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La Foret Du Banco I. La Forêt

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La Foret Du Banco I. La Forêt 581.526.422.2(666.8) MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND • 83-1(1983 ) LA FORET DU BANCO I. LA FORÊT J. DE KONING Section deTaxinomie etde Géographie botaniques Université Agronomique de Wageningen, Pays-Bas Reçu 14-XII - 1982 Date depublicatio n 15-V-1983 H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1983 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION GENERALE 3 HISTOIRE BOTANIQUE DE LACÔT E D'IVOIRE 5 A. L'époque avant-Chevalier 5 B. Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier (1873-1956), botaniste, biohistorien et explorateur 6 C. L'époque post-Chevalier 9 HISTOIRE DU BANCO 18 A. Installation, réglementation et aménagement 18 B. Collections et travaux botaniques 21 C. Expérimentations sylvicoles 26 GÉOGRAPHIE, TOPOGRAPHIE, SOLE T CLIMAT 33 LA VÉGÉTATION 40 A. Définitions etespèce sprésente s 40 B. Définitions et stades 43 C. Structure et potentiel 46 CONCLUSIONS 70 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 72 REMERCIEMENTS 85 LA FLORE 89 A. Introduction 89 B. Photographies 91 C. Cléde s familles 143 INDEX 152 INTRODUCTION GENERALE Cette publication sur le Parc National du Banco en Côte d'Ivoire se base surtout sur des recherches faites en 1972-1976. Immédiatement après l'examen final à l'Université Agronomique de Wageningenj e partais pour la Côte d'Ivoi­ re. L'Université Agronomique yavai t fondé un centred erecherche se t de stages, le Centre Néerlandais, institut lié au Centre ORSTOM d'Adiopodoumé. Le Centre Néerlandais, installé à environ 15k m de la forêt du Banco, était la base pour mes sorties en forêt. Le laboratoire de botanie et la ferme de l'ORSTOM étaient lesbase s de recherches et d'expérimentations. L'idée d'entreprendre une telle étude est de l'autorité de Monsieur leProf . Dr. H. C. D. DE WIT qui, ayant visité la Côte d'Ivoire et la forêt du Banco à plusieurs reprises, s'était assuré de l'importance extrême de cette forêt. Une recherchepréliminair e montrait que lesforêt s autour del acapital e Abid­ jan avaient'déjà été assez intensivement étudiées. Spécialement dans la forêt du Banco, la plus accessible, des études de diverses disciplines avaient été faites. Dès 1927 le Service Forestier entreprenait des recherches sylvicoles dans cette forêt et en 1947 PAULIAN, et plus tard BERNHARD-REVERSAT, HUTTEL et autres y faisaient des études écologiques. CACHAN et DUVAL (1963) y investigaient le microclimat forestier tropical et d'autres auteurs examinaient le sol (p.e. HUM­ BEL, LENEUF, DABIN, ROOSE), lafaun e (p.e. poissons: DAGET, ILTIS,e t microarth­ ropodes: DEELEMAN)e t le pollen (ASSÉMIEN)d'espèce s forestières. Des recherches morphologiques et taxonomiques d'espèces végétales y furent faites (LOROU- GNON, AUBRÉVILLE, MANGENOT, AKÉ ASSI). Pour l'étude actuelle ces contribu­ tions ont été d'une importance prépondérante: elles en sont la raison. A part une étude sur la végétation et la flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba (SCHNELL, 1952)e t desrecherche s sur lavégétatio n etl aflor e dela région de Bas-Cavally de Côte d'Ivoire (GUILLAUMET, 1967) qui avaient également pour but dedécrire ,bie nqu eplutô t depoin t devu ephytoecologique , une région bien délimitée,étude s dec egenr eon t fait défaut enCôt ed'Ivoire . Dans le travail actuel l'auteur étudie la forêt tropicale du Banco située si près de la très grande villed'Abidjan , et découvre sagrand e valeur historique, scientifique, écologique et économique. Dessins. Une bonne partie des dessins ont été préparés en Côte d'Ivoire par EMMANUEL GNAORÉ (GEJ), une autre partie a étéfait e à Wageningen, Hollande, par NICOLINE NIEUWENHUIS (nie). La plupart des dessins fabriqués en Côte d'I­ voire sont d'après le vif, les dessins faits en Hollande sont d'après matériel sec ou matériel mis enformaldehyde . Deux pagesd edessin s del a famille des Orchi- daceae ont été préparés par Ir. W. J. VAN DER BURG. Photos. La plupart des photos a été prise par Monsieur le Prof. Dr. H. C. D. DE WIT. Toutes ces photos sont prises pendant des excursions faites par lui Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 83-1 (1983) 3 avec l'auteur dans la forêt du Banco, et elles sont accompagnées d'un numéro decollectio n d'herbier. Pour lesphoto s restantes lephotograph e aét é régulière­ ment mentionné. Echantillons examinés. Nous avons étudié des collections d'herbier fai­ tes dans la forêt du Banco quis erencontren t dans lesherbier s suivants: ABI Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Centre ORSTOM d'Adiopodoumé. BM Londres, Angleterre. British Museum. K Londres, Angleterre. Kew, theHerbariu m and Library. P Paris, France. Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phaneroga­ mic UCI Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Université d'Abidjan. WAG Wageningen, Pays-Bas. Laboratoire deTaxinomi e etd e Géographie bo­ taniques;quan d un spécimen mentionnédan s le texten'es t passuiv i d'une indication d'herbier, lespécime n aét éobserv é à WAG. Orchidaceae. Lafamill e desOrchidaceae a ét éétudié e etdécrit e parIr .W . J. VAN DER BURG, suite à desrecherche s taxonomiques dans la forêt du Banco en 1975. Lesnombre s chromosomiques dumatérie l préparé par l'auteur decett e partie ont été vérifiés par Ir. J. C. ARENDS et F. M. VAN DER LAAN, au Section de Cytotaxonomie de Wageningen. