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List of Plant Species Identified in the Northern Part of the Lope Reserve, Gabon*

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List of Plant Species Identified in the Northern Part of the Lope Reserve, Gabon* TROPICS 3 (3/4): 249-276 Issued March, 1994 List of Plant Species Identified in the Northern Part of the Lope Reserve, Gabon* Caroline E.G. TUTIN Centre International de Recherche Medicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland. Lee J. T. WHITE NYZS-The Wildlife Conservation Society, U.S.A.; Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Programme de Conservation et Utilisation Rationelle des Ecosystemes Forestiers d'Afrique Centrale (ECOFAC), Composante Gabon (Projet FED, CCE DG VIII). Elizabeth A. WILLIAMSON Psychology Department, University of Stirling, Scotland. Michel FERNANDEZ Centre International de Recherche Medicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland; Programme de Conservation et Utilisation Rationelle des Ecosystemes Forestiers d' Afrique Centrale (ECOFAC), Composante Gabon (Projet FED, CCE DG VIII). Gordon MCPHERSON Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Research on lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) began at the 'Station d'Etudes des Gorilles et Chimpanzes' in the Lope Reserve, central Gabon, in 1983 and is on-going. This paper lists 676 species of plants belonging to 91 families that occur in the 50 sq. km study area. Data on trees with diameters of 10 cm or more were collected systematically along line transects and opportunistic collections of fertile plants were made. For each plant species, the life-form, habitat preference and density (for trees recorded on transects) are listed. For plants that provide food for gorillas and chimpanzees, the part eaten is given. The plant species list is not complete but shows the flora of the SEGC study area to be diverse. The seven habitat types described range from Savanna to Closed Canopy Forest but the study area is dominated by Marantaceae Forest. Gorillas and chimpanzees at Lope have diverse diets and obtain food from plants in all of the habitat types. Some minor (in terms of area) habitats provide large amounts of food in particular seasons. Comparison of ape diets in different parts of Africa can only advance if vegetation inventories for each study site are compiled and published. Key words: Gorilla g. gorilla / Pan t. troglodytes / plant species list / habitat-types / vegetation description / conservation and reserve management Gabon straddles the equator on the west coast of Africa and approximately 80% of the country's area of 267,000 km2 is covered by lowland tropical forest. Though still incompletely documented, the floristic diversity is great and Breteler (1990) estimated that at least 6,000 species of phanerogams occur. The patchy nature of botanical exploration within Gabon is highlighted by recent descriptions of new species (e.g. Halle, 1987; Halle & Louis, 1989; McPherson & Louis, 1991) and many new locality records (F. White, pers. comm.). The area of Gabon that has been most intensively studied is around Makokou, in the north-east of the * Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Dr. C.E.G. Tutin, C.I.R.M.F., B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon C. E. G. Turnq, L. J. T. Wrure, E. A. Wu-unusoN, M. FEnNANDEZ & G. McRrnsoN country. Six published lists cover a total of 1,233 plant species (Hall6, 1964;19651' Hall6 & I-e Thomas, 1967;1970; Hladik & Halld, 1973; Florence & Hladik, 1980). Research at the Lopd Reserve, in central Gabon, began at the Station d'Etudes des Gorilles et Chimpanzds (SEGC) in 1983 and is on-going. The focus of much of the research has been the ecology of lowland gorillas and chimpanzees but this has involved collecting and identifying plant species eaten by apes and running transects to describe the vegetation of the apes' habitat. Among the important food species of apes at Lop6 (Tutin & Fernandez, 1993; Williamson et aI., 1990) were two new species of tree (Coln lizae [Sterculiaceae], N. Hall6, 1987 and Dialiurn lopense [Caesalpiniaceae], Breteler, in press). The discovery of the former was particularly surprising as it is the commonest tree species within the main study area and has distinctive, enonnous, leaves (Tirtin et al., t99la). Both of these new species have restricted geographical ranges suggesting that many undescribed species remain in the botanically unexplored parts of the country. Recent work at Lopd has included more syst€matic botanical collecting and an extension of the enumeration of trees along ftansects. Analysis of these data has allowed the forest within the Reserve to be classed into 20 types that differ both in structure and species composition (Whire, 1992). Similar ecological research, focussing on great apes, is underway at several other sites in the ropical forests of cenfral Africa (e.9. Carroll, 1986; Fay, 1989; Kano & Mulavwa, 1984; Kuroda, 1992; Malenky & Stiles, 1991; Mitani, 1992; Nishihara, 1992; Yamagiwa