DOCSLIB.ORG

Changing Nature of Competition in the Weak Party System of Hybrid Regime in Pakistan Ph.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changing Nature of Competition in the Weak Party System of Hybrid Regime in Pakistan Ph.D PhD Program in Political Theory, Political History and Political Science Changing Nature of Competition in the Weak Party System of Hybrid Regime in Pakistan Ph.D. Candidate: Muhammad Salman Supervisor: Prof. Lorenzo De. Sio Abstract Pakistan as different post-colonial states had experienced three military rules till 2008 since its inception in 1947. During and in between different military rule political parties did not cease to exist barring few. These parties have been engaged in a contentious competition among each other that has paved the way for different military rules. After the end of last military rule in 2008 Pakistan had gone through three consecutive elections with three different parties gaining majority. During this period the nature of competition has been oscillating between contentious and cooperative forms. This dissertation combines the theoretical traditions of hybrid regimes and party-system institutionalization to explain the changing political dynamics of Pakistan. Case of Pakistan is analyzed with reference to configurative approach of Gilbert and Mohseni (2011) in linkage with the concept of party-system institutionalization (PSI), proposed by Mainwaring and Scully (1995). It is proposed that in the presence of current degree of PSI in Pakistan, hybridity of the regime will persist. Key words: Hybrid regime, Party-system Institutionalization, Competition, Party Rootedness, Tutelary Interference Acknowledgement: I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor Prof. Lorenzo De. Sio, whose guidance and inputs have enabled me to improve my research. I would also like to thank my university, LUISS Guido Carli for providing me an amazing opportunity to study is such an esteemed institution. I would also like to thank, School of Politics and IR, Quaid-e-Azam, University Islamabad for facilitating my field work. Last but not the least I would like to express my gratitude to my parents and my wife who provided immense moral support which enabled me to complete this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 B. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………… 2 C. State of the Art i. Hybrid Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………………4 ii. Party System and Political Parties……………………………………………………………………..8 D. Research Methodology i. Case Study Method…………………………………………………………………………………………..11 ii. Process Tracing…………………………………………………………………………………………………13 iii. Process Tracing in this Dissertation…………………………………………………………………..16 iv. Case Selection of Pakistan………………………………………………………………………………..18 v. Research Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………….20 vi. Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………………….20 vii. Sources…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20 viii. Research Division……………………………………………………………………………………………..21 ix. References………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21 Chapter 1. Party System Institutionalization and Hybrid Regimes A. Hybrid Regimes i. Diminished Sub-Types……………………………………………………………………………………..25 ii. Explaining Hybrid Regime………………………………………………………………………………..27 iii. Defining Hybrid Regime…………………………………………………………………………………..33 B. Party System Institutionalization i. Significance and Typologies of Political Parties………………………………………………..35 ii. Explaining Party System and Emergence of New Parties…………………………………..40 iii. Towards the Institutionalization of Party System……………………………………………..43 C. Linkage of Weak PSI with Hybrid Regimes……………………………………………………………………48 D. Party System Institutionalization in Different Hybrid Regimes i. Latin America…………………………………………………………………………………………………..50 ii. East Asia…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..52 iii. Africa……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53 iv. Hybrid Regime in Turkey………………………………………………………………………………….55 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….58 Chapter 2. Forty Years of Civil and Military Authoritarianism (1947-1988): A Tale of Political Volatility A. Creation of Pakistan as a Result of Contentious Political Process………………………………… 61 B. Constitutional and Political Crisis…………………………………………………………………………………64 C. Adoption of Constitution and its Aftermath…………………………………………………………………67 D. Impact of the Inchoate Party System…………………………………………………………………………..69 E. Ayub Khan’s Military Rule: Experimentation with “Democracy”………………………………….71 i. Resurgence of Political Parties and Presidential Elections of 1965…………………73 ii. 1970 Elections and Dismemberment of Pakistan…………………………………………..74 F. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: A Democrat with an Authoritarian Mindset………………………………..75 i. From Civil Martial Law Administrator to Prime Minister………………………………..76 ii. Unfulfilled Promise of Reforms………………………………………………………………………78 iii. Relations with Provincial Governments and Political Opponents……………………80 iv. Elections of 1977 and Fall of Bhutto……………………………………………………………….81 G. Zia-ul-Haq, Islamization and its Impact on Society of Pakistan…………………………………...84 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..87 Chapter 3. A New Party System and Consolidation of a Hybrid Regime A. Benazir’s First Tenure: A Tale of Compromises, Corruption and Tutelary Interference….90 B. Nawaz Sharif’s First Tenure: Rise and Fall Under the Tutelage of Military…………………….93 C. Benazir’s Second Tenure: A Tale of Betrayal………………………………………………………………...95 D. Nawaz Sharif’s Second Tenure: Turning Against the Former Patron………………………………96 E. Rule of Pervez Musharraf: A Parliamentary Authoritarian Regime……………………………….100 i. Party System During Musharraf Era…………………………………………………………………102 ii. The Judicial Activism and its Role in Regime Change………………………………………..104 F. Zardari’s Rule: Combining Reconciliation with Confrontation………………………………………107 i. 18th Amendment and NFC Award: Strengthening Federation or Weakening the State? ................................................................................................................108 ii. Memogate and Judicial Activism: Surviving Through A Political Crisis……………….110 G. 2013 Elections: Return of Nawaz Shari Amidst Changing Party System…………………………162 i. Dharna (Sit-in) Politics of PTI and Renewed Civil-Military Tensions…………………..114 ii. Panama Verdict and its Aftermath……………………………………………………………………116 H. Army Act Fiasco: Judiciary’s Challenge to the Military and Capitulation of Political Parties ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….119 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….122 Chapter 4. Making Sense of the Historical Trajectory: Intensifying Competition, Struggling Parties and Resilient Tutelary Actors A. Competitiveness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………128 B. Party Rootedness, Party Organization and Party Identification………………………………………136 C. Horizontal and Diagonal Accountability: NAB, Judiciary and Media……………………………….149 D. Tutelary Interference and its impact on Party System and Civil Liberties………………………...155 E. Concluding Remarks and Significance of the Study………………………………………….……………..163 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………165 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….169 Changing Nature of Competition in the Weak Party System of Hybrid Regime of Pakistan A. Introduction On 10 July 2017, a five-member bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the charges of asset concealment. The country’s apex anti-corruption body, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), was also directed to prepare references against the Prime Minister's children (Dsouza, 2017). It is not the first time that Sharif has failed to complete his tenure. Earlier, he was twice dismissed by the President and by a military coup during the 1990s. During the first democratic government after 2007, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani was also de-seated on contempt of court charges. The court punished him for non- compliance of its order to formally request the Swiss authorities to furnish asset details of the then President Asif Ali Zardari (Daily Dawn, June 19, 2012)i. Their respective parties continued to rule, and the parliaments completed their tenures, whereas this was not the case in the 1990s. The recent disqualification of Nawaz Sharif was followed by an active narrative-building campaign from his party, which nearly accused the Supreme Court of dismissing a sitting PM in collusion with the military establishment. Pakistan’s military has directly and indirectly intervened in the country’s politics (Paul, 2014; Talbot; 2017). Four military regimes have usurped power since the country’s inception in 1947. The civilian governments of the 1970s and 1990s either ended through a military coup or by the plotting of military and opposition parties against incumbents. However, since 2008, one civilian government did not only complete its tenure, but a relatively smooth transfer of power to another civilian government also took place (Adeney, 2017). Numerous factors contributed to this transition. One crucial determinant is the growth of electronic media, which has strengthened the element of media pluralism, even though the media is not entirely free. A second factor is the stronger role the judiciary has assumed following the later stages of the Musharraf regime, wherein a massive lawyers' movement regarding the restoration of dismissed judges also strengthened the civil society in Pakistan (Belokrenisky and Moskalenko, 2013). A 1 third important factor, which is the focus of this research, is the changing dynamics of the party system in Pakistan. The nature of the party system during the civilian rule in the 1970s and 1990s was highly contentious
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By Beheshta Jaehori B.Sc. (Hon.), University of Toronto, 2001 A
