
501 Aquatic n Source(s) Notes [Terrestrial] "Lovoa trichilioides occurs scattered in evergreen forest and semi-deciduous forest, up to 1200 m altitude. It prefers moist Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant but free draining localities on alluvial soils and more than 2000 mm Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA annual rainfall. In Ghana it is strongly associated with acid soils. In Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Uganda it is common in mixed rainforest along Lake Victoria, but can also be found in gallery forest and thickets."
502 Grass n Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Meliaceae Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 15 Jun 2021]
503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Meliaceae Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 15 Jun 2021]
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Source(s) Notes "Evergreen large tree up to 45 m tall; bole branchless for up to 25(– Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant 30) m, usually straight and cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, up to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA 120(–200) cm in diameter, slightly thickened at base or with short Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands buttresses"
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 n habitat Source(s) Notes [Able to reproduce naturally, but exploitation may exceed Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant replacement rates] "Lovoa trichilioides is included in the IUCN Red Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA list of threatened species as vulnerable, mainly because exploitation Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands rates are high."
602 Produces viable seed y Source(s) Notes "Propagation and planting: For planting, seeds are collected from the forest floor, although many seeds may already be attacked by insects. The 1000-seed weight is 100–230 g. The seed including the Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant wing is usually covered for up to three-quarters with soil. Seeds Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA have a short viability, with up to 90% germination for fresh seed, but Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands only about 30% germination after 2 months. Seeds start germinating after 8–16 days. They should be stored in sealed containers and ash should be added because they are very susceptible to insect attack." Katende, A. B., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. (1995). Useful "Propagation: Seedlings, wildings. Seed: The species seeds profusely Trees and Shrubs for Uganda. Regional Land Management and winged seeds have to be searched for on the ground. No. of Unit, Nairobi, Kenya seeds per kg: about 4,400." "Seed has a short viability. Germination period is about 16 days with CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB germination of about 90% (but do not remain viable for long with International, Wallingford, UK 30% germination after 2 months (Sanders, 1953)). It is used in plantations and enrichment planting."
603 Hybridizes naturally Source(s) Notes [Unknown. No hybridization documented between two species] "Lovoa comprises 2 species, both confined to tropical Africa. It belongs to the tribe Swietenieae and is related to Entandrophragma, Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant Khaya and Pseudocedrela. Lovoa swynnertonii Baker f. occurs in Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA eastern DR Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Mozambique, in rainforest up to 1500 m altitude. It differs from Lovoa trichilioides by its asymmetrical leaflets and hairy inflorescences, but is otherwise similar. Its wood has been used for similar purposes as that of Lovoa trichilioides."
604 Self-compatible or apomictic Source(s) Notes
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Styles, B. T. (1972). The flower biology of the Meliaceae [Potentially self-compatible] "Table 1. - Sex-Distribution in Flowers and its bearing on tree breeding. Silvae Genetica 21(5): of Meliaceae" [L. trichilioides - flowers unisexual, sexes monoecious] 175-182
605 Requires specialist pollinators n Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, "honeybee plant" Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL "Though there are a lack of direct tests on the pollination ecology of Thia, J. A. (2014). The plight of trees in disturbed forest: Meliaceae, the sweet and prominent scent of the flowers has lead to Conservation of montane trees, Nigeria. MSc. Thesis. the suggestion that they are insect pollinated (Mabberley 2011); the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand breeding system of L. trichilioides is monoecious (Styles 1972)." [Presumably insect-pollinated. Flower morphology suggests entomophily] "The flowers are a source of nectar for honey bees." ... "Flowers functionally unisexual, regular, 4-merous; pedicel 1.5–3 Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant mm long, jointed; calyx lobed almost to the base, 1–2 mm long; Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA petals free, elliptical, 4–6.5 mm long, white, tinged greenish or Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands reddish; male flowers with stamens fused into a cup-shaped tube with 8 anthers at margin, ovary not functional; female flowers with superior, globose ovary, 4-celled, gradually passing into the style, stigma head-shaped, stamens not functional."
606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n Source(s) Notes [Can be propagated vegetatively, but natural reproduction is by seeds] "For planting, seeds are collected from the forest floor, although many seeds may already be attacked by insects. The 1000- seed weight is 100–230 g. The seed including the wing is usually covered for up to three-quarters with soil. Seeds have a short viability, with up to 90% germination for fresh seed, but only about 30% germination after 2 months. Seeds start germinating after 8–16 days. They should be stored in sealed containers and ash should be added because they are very susceptible to insect attack. Wildlings Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant are sometimes used for planting; they should be watered Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA abundantly. A successful method of propagation by stem cuttings Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands has been developed in Cameroon. Long, thin cuttings with large leaf areas (50–200 cm²) made from apical nodes of multi-stemmed stock-plants rooted best, with a rooting rate of up to 60%. Stem cuttings rooted best in coarse gravel. The application of auxins had no clear effect on rooting. For transplanting in the forest, seedlings in bags should be about 50 cm tall. Stumps or striplings 150–180 cm long can also be used. For planting in the field it is recommended to plant under moderate shade and to avoid full sun. It has been reported that trees developed very successfully when planted in groups or lines in thinned natural forest."
