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Back Grou Di Formatio O the Co Servatio Status of Bubi Ga Ad We Ge Tree
BACK GROUD IFORMATIO O THE COSERVATIO STATUS OF BUBIGA AD WEGE TREE SPECIES I AFRICA COUTRIES Report prepared for the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). by Dr Jean Lagarde BETTI, ITTO - CITES Project Africa Regional Coordinator, University of Douala, Cameroon Tel: 00 237 77 30 32 72 [email protected] June 2012 1 TABLE OF COTET TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................... 4 ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. 5 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... 6 0. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................10 I. MATERIAL AND METHOD...........................................................................................11 1.1. Study area..................................................................................................................11 1.2. Method ......................................................................................................................12 II. BIOLOGICAL DATA .....................................................................................................14 2.1. Distribution of Bubinga and Wengé species in Africa.................................................14 -
Evolutionary Comparisons of the Chloroplast Genome in Lauraceae and Insights Into Loss Events in the Magnoliids
GBE Evolutionary Comparisons of the Chloroplast Genome in Lauraceae and Insights into Loss Events in the Magnoliids Yu Song1,2,†,Wen-BinYu1,2,†, Yunhong Tan1,2,†, Bing Liu3,XinYao1,JianjunJin4, Michael Padmanaba1, Jun-Bo Yang4,*, and Richard T. Corlett1,2,* 1Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China 2Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 3State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 4Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. †These authors contributed equally to this work. Accepted: September 1, 2017 Data deposition: This project has been deposited at GenBank of NCBI under the accession number MF939337 to MF939351. Abstract Available plastomes of the Lauraceae show similar structure and varied size, but there has been no systematic comparison across the family. In order to understand the variation in plastome size and structure in the Lauraceae and related families of magnoliids, we here compare 47 plastomes, 15 newly sequenced, from 27 representative genera. We reveal that the two shortest plastomes are in the parasitic Lauraceae genus Cassytha, with lengths of 114,623 (C. filiformis) and 114,963 bp (C. capillaris), and that they have lost NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) genes in the large single-copy region and one entire copy of the inverted repeat (IR) region. The plastomes of the core Lauraceae group, with lengths from 150,749 bp (Nectandra angustifolia) to 152,739 bp (Actinodaphne trichocarpa), have lost trnI-CAU, rpl23, rpl2,afragmentofycf2, and their intergenic regions in IRb region, whereas the plastomes of the basal Lauraceae group, with lengths from 157,577 bp (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to 158,530 bp (Beilschmiedia tungfangen- sis), have lost rpl2 in IRa region. -
Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Medicinal Plants of Darbhanga, Bihar, India
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(12): 263-283 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 12 (2015) pp. 263-283 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Medicinal Plants of Darbhanga, Bihar, India Jyoti Jyotsna1 and Baidyanath Kumar2* 1Research Scholar, PG. Department of Biotechnology, L. N. Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India 2Visiting Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Patna Science College, Patna, Patna University, Bihar, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The biodiversity, floristic composition and structure of medicinal plants in the eighteen blocks of Darbhanga were studied. A total of 101 plant species belonging to 32 families, 71 genera and 5 life forms were recorded. Fabaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae and Apocyanaceae were the overall diverse families (in terms of species richness) of the adult species, contributing 44.5% of all the species in the study. K e y w o r d s Trees were the most dominant life form (46.5%) followed by lianas (14.8%), herbs (9.9%), epiphytes (7.9%), shrubs (2.9 %) and the others (3.7%). Species richness Biodiversity, among all life forms was highest in the DB (90.5%). Fabaceae, Moraceae and Floristic Meliaceae and Meliaceae were the most diverse families distributed in all the composition eighteen blocks of Darbhang The trees in all the forest types studied were generally and structure, tall. The difference in height of tree species could be partly explained by Medicinal degradation in the form of logging of tall and big trees which has undoubtedly plants and affected the vertical structure. -
Complete Index of Common Names: Supplement to Tropical Timbers of the World (AH 607)
Complete Index of Common Names: Supplement to Tropical Timbers of the World (AH 607) by Nancy Ross Preface Since it was published in 1984, Tropical Timbers of the World has proven to be an extremely valuable reference to the properties and uses of tropical woods. It has been particularly valuable for the selection of species for specific products and as a reference for properties information that is important to effective pro- cessing and utilization of several hundred of the most commercially important tropical wood timbers. If a user of the book has only a common or trade name for a species and wishes to know its properties, the user must use the index of common names beginning on page 451. However, most tropical timbers have numerous common or trade names, depending upon the major region or local area of growth; furthermore, different species may be know by the same common name. Herein lies a minor weakness in Tropical Timbers of the World. The index generally contains only the one or two most frequently used common or trade names. If the common name known to the user is not one of those listed in the index, finding the species in the text is impossible other than by searching the book page by page. This process is too laborious to be practical because some species have 20 or more common names. This supplement provides a complete index of common or trade names. This index will prevent a user from erroneously concluding that the book does not contain a specific species because the common name known to the user does not happen to be in the existing index. -