    AFGHAN WOME,N'S EXPERIENCESDURNG THE TALIBAN REGIME by BeheshtaJaehori B.Sc.(Hon.), University of Toronto,2001 A THESISSUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FORTHE DEGREEOF MASTEROF ARTS in The Facultyof GraduateStudies (CounsellingPsychology) THE LINIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLLMBIA (Vancouver) August,2009 @ BeheshtaJaghori, 2009 Abstract A plethoraof researchhas depictedAfghan women during the Talibanreign in a varietyof ways,ranging from oppressed"victims of the burqa" to heroic "social actors." In this study, I examinedthe lived experiencesof women in Afghanistanunder the Talibanregime, as articulatedby ordinarywomen themselves.Data from 11 women were gatheredthrough the use of individual interviews,and analyzedusing Miles and Hubermans'(1994) analytic framework. Themes emerged that describedthe Taliban regime'spolicies regarding Afghan women,the overallresponses of women to the policies,including the impactof thosepolicies at the time (1996-2001),the ongoing impact,and the situationof women in the post-Talibanera. The Talibanregime's anti-women policies denied women education,employment, and freedomof movement.Those who committedany infractionswere met with severe punishment.The impact of thesepolicies led to variouspsychological effects, including: anxiety,fear, and synptoms of depressionand posttraumatic stress. Despite the condemnablerestrictions, Afghan women's agency,no matterhow limited, was present andcontinuously exercised on differentoccasions. Despite the gainsfor somewomen, eightyears after the removalof the Talibanregime, Afghan women still do not appearto havemade substantive progress with regardto oppressivecustoms, violence, and their positionin Afghan society.The studyresults and their analysisis especiallytimely, given the increasingTaliban insurgencyin Afghanistan,and the looming possibility of a resurrectedTaliban rule in the countrv. 111 Table of Contents Abstract .........ii Tableof Contents.. ....iii Acknowledgments.... ......viii ChapterOne: Introduction. .........1 Situatingthe Researcher .....2 Summary....
    [Show full text]
  • Washington's Handprints Found in Pakistan Crisis Management
    Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 20, Number 29, July 30, 1993 Washington's handprints found in Pakistan crisis management by Susan B. Maitra and Ramtanu Maitra The three-month crisis in Pakistan, which took a full-blown whom are retired Anny men, have also been named. fonn on April 18 with the President dissolving Parliament and sacking the prime minister, has gone into a temporary u.s. meddling lull, with both the President, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, and the Prior to and throughout the crisis, one major player re­ prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, agreeing to step down. A mained in the shadows, namely Washington. Prime Minister caretaker prime minister and a caretaker President have as­ Sharif got on the wrong side of Washington when Arab lead­ sumed control at the center and four provinces of Pakistan, ers, allies of the United States, began complaining early this and preparations for the Oct. 6 national assembly and the year about the training of Muslim guerrillas in Pakistan by Oct. 9 provincial assembly elections have begun. the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence, under the tutelage The crisis had turned into a sordid drama and the country of Javed Nasir, an orthodox Muslim and a close follower of was increasingly ungovernable.During this period, the duly­ the prime minister. elected Nawaz Sharif governmentand the National Assembly Although Nawaz Sharif had supported the U.S. role in were dissolved by the President, who was already engaged the Gulf war and bent over backwards to accommodate the in a bitter feud with the prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Situation in Pakistan
    REPORT PREPARED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT EXPANSION OF THE LIBRARY OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT, CO-FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE FUND INTERNAL SITUATION IN PAKISTAN SYLWIA GIL June 2012 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT OFFICE FOR FOREIGNERS, POLAND May 2013 REPORT PREPARED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT EXPANSION OF THE LIBRARY OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT, CO-FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE FUND INTERNAL SITUATION IN PAKISTAN SYLWIA GIL June 2012 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT OFFICE FOR FOREIGNERS, POLAND May 2013 DISCLAIMER The present report is a public document, and it has been developed as part of the “Extension of the Library of the Division for Country of Origin Information Unit”, project no. 1/7/2009/ EFU, co-financed by the European Refugee Fund. Under the above-mentioned project, the Country of Origin Information Unit in the Office for Foreigners commissions external experts to prepare studies presenting detailed analyses of selected problems and issues arising during the refugee/asylum procedure. The information presented in such