Tree Composition and Ecological Structure of Akak Forest Area
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Developing a Sustainable Roadmap for Ebony Production in Cameroon
Developing a Sustainable Roadmap for Ebony Production in Cameroon UCLA Environmental Science Senior Practicum 2016-17 Sarah Casey, Kenyon Chow, Diana Krichevsky, Abigail Mejia, Emily Parker Advisors: Kevin Njabo and Virginia Zaunbrecher Client: Taylor Guitars Table of Contents I. Sustainability Roadmap for Ebony 3 A. Introduction of Stakeholders 3 Taylor Guitars 3 Crelicam S.A.R.L. 3 Congo Basin Institute 4 ICRAF 4 IBAY/HIES 5 Ekombite Plantation 5 Somalomo and Bifalone Communities 5 B. Current State of Ebony Production 6 C. Pathways to Sustainable Ebony Production 7 i. Co-cropping 7 ii. Improving Ebony Production Efficiency 8 iii. Legal and Policy Classifications 8 iv. Tissue Culture and Ebony Growth Propagation 8 Current Work 9 Challenges and Future Goals 11 v. Domestic Education and Conservation 11 vii. Community Engagement and Participatory Development 12 II. Co-cropping 13 A.Current state and application of co-cropping 13 Benefits of Co-cropping 13 Co-cropping Practices for Ebony 14 B. Co-cropping species identification and feasibility: 14 C. Stakeholders and co-cropping incentives 16 D. Recommendations 21 III. Ebony Production Efficiency 22 A. Process Overview 22 i. Production Inefficiency- Logging Level 23 ii. Production Inefficiency- Sawmill Level 25 B. Recommendations 25 i. Forest Level 26 ii. Sawmill Level 27 iii. Retail Level 28 IV. Laws and Regulations 30 1 A. Overview- Domestic 30 FLEGT 30 1994 Forestry Law 31 Classification of Ebony 33 Ebony Logging Permits 34 FSC 35 Taxation 35 B. Overview- International 37 C. Comparison between Legal and Illegal Forestry Operators 38 D. Setbacks 39 V. Recommendation Matrix 41 VI. -
AZOBE OCHNACEAE MAIN LOCAL NAMES Family: LOG DESCRI
Common name: AZOBE Family: OCHNACEAE Scientific name(s): Lophira alata Lophira procera (synonymous) LOG DESCRIPTION WOOD DESCRIPTION Diameter: from 60 to 100 cm Colour: Dark red Thickness of sapwood: from 2 to 4 cm Sapwood: Clearly demarcated Floats: no Texture: Coarse Durability in forest : Good Grain: Interlocked Interlocked grain: Marked Note: Dark red to purple brown wood. Intermediate zone between sapwood and heartwood. White deposits in the pores. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Physical and mechanical properties are based on mature heartwood specimens. These properties can vary greatly depending on origin and growth conditions. mean standard deviation mean standard Density *: 1.06 g/cm3 0.04 deviation Monnin hardness*: 10.7 2.7 Crushing strength *: 96 MPa 9 Coef of volumetric shrinkage: 0.69 % 0.01 Static bending strength *: 162 MPa 21 Total tangential shrinkage: 10.3 % 0.9 Total radial shrinkage: 7.3 % 1.0 Modulus of elasticity *: 21420 MPa 3539 Fibre saturation point: 28 % Stability: Poorly stable ( * : at 12 % moisture content ; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 ) NATURAL DURABILITY AND TREATABILITY Fungi and termite resistance refers to end-uses under temperate climate. Except for special comments on sapwood, natural durability is based on mature heartwood. Sapwood must always be considered as non-durable against wood degrading agents. Fungi: Class 2 - durable * ensured by natural Dry wood borers: Durable; sapwood demarcated (risk limited to sapwood) durability (according Termites: Class D - Durable EN standards). Treatability: 4 - not permeable Use class*: 4 - in ground or fresh water contact Note: This species is listed in the European standard NF EN 350-2. Transitional wood has a variable durability. -
Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both. -
The Woods of Liberia
THE WOODS OF LIBERIA October 1959 No. 2159 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY FOREST SERVICE MADISON 5, WISCONSIN In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin THE WOODS OF LIBERIA1 By JEANNETTE M. KRYN, Botanist and E. W. FOBES, Forester Forest Products Laboratory,2 Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture - - - - Introduction The forests of Liberia represent a valuable resource to that country-- especially so because they are renewable. Under good management, these forests will continue to supply mankind with products long after mined resources are exhausted. The vast treeless areas elsewhere in Africa give added emphasis to the economic significance of the forests of Liberia and its neighboring countries in West Africa. The mature forests of Liberia are composed entirely of broadleaf or hardwood tree species. These forests probably covered more than 90 percent of the country in the past, but only about one-third is now covered with them. Another one-third is covered with young forests or reproduction referred to as low bush. The mature, or "high," forests are typical of tropical evergreen or rain forests where rainfall exceeds 60 inches per year without pro longed dry periods. Certain species of trees in these forests, such as the cotton tree, are deciduous even when growing in the coastal area of heaviest rainfall, which averages about 190 inches per year. Deciduous species become more prevalent as the rainfall decreases in the interior, where the driest areas average about 70 inches per year. 1The information here reported was prepared in cooperation with the International Cooperation Administration. 2 Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. -
