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A.B. Kadiri and J.D Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria *A.B. KADIRI AND J.D. OLOWOKUDEJO Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos Nigeria *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Vessels, parenchyma and ray cells of eighteen woody plant species belonging to 14 families (8 Orders) in Nigeria were studied using light microscopy. Configuration of ray cells, vessel diameter, pitting pattern of the vessels and parenchyma position in relation to the vessel pores are useful taxonomically and they can be linked to the various uses of the woods. Multiseriate ray cells were common in the Order Gentianales e.g. Alstonia congensis, (Apocynaceae) and Mitragyna ciliata (Rubiaceae). Family Fabaceae e.g. Brachystegia eurycoma and Piptadeniastrum africanum have paratracheal parenchyma, absence of cell inclusions and solitary or clustered vessels in common. Order Lamiales e.g. Family Lamiaceae: Tectona grandis and Boraginaceae: Cordia millenii have homogenous ray cells and banded paratracheal parenchyma with no inclusions. These characters may contribute to understanding the incertae sedis situation surrounding appropriate placement of Boraginaceae in an Order. Cleistopholis patens (Annonaceae) and Pycnanthus angolensis (Myristicaeae) in the Order Magnoliales have scalariform vessels and multiseriate ray cells, usually with some inclusions. Order Malpighiales e.g. Anthostema aubryanum and Mallotus oppositifolus (Euphorbiaceae) and Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) have apo- or paratracheal parenchyma and also possess inclusions in the ray cells and vessels while absence of cell inclusions distinguishes the family Malvaceae (Ceiba petandra and Triplochiton scleroxylon) from Sterculiaceae (Mansonia altissima and Pterygota macrocarpa). Multiseriate and homogenous ray cells characterized the Order Myrtales e.g. Combretaceae (Terminalia superba). Moraceae (Ficus platyphylla) and Ulmaceae (Celtis zenkeri) in the order Rosales have multiseriate ray cells and apo- or paratracheal parenchyma. These wieldy plant identification criteria will be useful in taxonomy and archaeology. Keywords: Wood anatomy, microscopy, taxonomy, Nigeria. 1 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria Table 1: Provenances of Wood Materials Used for the Study S/No. Taxa *Origin Where collected 1 Alstonia congensis Engl. Holl. (Apocynaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 2 Anthostemma aubryanum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 3 Brachystegia eurycoma Bak. Holl. (Fabaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 4 Ceiba petandra Gaertn. (Malvaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 5 Celtis zenkeri Engl. (Ulmaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 6 Cleistopholis patens (Benth).Engl & Diels (Annonaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 7 Cordia millenii Bak. Holl. (Boraginaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 8 Ficus platyphylla Dell Holl. Lely (Moraceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 9 Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn, (Ochnaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 10 Mallotus oppositifolus (Geiseler) Mull.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 11 Mansonia altissima (A. Chev) A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 12 Mitragyna ciliata Aubrév. & Pellegr. (Rubiaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 13 Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook. f.) Brenan(Fabaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 14 Pterygota macrocarpa K Schum. (Sterculiaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 15 Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. (Myristicaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 16 Tectona grandis Linn. (Lamiacaeae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State 17 Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels Holl. (Combretaceae) Niger Delta / coastal Okobaba saw mill, Lagos 18 Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. (Malvaceae) Southwest Nigeria God’s Power sawmill, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State NB:Representatives of some of the samples (though from different sources) are glazed and on display on the 'Wood Globe' in LUH. *South West: Oyo, Osun and Ekiti States. Niger Delta: Delta / Coastal: Lagos, Edo, Delta, Ogun and Ondo States. 