thematic reports is based mostly on commonly available resources, such as: studies developed by international organisations, both governmental and non-governmental, press articles and/or online resources. At times they also include own observations, experience and field studies conducted by the authors. All the information included in this report has been collected and elaborated with the highest diligence. However, it cannot be excluded that some data, or even the overall picture of the situation presented in the report, are out-of-date, incomplete or inaccurate. Therefore, this report must not be treated as the exclusive and indisputable reference in relation to decisions on awarding or refusing the refugee status or other forms of international protection.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II
    CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II Subject Page Afghanistan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 2 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 3 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 24 Culture Gram .......................................................... 30 Kazakhstan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 39 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 40 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 58 Culture Gram .......................................................... 62 Uzbekistan ................................................................. CIA Summary ......................................................... 67 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 68 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 86 Culture Gram .......................................................... 89 Tajikistan .................................................................... CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 99 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 117 Culture Gram .......................................................... 121 AFGHANISTAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMY Chief of State Economic Overview President of the Islamic Republic of recovering
    [Show full text]
  • Old Habits, New Consequences Old Habits, New Khalid Homayun Consequences Nadiri Pakistan’S Posture Toward Afghanistan Since 2001
    Old Habits, New Consequences Old Habits, New Khalid Homayun Consequences Nadiri Pakistan’s Posture toward Afghanistan since 2001 Since the terrorist at- tacks of September 11, 2001, Pakistan has pursued a seemingly incongruous course of action in Afghanistan. It has participated in the U.S. and interna- tional intervention in Afghanistan both by allying itself with the military cam- paign against the Afghan Taliban and al-Qaida and by serving as the primary transit route for international military forces and matériel into Afghanistan.1 At the same time, the Pakistani security establishment has permitted much of the Afghan Taliban’s political leadership and many of its military command- ers to visit or reside in Pakistani urban centers. Why has Pakistan adopted this posture of Afghan Taliban accommodation despite its nominal participa- tion in the Afghanistan intervention and its public commitment to peace and stability in Afghanistan?2 This incongruence is all the more puzzling in light of the expansion of insurgent violence directed against Islamabad by the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), a coalition of militant organizations that are independent of the Afghan Taliban but that nonetheless possess social and po- litical links with Afghan cadres of the Taliban movement. With violence against Pakistan growing increasingly indiscriminate and costly, it remains un- clear why Islamabad has opted to accommodate the Afghan Taliban through- out the post-2001 period. Despite a considerable body of academic and journalistic literature on Pakistan’s relationship with Afghanistan since 2001, the subject of Pakistani accommodation of the Afghan Taliban remains largely unaddressed. Much of the existing literature identiªes Pakistan’s security competition with India as the exclusive or predominant driver of Pakistani policy vis-à-vis the Afghan Khalid Homayun Nadiri is a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Senate Foreign Relations Committee