Segoma Forest Reserve: a Biodiversity Survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper No
TECHNICAL PAPER 50 Segoma Forest Reserve A biodiversity survey Frontier Tanzania 2001 East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper 50 Segoma Forest Reserve A biodiversity survey Doody, K. Z., Howell, K. M. and Fanning, E. (eds.) Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania Forestry and Beekeeping Division Department of International Frontier-Tanzania Development Co-operation, Finland University of Dar es Salaam Metsähallitus Consulting Society for Environmental Exploration Tanga 2001 © Metsähallitus - Forest and Park Service Cover painting: Jaffary Aussi (1995) ISSN 1236-630X ISBN 9987-646-06-9 Suggested citation: Frontier Tanzania 2001. Doody, K. Z., Howell, K. M., and Fanning, E., (eds.). Segoma Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper No. 50. Frontier Tanzania, Forestry and Beekeeping Division & Metsähallitus Consulting , Dar es Salaam & Vantaa, Finland. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme (EUCAMP) The East Usambara rain forests are one of the most valuable conservation areas in Africa, several plant and animal species are found only in the East Usambara mountains. The rain forests secure the water supply of 200,000 people and the local people in the mountains depend on these forests. The East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme has established the Amani Nature Reserve, and aims at protecting water sources; establishing and protecting forest reserves; sustaining villager’s benefits from the forest; and rehabilitating the Amani Botanical Garden. The Forestry and Beekeeping Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism implement the programme with financial support from the Government of Finland, and implementation support from the Metsahallitus Consulting . To monitor the impact of the project, both baseline biodiversity assessments and development of a monitoring system are needed. -
Of Present Status of Plant Species in E Macro Habitat of Ogbia in Bayelsa
Original Article Assessment of present status of plant species in Otuoke macro habi tat of Ogbia in B ayelsa state, Nigeria:A checklist of plant species in the study area B L Nyananyo 1, M M Etukudo 2* , M I E Roberts 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, P.M.B. 126, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State , NIGERIA . Email: [email protected] Abstract This study was carried out to assess the qualitative parameters of native species in Otuoke terres trial habitat in view of the need for monitoring of plant species and enhance sustainability of the important services provided by plants. Random sampling with line transect was used to collect plant specimen from the study area. Preservation and identification of plant species were carried out using standard taxonomic procedures. Vast number of plant species ranging from herbs, shrubs to trees were identified in the study area. Eighty six (86) plant species that cut across different families were identified and preserved in the herbarium unit of the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. This study provides an excellent overview of the present status of plant species in the study area. This study suggests that Otuoke terrestrial habitat is endowed with great diversity of flora, hence, appropriate conservation strategies should be adopted for sustainable exploitation and management of plant species in the area. Keywords: Assessment, present status, plant species, Otuoke, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. *Address for Correspondence: Dr. M M Etukudo, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, P.M.B. 126, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, NIGERIA. -
Common Name: Scientific Name(S): Diospyros Crassiflora Diospyros
Common name: EBENE D'AFRIQUE Family: EBENACEAE Scientific name(s): Diospyros crassiflora Diospyros mespiliformis Note: Other African Diospyros species are not commercialized due to their light colour (ex.: D. sanzaminika). Moreover, there are a lots of other Diospyros species, especially in Asia-Océania: among others, D. perrierii in Madagascar, D. celebica and D. rumphii (Ebène de Macassar). Wood often commercialized in small logs of 1 m to 1,5 m long. LOG DESCRIPTION WOOD DESCRIPTION Diameter: from 30 to 60 cm Colour: Black Thickness of sapwood: from 512 to cm Sapwood: Clearly demarcated Floats: no Texture: Fine Durability in forest : Good Grain: Straight or interlocked Interlocked grain: Slight Note: Logs may present different kinds of defects, especially small pinholes and heartwood rots. Wood is uniform black to black brown (D. mespiliformis). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Physical and mechanical properties are based on mature heartwood specimens. These properties can vary greatly depending on origin and growth conditions. mean standard deviation mean standard Density *: 0.90 g/cm3 0.06 deviation Monnin hardness*: 7.0 0.6 Crushing strength *: 58 MPa 8 Coef of volumetric shrinkage: 0.51 % 0.04 Static bending strength *: 130 MPa 31 Total tangential shrinkage: 11.0 % 0.5 Total radial shrinkage: 7.0 % 0.2 Modulus of elasticity *: 15500 MPa 3500 Fibre saturation point: 29 % Stability: Poorly stable ( * : at 12 % moisture content ; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 ) Note: Properties are very variable according to the species and the origin; thus, specific gravity may vary from 0,75 to 1,1. NATURAL DURABILITY AND TREATABILITY Fungi and termite resistance refers to end-uses under temperate climate. -
Afrostyrax Lepidophyllus Mildbr
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. Identifiants : 844/afrlep Association du Potager de mes/nos Rêves (https://lepotager-demesreves.fr) Fiche réalisée par Patrick Le Ménahèze Dernière modification le 26/09/2021 Classification phylogénétique : Clade : Angiospermes ; Clade : Dicotylédones vraies ; Clade : Rosidées ; Clade : Fabidées ; Ordre : Oxalidales ; Famille : Huaceae ; Classification/taxinomie traditionnelle : Règne : Plantae ; Sous-règne : Tracheobionta ; Division : Magnoliophyta ; Classe : Magnoliopsida ; Ordre : Violales ; Famille : Huaceae ; Genre : Afrostyrax ; Synonymes : Afrostyrax leptidophyllus (erreur? (qp*)) ; Nom(s) anglais, local(aux) et/ou international(aux) : country onion, garlic bark, tengulu , Arbre a ail, Fulum, Ikang, Gimba, Sie ; Rapport de consommation et comestibilité/consommabilité inférée (partie(s) utilisable(s) et usage(s) alimentaire(s) correspondant(s)) : Graines - épice{{{0(+x)) Les feuilles, l'écorce et les graines sont utilisées comme épice. Ils ont un goût d'ail Partie testée : graines - épices{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique) Original : Seeds - spice{{{0(+x) Taux d'humidité Énergie (kj) Énergie (kcal) Protéines (g) Pro- Vitamines C (mg) Fer (mg) Zinc (mg) vitamines A (µg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 néant, inconnus ou indéterminés. Illustration(s) (photographie(s) et/ou dessin(s)): Page 1/2 Autres infos : dont infos de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" : Statut : Ils sont utilisés comme épice dans la plupart des recettes au Cameroun{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique). Original : They are used as a spice in most recipes in Cameroon{{{0(+x). Distribution : C'est une plante tropicale{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique). Original : It is a tropical plant{{{0(+x). Localisation : Afrique, Cameroun *, Afrique centrale, République centrafricaine, RCA, RD Congo, Congo R, Gabon, Ghana, Afrique de l'Ouest{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique). -
Research Article
Research Article: Maximum Likelihood Analyses of 3,490 rbcL Sequences: Scalability of Comprehensive Inference versus Group-Specific Taxon Sampling Alexandros Stamatakis1,*, Markus Göker2,3, Guido Grimm4 1 The Exelixis Lab, Dept. of Computer Science, Technische Universität München, Germany 2 Organismic Botany, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany 3 German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany 4 Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden * Corresponding author: Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Informatik, I 12, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Tel: +49 89 28919434, Fax: +49 89 28919414, Email: [email protected] Keywords: Phylogenetic Inference, Maximum Likelihood, RAxML, large single–gene datasets, eudicots Running head: Scalability of Maximum Likelihood Analyses Abbreviations: GRTS: Group-based Randomized Taxon-Subsampling; TU: Taxonomic Unit. Abstract The constant accumulation of sequence data poses new computational and methodological challenges for phylogenetic inference, since multiple sequence alignments grow both in the horizontal (number of base pairs, phylogenomic alignments) as well as vertical (number of taxa) dimension. Put aside the ongoing controversial discussion about appropriate models, partitioning schemes, and assembly methods for phylogenomic alignments, coupled with the high computational cost to infer these, for many organismic groups, a sufficient number of taxa is often exclusively available from one or just a few genes (e.g., rbcL, matK, rDNA). In this paper we address scalability of Maximum-Likelihood-based phylogeny reconstruction with respect to the number of taxa by example of several large nested single-gene rbcL alignments comprising 400 up to 3,491 taxa. In order to thoroughly test the effect of taxon sampling, we deploy an appropriately adapted taxon jackknifing approach. -
Species Summary