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 83-1 (1983) HISTOIRE BOTANIQUE DE LA COTE D'IVOIRE Ceux qui ont lehasar d de pouvoir faire connaissance avec la forêt ivoirienne, seposen tcertainemen t desquestion s sur saconservation , sonutilisatio n et, peut- être, son histoire. Les connaissances les plus anciennes remontent à la fin du XIXème siècle, époque où débutèrent les recherches faites dans la forêt ivoirienne ayant pour but unereconnaissanc e simpled ec eterritoir e alorsinconnu . L'arrivéed e CHEVA­ LIER vers 1904, envoyé par le gouvernement colonial, impliquait une nouvelle époque; celle de recherches botaniques véritables liées à l'utilité économique. Ensuite ces recherches furent approfondies, jusqu'au temps actuel. C'estpou r cela quej epropos e dediscute r l'historique desconnaissance s bota­ niquese nCôt ed'Ivoir e en troispériodes ,e nle sgroupan t autour dugran d explo­ rateur botanique de ce pays, le Français AUGUSTE CHEVALIER. A. L'ÉPOQUE AVANT-CHEVALIER En Afrique de l'Ouest, les premières recherches botaniques furent effectuées vers la fin du 18èmesiècl ea u Sénégal et autour du Golfe du Bénin par ADANSON et PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS, deux Français très importants. ADANSON, MICHEL (1727-1806), botaniste, explorateur, philosophe et tax- onomiste, voyagea au Sénégal de 1749à 1753pou r faire une collection des plan­ testropicale se tétudie r lanatur e en général. Unegrand e partie dese scollection s est maintenant dans l'herbier de Paris, soit dans l'herbier général, soit dans les herbiers de LAMARCK et de JUSSIEU. Il y a probablement une liaison entre ces collections et son livre célèbre 'Familles des Plantes', bien que STAFLEU (1967) précise que les annotations dans son herbier y sont rares. Un des arbres les plus caractéristiques d'Afrique, lebaoba b (Adansonia digitata) est dédié à ce taxono- miste eminent. PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS, AMBROISE MARIE FRANÇOIS JOSEPH (1752-1820)contri ­ bua largement à laconnaissanc e botanique del'Afriqu e de l'Ouest par sa 'Flore d'Oware etd e Bénin,e nAfriqu e (1805-1820)'. DELESSERT, JULES PAUL BENJAMIN (1773-1847), qui avait une des collections plus riches de son époque, obtient sonherbier . Cet herbier estmaintenan t à Genève(G) . Un genrede s Commelina- céestrè s fréquent en Afrique del'Ouest , Palisota, fut dédié ac evoyageur , auteur et collecteur. Plus tard, au 19ème siècle au Sénégal, les recherches furent conduites par G. S. PERROTTET, F. R. LEPRIEUR et J. HEUDELOT. Ilscontribuèren t à la connaissan­ cebotaniqu e del'Afriqu e del'Ouest ,bie n qu'ilsn'aien t paslaiss éd'écrit s taxono- miques; les épithètesperrottetii, leprieuriie t heudelotii leur sont dédiés. En Côte d'Ivoire, l'histoire botanique commença avec CHAPER, Ingénieur des mines, qui en 1882apport a deséchantillon s et desgraine s au Muséum de Paris. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 83-1 (1983) 5 Ces échantillons, qui comprenaient entre autres des fougères, provenaient de la région d'Assinie, où s'étaient implantés lespremier s colons. L'administrateur C. H. O. POBÉGUIN fit de récoltes dès 1892 à Grand et Moyen Lahou, remonta le Sassandra et le Cavally en 1896 durant une reconnaissance de la côte ouest de Côte d'Ivoire sur incitation du commandant BINGER, et il récolta également desplante sà Tabou , Bereby,Toumod i etGran d Bassam.A u total sescollection s comptent 300 numéros. Ses échantillons se trouvent à Paris et sont cités dans la 'Flore vivante de l'Afrique occidentale française' d'AUGUSTE CHEVALIER (1938). D'autre part ces récoltes avaient déjà été décrites dans un petit article de H. HUA (1897) 'Sur les collections botaniques, faites à la Côte d'Ivoire par M. POBÉGUIN', la première littérature botanique connue de la Côte d'Ivoire. Le chef du jardin à Dabou, le fonctionnaire A. JOLLY, fit aussi des récoltes et des observations de 1897 à 1900. C'est le premier botaniste ayant effectué des herborisations dans ce pays. Les autres, bien que souvent grands amateurs de botanique, avaient surtout une mission administrative, politique ou économi­ que. Sacollection , groupant également 300plantes , comprend des arbustes, des herbes, des Ptéridophytes et est conservée à Paris. La mission administrative de WOELFELL et VAN CASSEL dans la région de Man-Séguéla en 1899 s'inscrit dans lecadr e de la reconnaissance politique et économique et a ramassé surtout und grand nombre d'échantillons de billes de bois accompagnés de spécimens d'herbier, la plupart sans fleurs. La collection à Paris a été déterminée par CHE­ VALIER qui a pu décrire 27 espèces, entre autre des Cola, des Légumineuses et des Arecacées (Palmiers). En 1900, l'administrateur THOIRÉ récolta probable­ ment de 300 à 350 échantillons dans le Sud-Ouest, notamment des arbustes et des herbes.
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