    SENATE OF PAKISTAN PAKISTAN WORLDVIEW Report - 21 SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE Visit to Azerbaijan December, 2008 http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org List of Contents 1. From the Chairman’s Desk 5 2. Executive Summary 9-14 3. Members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Delegation to Azerbaijan 17 4. Verbatim record of the meetings held in Azerbaijan: Meeting with Pakistan-Azerbaijan Friendship Group 21-24 Meeting with Permanent Commission of the Milli Mejlis for International and Inter-Parliamentary Relations 25-26 Meeting with Permanent Commission of the Milli Mejlis for Social Affairs 27 Meeting with Permanent Commission of the Milli Mejlis for Security and Defence 28-29 Meeting with Chairman of the Milli Mejlis (National Assembly) 30-34 Meeting with Vice Chairman of New Azerbaijan Party 35-37 Meeting with Minister for Industry and Energy 38-40 Meeting with President of the Republic of Azerbaijan 41-44 Meeting with the Foreign Minister 45-47 Meeting with the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan 48-50 5. Appendix: Pakistan - Azerbaijan Relations 53-61 Photo Gallery of the Senate Foreing Relations Committee Visit to Azerbaijan 65-66 6. Profiles: Profiles of the Chairman and Members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 69-76 Profiles of the Committee Officials 79-80 03 Visit to Azerbaijan From the Chairman’s Desk The Report on Senate Foreign Relations Committee visit to Azerbaijan is of special significance. Azerbaijan emerged as an independent country in 1991 with the breakup of Soviet Union, along with five other Central Asian states. Pakistan recognized it shortly after its independence and opened diplomatic relations with resident ambassadors in the two capitals.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU)
    Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) Brief Number 6 The 2007 Elections and the Future of Democracy in Pakistan Lt. Gen. Talat Masood [Rted] 1st March 2007 About the Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) The Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) was established in the Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, UK, in March 2007. It serves as an independent portal and neutral platform for interdisciplinary research on all aspects of Pakistani security, dealing with Pakistan's impact on regional and global security, internal security issues within Pakistan, and the interplay of the two. PSRU provides information about, and critical analysis of, Pakistani security with particular emphasis on extremism/terrorism, nuclear weapons issues, and the internal stability and cohesion of the state. PSRU is intended as a resource for anyone interested in the security of Pakistan and provides: • Briefing papers; • Reports; • Datasets; • Consultancy; • Academic, institutional and media links; • An open space for those working for positive change in Pakistan and for those currently without a voice. PSRU welcomes collaboration from individuals, groups and organisations, which share our broad objectives. Please contact us at [email protected] We welcome you to look at the website available through: http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home Other PSRU Publications The following papers are freely available through the Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) • Brief number 1. Pakistan, Biological Weapons and the BTWC • Brief number 2. Sectarianism in Pakistan • Brief number 3. Pakistan, the Taliban and Dadullah • Brief number 4. Security research in Pakistan • Brief number 5. Al-Qaeda in Pakistan • Brief number 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Militancy in Pakistan and Afghanistan
    Religion and Militancy in Pakistan and Afghanistan in Pakistan and Militancy Religion a report of the csis program on crisis, conflict, and cooperation Religion and Militancy in Pakistan and Afghanistan a literature review 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 Project Director Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Robert D. Lamb E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org Author Mufti Mariam Mufti June 2012 ISBN 978-0-89206-700-8 CSIS Ë|xHSKITCy067008zv*:+:!:+:! CHARTING our future a report of the csis program on crisis, conflict, and cooperation Religion and Militancy in Pakistan and Afghanistan a literature review Project Director Robert L. Lamb Author Mariam Mufti June 2012 CHARTING our future About CSIS—50th Anniversary Year For 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed practical solutions to the world’s greatest challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars continue to provide strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and de- velop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Since 1962, CSIS has been dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. After 50 years, CSIS has become one of the world’s pre- eminent international policy institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Who Is Who and What Is What