2 Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 3 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria Figure 1: Characteristics of vessels, ray and parenchyma cells of woods from Nigeria A, B: Cleistopholis patens (Family: Annonaceae). C, D: Alstoniacongensis (Family: Apocynaceae). E-H: Cordiamillenii (Family: Boraginaceae). A, B, E and F are transections. C, D, G and H are tangential sections. Scale bar: A, C, E and G= 25µm; B, D, F and H=50µm. 4 Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 Figure 2: Characteristics of vessels, ray and parenchyma cells of woods from Nigeria A-D: Brachystegiaeurycoma (Family: Caesalpiniaceae). E, F: Terminaliasuperba (Family: Combretaceae). G-J: Anthostemmaaubryanum (Family: Euphorbiaceae). A, B, G and H are transections. C-F; I and J are tangential sections. Scale bar A, C, D, E, G and I= 25µm; B, F, H and J=50µm. 5 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria Figure 3: Characteristics of vessels, ray and parenchyma cells of woods from Nigeria A-D: Mallotusoppositifolius (Family: Euphorbiaceae). E-H: Tectonagrandis (Family: Lamiacaeae). A-D are transections. E-H are tangential sections. Scale bar: B, C, E and G= 25µm; A, D, F and H= 50µm. 6 Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 Table 2: Anatomical Characters of some Woody Plant Species in Nigeria Taxa Characters Species Tangential vessel diameter (µm) Order Fabales Vessels in clusters, ray cells: uniseriate, Brachystegia eurycoma 95-182 Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae parenchyma: paratracheal Fabaceae: Mimosoideae Vessels: Solitary and no inclusion, ray cells: Piptadeniastrum africanum 161-225 multiseriate, homogenous and thick walled, parenchyma: paratracheal, in bands and no inclusion Order Gentianales Apocynaceae Vessels: scattered and no inclusion, ray cells: multiseriate Alstonia congensis 88-182 parenchyma: apotracheal and in bands Rubiaceae Vessels: Inclusions absent, Ray cells: uniseriate Mitragyna ciliata 49-105 Parenchyma: apotracheal, in bands of perfect rows Order Lamiales Lamiaceae Vessels: No inclusion, solitary; ray cell: uni -multiseriate, Tectona grandis 63-165 homogeneous, parenchyma paratracheal and in bands Boraginaceae Vessels: No inclusion , ray cells: multiseriate and Cordia millenii 155-144 homogeneous, parenchyma paratracheal and in bands Order Magnoliales sensu APG III, 2009 Annonaceae Vessels: Scalariform and solitary, Ray cells: multiseriate Cleistopholis patens 65-136 Parenchyma: paratracheal plus inclusions Myristicaeae Vessels: scalariform, ray cells: multiseria te and Pycnanthus angolensis 106-176 heterogeneous, parenchyma: paratracheal plus cell inclusions Ord er Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Vessels: No inclusions, ray cells: uniseriate; Anthostema aubryanum 101-12 3 parenchyma: paratracheal and in bands Vessels: Inclusions present, Ray cells: homogenous, Mallotus oppositifolus 123-255 multiseriate plus inclusions, parenchyma: apotracheal Ochnaceae Vessels: Solitary, ray cells: homogenous and uniseriate, Lophira alata 95-158 parenchyma: paratracheal, in bands plus inclusions Order Malvales Malvaceae Vessels: Solitary, ray cells: multiseriate, parenchyma Ceiba petandra 123-175 apotracheal, heterogeneous and without inclusions Vessel: No inclusion and solitary, ray cells: multiseriate Triplochiton scleroxylon 70-105 and heterogeneous, parenchyma: paratracheal and no inclusion Sterculiaceae Vessels: Solitary plus inclusions, ray cells: uniseriate plus Mansonia altissima 70-196 inclusions, parenchyma: apotracheal, in bands plus inclusions Vessels: Solitary and no inclusion, ray cells: paratra cheal, Pterygota macrocarpa 123-168 Order Myrtales Combretaceae parenchyma: paratracheal, in bands and inclusions present Vessel: Inclusions present, ray cell: multiseriate , Termin alia s uperba 7 0-161 homogeneous plus inclusions, parenchyma: paratracheal and in bands Order Rosales Moraceae Vessels: Solitary and no inclusion, ray cells: multiseriate, Ficus platyphylla 109-179 Parenchyma: apotracheal and no inclusion Ulmaceae Vessels: Solitary and no inclusion, ray cells: multiseriate Celtis zenkeri 39-63 plus inclusions, parenchyma: paratracheal and in bands 7 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria Figure 4: Characteristics of vessels, ray and parenchyma cells of woods from Nigeria A-D: Ceibapetandra (Family: Malvaceae). E-H: Triplochitonscleroxylon (Family: Malvaceae). Scale bar: A, C, E and G= 25µm; B, D, F and H= 50µm. 8 Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 9 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria 10 Nigerian Journal of Science Vol 48 (2014): 1-13 11 *A.B. Kadiri and J.D. Olowokudejo: Anatomy of Timber Species of Nigeria Tropical Africa. London: The Crown Agents for the Colonies. Chattaway, M. W. (1956). Crystals in woody tissues, Part II. Tropical Woods 104:100- 104. Esau, K. (1967). Plant Anatomy. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Furness, C. A.; Rudall, P. J. and Sampson, C. A. References (2002). Evolution of Microsporogenesis in Angiosperms. International
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