et al., 1992) but comparisons of diets between areas have been hindered by lack of background data on the variety and density of plant species available as potential foods at each site. Data on the vegetation ofthe Lopd Reserve are available from several sources, but publi- cations are limited to a single vegetation type and are not readily accessible (Descoings, 1974; Reitsma, 1988), or are in the form of unpublished Ph.D. theses (White, 1992; Williamson, 1988). Here we present a list of plant species, identified to at least family, that occur in the SEGC study area at Lop6. For each species, the life-form and typical habitat is given and the parts eaten by gorillas or chimpanzees are listed. Density data are included for all species of tree with diameters at breast height (dbh) > 10 cm recorded on vegetation transects. The list is certainly incomplete and is biased in favour of habitats well represented in the SEGC study area, but it provides the basis for inter-site comparisons both of ape feeding ecology and of botanical inventories. STUDY AREA The Lopd Reserve covers 5,000 km2 and extends in a tapering rectangular shape from its northern boundary, the river Ogoou6 (0'3'S) to Mont Ibondji (l'10'S) between latitudes 11"17'-11o50'8. Altitudes vary from 100-700 m. A chain of mountains runs almost north- south through the centre of the Reserve and elsewhere the terrain is rugged with numerous smaller hills and steep valleys. The Reserve includes a complex mosaic of vegetation types. In the north and east there are areas of savanna interspersed with gallery forests and isolated forest patches (Figure l; see also aerial photograph in Harrison & Hladik, 1986). These savannas are thought to be natural in origin (Aubreville, 1967; White,1992), dating from the Pleistocene, and active recolonisation by forest is underway except when arrested by annual burning. Most of the List of Plant Species Identified in the Lope Reserve 25r Fig. 1. The Lopd Reserve with savanna areas (stippled), the SEGC study area (hatched box) and the loca-tions of the five 5 km vegetation transects (Sites 1-5). savannas are burnt each year for management purposes but some are protected by watercourses or by their inaccessibility. Within the forest block, areas adjacent to the savannas have discontinuous canopy cover and a dense unders0orey dominated by herbs of the Marantaceae and ZingSllrlraceae, classed as 'Marantaceae Forest' (Irtouzey, 1968). This forest type is thought to be of relatively recent origin, reflecting the re-colonisation of Pleistocene savannas (Aubreville, 1967; de Foresta, 1990; White,1992). Deeper into the forest block, canopy cover becomes continuous, plant species diversity increases and the density of herbaceous plants in the understorey decreases dramatically: this forest type is classed as 'Closed Canopy Forest'. Within these two major forest types there are smaller areas of permanent water, rocky outcrops, and areas where the vegetation has been affected by selective logging in the past. In each of these cases, plant species occur that are rare, or absent, elsewhere. The SEGC study area covers about 50 km2(0o10'S, l1o 35'E) of mainly Marantaceae Forest to the south and west of the savanna zone but extends into Closed Canopy Forest !o the west of the major mountain range. Parts of the study area were selectively logged between 1960-70. Asinglespecies, Aucoumeaklainearw wasextractedatanaveragedensityof 1.5 trees per hectare and logging occurred in both Marantaceae Forest and Closed Canopy Forest. Mean annual rainfall is 1506 mm (1984-92). The climate is characterised by a long dry setson of about 3 months from mid-June to mid-September. Temperatures vary little ovgr the year but are lowest during the dry season when constant cloud cover during the daylight 252 C. E. G. Turnr, L. J. T. Wrrre, E. A. Wu.unusoN, M. FEnNANDEz & G. McHunsoN hours results in low evaporation rates and high relative humidity (Hladik, 1973). METHODS Vegetation data presented in this paper were collected during studies with different aims, and hence methods vary somewhat. White (1992) conducted the most extensive vegetation survey: five 5 km line-transects were established across major drainage features (c/. Norton- Griffiths, 1978) in areas which had experienced different logging histories. Trees and lianes )10 crn dbh were identified and measured in a strip 5m wide along each ffansect (providing a sample of 2.5 ha in each area), and Eees 270 cm dbh were similarly enumerated in a stip 50m wide (25 ha in each area). Figure 1 shows the location of the tansects. Sites 1, 4 and 5 were within the SEGC study area, while Sites 2 and 3 were 35 km south-west, in an active logging concession and, as little information is available on ape diet in this area, these data are not included here. Williamson (1988) enumerated a sample of 4 ha of ftees )10 cm dbh in lOm wide snips along a line-fiansect and several elephant paths, selected to sample various gorilla habitats within the SEGC study area.
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