The Woods of Liberia
THE WOODS OF LIBERIA October 1959 No. 2159 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY FOREST SERVICE MADISON 5, WISCONSIN In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin THE WOODS OF LIBERIA1 By JEANNETTE M. KRYN, Botanist and E. W. FOBES, Forester Forest Products Laboratory,2 Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture - - - - Introduction The forests of Liberia represent a valuable resource to that country-- especially so because they are renewable. Under good management, these forests will continue to supply mankind with products long after mined resources are exhausted. The vast treeless areas elsewhere in Africa give added emphasis to the economic significance of the forests of Liberia and its neighboring countries in West Africa. The mature forests of Liberia are composed entirely of broadleaf or hardwood tree species. These forests probably covered more than 90 percent of the country in the past, but only about one-third is now covered with them. Another one-third is covered with young forests or reproduction referred to as low bush. The mature, or "high," forests are typical of tropical evergreen or rain forests where rainfall exceeds 60 inches per year without pro longed dry periods. Certain species of trees in these forests, such as the cotton tree, are deciduous even when growing in the coastal area of heaviest rainfall, which averages about 190 inches per year. Deciduous species become more prevalent as the rainfall decreases in the interior, where the driest areas average about 70 inches per year. 1The information here reported was prepared in cooperation with the International Cooperation Administration. 2 Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. -
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Four Varieties of Ironwood
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Four Varieties of Ironwood Bambang Irawan* Faculty of Foretsry, Jambi University Jl. Lintas Jambi - Muara Bulian Km. 15, Jambi 36122 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Bulian or ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) belongs to the family of Lauraceae. The most valuable characteristic of ironwood is very durable and an excellent physical and mechanical properties. Four varieties of ironwood namely exilis, grandis, ovoidus and zwageri had been identified based on morphological characteristics and genetic marker. It has never been determined that there is a correlation between mechanical properties of wood and the varieties. Four logs samples were collected from Senami forest, Jambi, Indonesia. The Physical and mechanical property test was referred to British Standard (BS) 375-57, including moisture content, density, shrinkage, bending strength. Some parameters of physical and mechanical properties were not significantly different among investigated logs. These were dry air moisture content, tangential shrinkage green to oven dry, green hardness and green compression parallel to grain. Other parameters were significantly different among investigated logs. The cluster analysis based on physical and mechanical properties shows that zwageri and ovoidus formed one cluster with a higher degree of similarity than another cluster, which was formed by grandis and exilis. This dendrogram is synchronized with the dendrogram which was formed based on other morphological structures of ironwood. Keywords: ironwood, physical and mechanical properties, senami forest, varieties Introduction first noted in 1955. Population reduction Bulian or ironwood (Eusideroxylon caused by overexploitation and shifting zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.), synonymous agriculture has been noted in the with Bihania borneensis Meissner and following regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Eusideroxylon lauriflora Auct., belongs Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. -
MUTENYE Page 1Of 4
MUTENYE Page 1of 4 Family: FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE (angiosperm) Scientific name(s): Guibourtia arnoldiana Commercial restriction: no commercial restriction WOOD DESCRIPTION LOG DESCRIPTION Color: brown Diameter: from 40 to 80 cm Sapwood: clearly demarcated Thickness of sapwood: from 5 to 8 cm Texture: fine Floats: no Grain: straight or interlocked Log durability: moderate (treatment recommended) Interlocked grain: slight Note: Heartwood yellowish brown to brown presenting a dark striping or reddish glints. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES Physical and mechanical properties are based on mature heartwood specimens. These properties can vary greatly depending on origin and growth conditions. Mean Std dev. Mean Std dev. Specific gravity *: 0,79 0,05 Crushing strength *: 79 MPa 10 MPa Monnin hardness *: 5,9 2,1 Static bending strength *: 138 MPa 14 MPa Coeff. of volumetric shrinkage: 0,56 % 0,06 % Modulus of elasticity *: 21250 MPa 4700 MPa Total tangential shrinkage (TS): 8,8 % 0,7 % Total radial shrinkage (RS): 5,0 % 0,6 % (*: at 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²) TS/RS ratio: 1,8 Fiber saturation point: 27 % Musical quality factor: 123,4 measured at 2734 Hz Stability: moderately stable NATURAL DURABILITY AND TREATABILITY Fungi and termite resistance refers to end-uses under temperate climate. Except for special comments on sapwood, natural durability is based on mature heartwood. Sapwood must always be considered as non-durable against wood degrading agents. E.N. = Euro Norm Funghi (according to E.N. standards): class 3 - moderately durable Dry wood borers: durable - sapwood demarcated (risk limited to sapwood) Termites (according to E.N. standards): class M - moderately durable Treatability (according to E.N. -
Bambang Irawan