    3 e who is who and what is what Ever Success - General Knowledge 4 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success Revised and Updated GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Who is who? What is what? CSS, PCS, PMS, FPSC, ISSB Police, Banks, Wapda, Entry Tests and for all Competitive Exames and Interviews World Pakistan Science English Computer Geography Islamic Studies Subjectives + Objectives etc. Abbreviations Current Affair Sports + Games Ever Success - General Knowledge 5 Saad Book Bank, Lahore © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced In any form, by photostate, electronic or mechanical, or any other means without the written permission of author and publisher. Composed By Muhammad Tahsin Ever Success - General Knowledge 6 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Dedicated To ME Ever Success - General Knowledge 7 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success - General Knowledge 8 Saad Book Bank, Lahore P R E F A C E I offer my services for designing this strategy of success. The material is evidence of my claim, which I had collected from various resources. I have written this book with an aim in my mind. I am sure this book will prove to be an invaluable asset for learners. I have tried my best to include all those topics which are important for all competitive exams and interviews. No book can be claimed as prefect except Holy Quran. So if you found any shortcoming or mistake, you should inform me, according to your suggestions, improvements will be made in next edition. The author would like to thank all readers and who gave me their valuable suggestions for the completion of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021
    PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • B The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • i The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer Muslims, 2021 Editor: Dr Tarek Elgawhary ISBN: print: 978-9957-635-57-2 Managing Editor: Mr Aftab Ahmed e-book: 978-9957-635-56-5 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Jordan National Library Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour Deposit No: 2020/10/4503 Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, © 2020 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre Zeinab Asfour, Noora Chahine, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq PO BOX 950361 Typeset by: Haji M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN www.rissc.jo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily reflect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courte- sy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi MABDA • Contents • INTRODUCTION 1 Persons of the Year - 2021 5 A Selected Surveyof the Muslim World 7 COVID-19 Special Report: Covid-19 Comparing International Policy Effectiveness 25 THE HOUSE OF ISLAM 49 THE
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Response Towards Terrorism: a Case Study of Musharraf Regime
    PAKISTAN RESPONSE TOWARDS TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF MUSHARRAF REGIME By: SHABANA FAYYAZ A thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham May 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The ranging course of terrorism banishing peace and security prospects of today’s Pakistan is seen as a domestic effluent of its own flawed policies, bad governance, and lack of social justice and rule of law in society and widening gulf of trust between the rulers and the ruled. The study focused on policies and performance of the Musharraf government since assuming the mantle of front ranking ally of the United States in its so called ‘war on terror’. The causes of reversal of pre nine-eleven position on Afghanistan and support of its Taliban’s rulers are examined in the light of the geo-strategic compulsions of that crucial time and the structural weakness of military rule that needed external props for legitimacy. The flaws of the response to the terrorist challenges are traced to its total dependence on the hard option to the total neglect of the human factor from which the thesis develops its argument for a holistic approach to security in which the people occupy a central position.
    [Show full text]
  • Khabarnama 811.Qxd
    RAI LAW OFFICE Barrister Soliciter Notary Public For All Immigration Matters REAL ESTATE Family Law & Criminal Cases Sales, Purchase, Lease, Mortgages of Residential pjM fbI vIklI & Commercial Properties KHABARNAMA PUNJABI WEEKLY (owned and operated by Khabarnama Inc.) Tel: 905-791-9292 11 Squirreltail Way, Brampton, Ont., L6R 1X4 2565 Steeles Ave East, Unit #4, Brampton Balbir Singh Rai Vol 17, No. 811 Friday Mar. 27-2015 Ph: 905-793-5072 Fax: 905-488-1821 Website: www.khabarnama.com email : [email protected] Khabarnama and people associated with it are not responsible for any claims of its advertisers and do not endorse products/services advertised in it. Please consult your lawyer before buying through the advertisements published in Khabarnama. We sell space in the paper, and claims are those of the advertisers. jrmn jhfË k-po pfielt ny skY s-sslby s qNo icqM qu mfipaF n y pIR mIar dI KbMu Tpw I ‘jfxbJu ` k y qbfh kIqf! aQY ink mIzIe y n UM idqw f iznr hio eaf prU I qrF Tsuw pYirs :- aYlps prbq `c durGtnf df iÈkfr kfkipt Cwzx qNo ipwCoN sihXogI pfielt (k-o hoey jrmnivMgs dy jhfË dy sihXogI pfielt pfielt) ny iek Èbd vI nhIN ikhf. AunHfN ny ny ‘jfxbuJ` ky jhfË nUM kYÈR kIqf. ieh gwl ikhf ik jhfË dy durGtnfgRsq hox qoN kuJ smfN PRFsIsI qPqIsLI tIm ny khI hY. XfqrI mfrsyly pihlfN kfkipwt iblkul KfmoÈI sI aq y pfielt piu ls ihPfjqL hTy ipClI iemfrq dI pfrikgM rfhIN pIR mIar n UM ipaf Bjw xf dy pirvfrk mYNbr bRfeIs rOibn ny ikhf ik dy sfh dI avfjL suxI jf skdI sI.
    [Show full text]