607 Minimum generative time (years) >3 Source(s) Notes "L. trichilioides grows well when outplanted in groups or lines under CAB International. (2013). The CABI Encyclopedia of thinned natural forest. Trees tend to branch early and pruning Forest Trees. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK should be done to improve tree form. In plantations, trees can take
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
up to 30 years to mature." [Based on growth, reproductive maturity presumably reached after 4+ years] "Early growth is generally slow, with planted seedlings reaching 100 cm height in 2 years and 150 cm in 3 years. In exceptional cases trees reach a height of 2.5 m after 1 year. After the first years, growth becomes faster, and there are records of young trees attaining 9 m in height after 7 years. In plantations in Uganda an average bole diameter of 25 cm was reached after 25 Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant years, whereas in Nigeria and Cameroon a mean annual diameter Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA increment of 1.0–1.8 cm was recorded. In experiments in Gabon, 11- Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands year-old trees planted in light shadow were 20 m tall and 16.5 cm in diameter, whereas growth of trees planted in full sun was slower. In natural forest the mean annual diameter increment is about 5 mm. In West Africa trees flower in the dry season and fruits are ripe in February–April. However, seeds are not produced each year; in Liberia and Nigeria good seed years reportedly occur every 3–4 years."
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Relatively large, wind-dispersed seeds lack means of external attachment] "Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant × 1–1.5 cm, black, dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA attached to the top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands including the large apical wing." ... "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while falling."
702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Source(s) Notes No commercial websites or nurseries were found that sell plants or seeds online, and there is limited evidence of cultivation other than WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication within its native range. Nevertheless, this species has been proposed for cultivation in the Hawaiian Islands, indicating some level of interest in future introduction.
703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Relatively large, wind-dispersed seeds unlikely to be inadvertently dispersed in produce or other commercial products] Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm × 1–1.5 cm, black, Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds attached to the Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long including the large apical wing." ... "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while falling."
704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA falling." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
"There are often only 2 fertile seeds on each face of the central CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB columella and they are inserted by their wings. The wing is terminal International, Wallingford, UK and is about 3 x 0.75 cm. The seeds are wind dispersed."
705 Propagules water dispersed Source(s) Notes [Buoyancy of wind-dispersed seeds unknown. Water may contribute Orwa C,, Mutua, A., Kindt R., Jamnadass, R, & Anthony, S. to secondary dispersal when trees grow in proximity to lakes or (2009). Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and other aquatic habitats] "L. trichilioides, the only West African selection guide version 4.0. species of this genus is a monoecious evergreen forest emergent. http://www.worldagroforestry.org. [Accessed ] But also occurs in thickets, gallery forest, mixed tropical forests and is extremely common in lake side forests in Uganda."
706 Propagules bird dispersed n Source(s) Notes "Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm × 1–1.5 cm, black, Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds attached to the Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long including the large Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands apical wing." ... "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while falling."
707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Relatively large, wind-dispersed seeds lack means of external attachment] "Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant × 1–1.5 cm, black, dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA attached to the top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands including the large apical wing." ... "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while falling."
708 Propagules survive passage through the gut n Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Relatively large, wind-dispersed seeds depredated by insects] "Fruit a pendulous, tetragonal capsule 4–7 cm × 1–1.5 cm, Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant black, dehiscing with 4 valves, many-seeded with seeds attached to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA the top of the central column. Seeds 4–6 cm long including the large Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands apical wing." ... "The seeds are dispersed by wind, turning like a propeller while falling." ... "Fruits and seeds are subject to heavy predation by insects such as Catopyla dysorphnaea."
801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Source(s) Notes [Densities unknown, but possibly during heavy seeding years, and much lower in the interim] "In West Africa trees flower in the dry Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant season and fruits are ripe in February–April. However, seeds are not Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA produced each year; in Liberia and Nigeria good seed years Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands reportedly occur every 3–4 years." ... "Fruits and seeds are subject to heavy predation by insects such as Catopyla dysorphnaea."
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 n yr) Source(s) Notes "Seed has a short viability. Germination period is about 16 days with CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB germination of about 90% (but do not remain viable for long with International, Wallingford, UK 30% germination after 2 months (Sanders, 1953))."
"Seeds have a short viability, with up to 90% germination for fresh Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant seed, but only about 30% germination after 2 months. Seeds start Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA germinating after 8–16 days. They should be stored in sealed Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands containers and ash should be added because they are very susceptible to insect attack."
803 Well controlled by herbicides Source(s) Notes Unknown. No information or herbicide efficacy or history of WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication chemical control of this species
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or 804 y fire Source(s) Notes Katende, A. B., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. (1995). Useful "Lovoa trichilioides tends to branch early and pruning should be Trees and Shrubs for Uganda. Regional Land Management done." Unit, Nairobi, Kenya CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB "Stand establishment using stump plants" International, Wallingford, UK
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. 805 introduced biocontrol agents) Source(s) Notes
WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication Unknown. No history of cultivation in the Hawaiian Islands
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TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk
Summary of Risk Traits:
High Risk / Undesirable Traits • Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility. • Grows, and could spread, in regions with tropical climates. • The sawdust may be irritant. • Shade tolerant when young • Reproduces by prolific seed production (every 3-4 years) • Seeds dispersed by wind, and intentionally by people. • Tolerates pruning and can be propagated from stumps.
Low Risk Traits • No reports of invasiveness or naturalization, but no evidence of widespread introduction outside native range • Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs) • Associated with acidic soils (spread may be limited by soil pH) • Saplings require light gaps to grow and mature. • Not reported to spread vegetatively. • Relatively large, wind-dispersed seeds unlikely to be dispersed accidentally by other vectors. • Seeds have a short viability and are unlikely to form a persistent seed bank.
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