JMHT Vol. XVIII, (3): 184-190, Desember 2012 Artikel Ilmiah EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.18.3.184 Growth Performance of One Year Old Seedlings of Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) Varieties Bambang Irawan Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University Campus Pinang Masak, Jambi-Muara Main Road, Bulian KM. 15 Mendalo Darat-Jambi 36361 Indonesia Received March 5, 2012/Accepted July 30, 2012 Abstract Four Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. varieties had been described. A study on growth performance of one- year old seedlings of E. zwageri varieties had been conducted to study the comparison of shoot growth performance and survival among E. zwageri varieties. The varieties were exilis, grandis, ovoidus, and zwageri. The study was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia for one year using complete randomized design. Four E. zwageri varieties were used as factor with six replications. Each consists of six seedlings therefore, the total number of seedlings were 144. The results showed that survival and shoot growth performance of E. zwageri seedlings were significantly different among varieties. Stem height of E. zwageri seedlings was significantly different among some varieties. The results related to stem diameter showed different characteristics among E. zwageri seedlings, zwageri variety had the biggest diameter. It was significantly different from ovoidus and exilis, but not significantly different from grandis. The differences among E. zwageri seedlings in shoot dry weight parameter were identical to the parameter of stem diameter. The lowest value of branch angle belonged to zwageri. Based on Duncan multiple range test, it was significantly different from other varieties except grandis. -
Foraging Ecology and Conservation Biology of African Elephants: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions in African Landscapes
Foraging ecology and conservation biology of African elephants: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on elephant-woody plant interactions in African landscapes Item Type Thesis Authors Dudley, Joseph Paine Download date 27/09/2021 15:01:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9523 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Jack, Azadirachta Indica Juss. and in Tectona in Guinean -Congolese Africa, Or Between Grandis L.F
IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 10 (2),1989: 123-132 APPEARANCE AND PERIODICITY OF GROWTH RINGS IN SOME TROPICAL WOODS by Pierre Detienne Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, 45bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France Summary Trees belonging to 30 tropical African and thus calculating their growth rate; detecting South American hardwood species were variations in growth rate during the tree life wounded annually. This made it possible, or accurately dating phenomena that left after the trees had been felled, to mark pre traces in the wood, e.g. insect attack or slight cisey the annual growth rings and determine fire damage. their boundaries. These boundaries are al ways formed during the longest dry season Materials and Methods and clearly express the rhythm of cambial Experiments were carried out on 2 to 10 activity. The appearance and nature of these trees selected from 30 species belonging to growth rings vary according to genera rather 26 genera of 16 families, in Guinean-Congo than to types of climate. lese Africa and French Guiana. The species Key words: Annual growth rings, tropical are listed in Table 1. African and American hardwoods, wood The cambial activity was recorded every structure. two weeks with band dendrometers at a pre cision of 0.2 mm over periods of 4 to 7 years Introduction depending on species or observation stations. For a long time tropical trees have been The accurate detection of growth rings described as fast and continuously growing was accomplished thanks to scars left in the plants for their entire life span. -
Dry Kiln Operator's Manual
United States Department of Agriculture Dry Kiln Forest Service Operator's Forest Products Laboratory Manual Madison, Wisconsin Agriculture Handbook No. 188 Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Edited by William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory 1 Madison, Wisconsin Revised August 1991 Agriculture Handbook 188 1The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION, Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides aand pesticide containers. Preface Acknowledgments The purpose of this manual is to describe both the ba- Many people helped in the revision. We visited many sic and practical aspects of kiln drying lumber. The mills to make sure we understood current and develop- manual is intended for several types of audiences. ing kiln-drying technology as practiced in industry, and First and foremost, it is a practical guide for the kiln we thank all the people who allowed us to visit. Pro- operator-a reference manual to turn to when questions fessor John L. Hill of the University of New Hampshire arise. It is also intended for mill managers, so that they provided the background for the section of chapter 6 can see the importance and complexity of lumber dry- on the statistical basis for kiln samples. -
Accounting for Variation of Substitution Rates Through Time in Bayesian Phylogeny Reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae)
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (2006) 706–721 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Accounting for variation of substitution rates through time in Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae) Jenny E.E. Smedmark ¤, Ulf Swenson, Arne A. Anderberg Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Received 9 September 2005; revised 4 January 2006; accepted 12 January 2006 Available online 21 February 2006 Abstract We used Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 5 kb of chloroplast DNA data from 68 Sapotaceae species to clarify phylogenetic relation- ships within Sapotoideae, one of the two major clades within Sapotaceae. Variation in substitution rates through time was shown to be a very important aspect of molecular evolution for this data set. Relative rates tests indicated that changes in overall rate have taken place in several lineages during the history of the group and Bayes factors strongly supported a covarion model, which allows the rate of a site to vary over time, over commonly used models that only allow rates to vary across sites. Rate variation over time was actually found to be a more important model component than rate variation across sites. The covarion model was originally developed for coding gene sequences and has so far only been tested for this type of data. The fact that it performed so well with the present data set, consisting mainly of data from noncoding spacer regions, suggests that it deserves a wider consideration in model based phylogenetic inference. Repeatability of phylogenetic results was very diYcult to obtain with the more parameter rich models, and analyses with identical settings often supported diVerent topologies.