TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Lovoa trichilioides Harms Family: Meliaceae Common Name(s): African walnut Synonym(s): Lovoa brownii Sprague Benin walnut Lovoa klaineana Pierre ex Sprague Congowood Nigerian golden walnut tigerwood Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 17 Jun 2021 Designation: L Low Risk WRA Score: -1.0 Rating: Keywords: Tropical Tree, Timber Source, Shade-Tolerant, Monoecious, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Creation Date: 17 Jun 2021 (Lovoa trichilioides Harms) Page 1 of 14 TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 17 Jun 2021 (Lovoa trichilioides Harms) Page 2 of 14 TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Cultivated, but not domesticated] "Lovoa trichilioides wood is in high demand on the international market, which resulted in much Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant pressure on natural populations. It has become vulnerable, and the Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA establishment of methods of sustainable forest management for this Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands species are needed. It can be expected that rotation cycles of about 50 years are needed for sustainable harvest. Lovoa trichilioides is recommended for forest enrichment planting." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Climate - L. trichilioides is found on a wide range of sites in tropical CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB Africa up to 1500 m altitude. The best growth occurs where mean International, Wallingford, UK annual rainfall exceeds 1500 mm and mean annual temperature is about 24-25°C." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m] "Lovoa trichilioides occurs Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant scattered in evergreen forest and semi-deciduous forest, up to 1200 Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA m altitude. It prefers moist but free draining localities on alluvial Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands soils and more than 2000 mm annual rainfall. In Ghana it is strongly associated with acid soils. In Uganda it is common in mixed Creation Date: 17 Jun 2021 (Lovoa trichilioides Harms) Page 3 of 14 TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk rainforest along Lake Victoria, but can also be found in gallery forest and thickets." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant "Lovoa trichilioides is widespread, from Sierra Leone east to western Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Uganda, and south to north western Tanzania and northern Angola." Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes [Planted within native range] "Location of introductions - CAB International. (2005). Forestry Compendium. CAB Plantations have been established in Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda International, Wallingford, UK and Côte d'Ivoire (Hawthorne, 1995)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Imada, C. (2019). Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (February 2019 update). Bishop Museum No evidence Technical Report 69. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Lovoa comprises 2 species, both confined to tropical Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (2008). Plant Africa. It belongs to the tribe Swietenieae and is related to Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1). Timbers 1. PROTA Entandrophragma, Khaya and Pseudocedrela. Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Lovoa swynnertonii Baker f. occurs in eastern DR Congo, Kenya, Creation Date: 17 Jun 2021 (Lovoa trichilioides Harms) Page 4 of 14 TAXON: Lovoa trichilioides Harms SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, in rainforest up to 1500 m altitude. It differs from Lovoa trichilioides by its asymmetrical leaflets and hairy inflorescences, but is otherwise similar. Its wood has been used for similar purposes as that of Lovoa trichilioides. Lovoa swynnertonii has been subject to heavy exploitation in many regions and is rare almost everywhere in its distribution area; it is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red list." Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Evergreen large tree up to 45 m tall; bole branchless for up to 25(–30) m, usually straight and cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, up to 120(–200) cm in diameter, slightly thickened at base or with short buttresses; bark surface greyish brown to blackish brown, smooth to scaly, with many lenticels, inner bark pinkish red with whitish streaks, fibrous, with strong sweet smell; crown dense, dark green; twigs glabrous. Leaves alternate, paripinnately or imparipinnately compound with (5–)10–15 leaflets, glabrous; stipules absent; petiole 3–9 cm long, channelled and slightly winged, rachis 4–20(–30) cm long; petiolules 2–10 mm long; leaflets opposite to alternate, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, 5–25 cm × 2– Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A.