Baphia speciosa NT Taxonomic Authority: J.B.Gillett & Brummitt Global Assessment Regional Assessment Region: Global Endemic to region Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: MAGNOLIOPSIDA Order: FABALES Family: LEGUMINOSAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Infra- rank name: Plant Hybrid Subpopulation: Authority: General Information Distribution Baphia speciosa is endemic to Zambia, where it occurs only in the Northern province. Range Size Elevation Biogeographic Realm Area of Occupancy: Upper limit: 1000 Afrotropical Extent of Occurrence: 6000 Lower limit: 900 Antarctic Map Status: Depth Australasian Upper limit: Neotropical Lower limit: Oceanian Depth Zones Palearctic Shallow photic Bathyl Hadal Indomalayan Photic Abyssal Nearctic Population The species has been described as common in the Mateshi thicket in the Mweru-Wa-Ntipa (Phipps 3202; Michelmore 423). But further field work and population surveys would be recommended to better define the actual status and dymanics of this species. Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology B. speciosa is a shrub or small tree which grows in grasslands, scrubs and thickets (Mateshi and Chipya formations) on sandy soil and in flood plains. It grows in association with Baphia bequaertii, Boscia cauliflora, Brachystegia glaberrima, Combretum celastroides, Cryptosepalume xfoliatum, Diospyros mweroensis, Lannea asymmetrica and Uapaca benguelensis. System Movement pattern Crop Wild Relative Terrestrial Freshwater Nomadic -
Distribution of Flavonoids Among Malvaceae Family Members – a Review
Distribution of flavonoids among Malvaceae family members – A review Vellingiri Vadivel, Sridharan Sriram, Pemaiah Brindha Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Since ancient times, Malvaceae family plant members are distributed worldwide and have been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of skin diseases, as an antifertility agent, antiseptic, and carminative. Some compounds isolated from Malvaceae members such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides are considered responsible for these activities. Although the flavonoid profiles of several Malvaceae family members are REVIEW REVIEW ARTICLE investigated, the information is scattered. To understand the chemical variability and chemotaxonomic relationship among Malvaceae family members summation of their phytochemical nature is essential. Hence, this review aims to summarize the distribution of flavonoids in species of genera namely Abelmoschus, Abroma, Abutilon, Bombax, Duboscia, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Helicteres, Herissantia, Kitaibelia, Lavatera, Malva, Pavonia, Sida, Theobroma, and Thespesia, Urena, In general, flavonols are represented by glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, herbacetin, gossypetin, and hibiscetin. However, flavonols and flavones with additional OH groups at the C-8 A ring and/or the C-5′ B ring positions are characteristic of this family, demonstrating chemotaxonomic significance. Key words: Flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, glycosides, Malvaceae, phytochemicals INTRODUCTION connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils. The pistils are composed of two to many connate he Malvaceae is a family of flowering carpels. The ovary is superior, with axial placentation, with plants estimated to contain 243 genera capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made with more than 4225 species. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/07/2021 08:53:11AM Via Free Access 130 IAWA Journal, Vol
IAWA Journal, Vol. 27 (2), 2006: 129–136 WOOD ANATOMY OF CRAIGIA (MALVALES) FROM SOUTHEASTERN YUNNAN, CHINA Steven R. Manchester1, Zhiduan Chen2 and Zhekun Zhou3 SUMMARY Wood anatomy of Craigia W.W. Sm. & W.E. Evans (Malvaceae s.l.), a tree endemic to China and Vietnam, is described in order to provide new characters for assessing its affinities relative to other malvalean genera. Craigia has very low-density wood, with abundant diffuse-in-aggre- gate axial parenchyma and tile cells of the Pterospermum type in the multiseriate rays. Although Craigia is distinct from Tilia by the pres- ence of tile cells, they share the feature of helically thickened vessels – supportive of the sister group status suggested for these two genera by other morphological characters and preliminary molecular data. Although Craigia is well represented in the fossil record based on fruits, we were unable to locate fossil woods corresponding in anatomy to that of the extant genus. Key words: Craigia, Tilia, Malvaceae, wood anatomy, tile cells. INTRODUCTION The genus Craigia is endemic to eastern Asia today, with two species in southern China, one of which also extends into northern Vietnam and southeastern Tibet. The genus was initially placed in Sterculiaceae (Smith & Evans 1921; Hsue 1975), then Tiliaceae (Ren 1989; Ying et al. 1993), and more recently in the broadly circumscribed Malvaceae s.l. (including Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, and Bombacaceae) (Judd & Manchester 1997; Alverson et al. 1999; Kubitzki & Bayer 2003). Similarities in pollen morphology and staminodes (Judd & Manchester 1997), and chloroplast gene sequence data (Alverson et al. 1999) have suggested a sister relationship to Tilia.