TROPICS 3 Ql0:277-293 lssued March, 1994

Vegetatlon and Llst of Specles ldentlfled ln the Nouabal€-Ndokt , Congo*

Jean-Marie MOIJ"TSAIEOTE Cente dEnrdes sur les Ressouroes V6g€taleq B.P. l249,Baz.avnb,Curgo Takakar,u YuProro Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657 , Japan Masazumi MIrlNt Division of Ecology, Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo. Sanda, Hyogo 669-13, Japan TomoaKi NTSHIHARA Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606, Japan Shigeru SuzuKI Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606, Japan SuehiSA KURODA Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606, Japan

Abstract This paper lists plant collected and identified in the Nouabal6-Ndoki Forest in northern Congo in the period from 1988 to 1992. It describes also the vegetation types and parts observed of plant foods eaten by and . The plant species composition led to grouping three vegetation types in the forest: mixed species forest, swamp forest, and monodominant forest of Gilbertiodcndron dewevrei, Another two vegetation types, secondary forest and riverine forest" exist in the outer fringes ofthe study site. collected contained 417 species (278 generu 86 families)' ofwhich 400 were totally identified. Seven plant species were added to the flora of Congo.

Key Words: vegetation/ Baka I gorilla gorilla I Pan troglodytes ffoglodytes I food plant

The Republic of Congo is located in the cenfial part of the African continent. It covers an area of about 342,000 km2, straddling the Equator between 334'N-500'S in latitude and llll'E-1835'E in longitude. The human population was about 2.2 million in 1990. However, about half of the population live in two urban areas, Brazzaville, the capital, and Poinle- Noire, in the south. The density in the northern forested area, on the other hand, is very low, and most areas remain undisturbed. The climate is equatorial, although it varies according to the altitude. Rainfall in the central and southern regions have bimodal peaks in November and May. In the northern regions, the latter peak appears in September through October (IJtouzey, 1968; Vennetier' 1977).111e annual rainfall in the northern regions ranges from 1200 ("Plaines du Niari" in the south) to 2000 mm (around "Plateau Koukouya" in the central near ). The mean annual temperatures are between 23 and 27oC (Letouzey,1968; Vennetier, 1977). There are two major vegetation types, i.e., tropical forest and savannah. The tropical forest covers about

*: Reprint is available on request to: Masazumi MTANI, Division of Ecology, Museum of Nuure and Human Activities, Hyogo. Yayoi-ga-oka 6, Sandq Hyogo 669-13' Japan. 278 J. MOUTSAMBOIE, T. YUTT,TOTO, M. MnANI, T. NTSHIHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunopa

60Vo of the toal area, i.e., Mayombd forest (37o), Chaillu forest (ll7o), the northern (3l%o), and the other forests (ISVo). Savannahs, grasslands and swamps cover about 35Vo of the remainder. Congo is one of the top countries in the world for primate diversity (Mittermeier & Oates, 1985), and among the African countries for amphibian and swallowtail butterfly diversity (McNeely et al.,l99O), although nationwide survey is incomplete yet. Yellow-backed duiker (Ceplalophw sylvicultor Afzelius), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros Ogilby), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla Savage & Wyman), Tschego (Pan t. toglodytes Blumenbach) and (Loxodonta africaru Blumenbach) are found in northem forests (see Mitani, l99&a; b). Forest conservation, in particular in the northem regions, is regarded one of the most important goals in Congolese policy and research projects. Botanical surveys in southern and central regions have been canied out, and are under way, except the areas bordering Cabinda and Gabon. The surveys have recorded about 4,500 plant species (c/ Sita & Moutsambotd, 1988). On the other hand, the northem Congo, such as Cuvette, Sangha and Likouala districts, except the southernmost area of Sangha, is least surveyed. This incomplete knowledge of the Congolese flora hinders assessing its degree of diversity and endemism. Botanical survey in the northern Congo started in 1989, mainly in the Nouabald-Ndoki Forest. This action clarified that the northern regions, in particular the Nouabalc-Ndoki Forest, have large potential for plant (Moutsambot6, 1991; in press; this study) and other botanical fields. Primatologists have mainly carried out, and still are now conducting studies in the southwest€m part of the forest (Mitani, 1990a; 1990b; 1992; Kuroda, 1992; Nishihara, 1992; Mitani et al., 1993). Fay et al. (1989) and Fay & Agnagna (1992) also reported density estimates of western lowland gorillas for a wider area including the Likouala disrict Elephant ecology is another focus in northern regions in Congo (Fay & Agragna, l99l). The studies of elephant ecology also cover a wider area which includes the northwestern paxt of Cuvette district and the Dzanga-sangha reserve in C.A.R. (Caroll, 1988; Fay, 1989; Fay, l99l), an adjacent reserve ofthe present study site across the country boarder. himatological studies are also under way in the Dzanga-sangha reserve (Carroll, 1986; 1988; Fay, 1989; Remis, 1993).

STUDY SITE AND METHODS

The Nouabal6.Ndoki Forest The Nouabald-Ndoki Forest, which covers an arca of about 400,000 ha, is located between 2IO'N-300'N in latitude and 1611'E-17m'E in longitude. The forest became the Nouabal6- Ndoki National Park in September 1993 (WCS, 1993). The forest has no pennanent human population. The site is near the border to C.A.R. and (for location of the study site, see Fig. 1 in Mitani et al.,1993\. . The geomorphology consists primarily of plateaus traversed by slightly sloped valleys (300-600 m a.s.l.). In the southwest of the area the elevation decreases. Rivers have wide flood plains dominated by swamp forest along them. The soils on the plateaus are primarily ferric oxisols, and the valleys mostly hydromorphic ferric oxisols.

Sampling methods and the ptant list All botanical samples were collected in the southwestem part of the forest, from both right Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo and left banks of the upper Ndoki River. Samplings were made both systematically (along transects) and opportunistically. (The data from the transects are now under study.) J.-M. Moutsambot6 identified the specimens at Centre d'Etudes sur les Ressources Vdg6tales (C.E.R.V.E.) in Brazzaville. Voucher specimens ale deposited in the Herbarium of C.E.R.V.E. (BZV) in Congo, and the Herbarium of the Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo (HYO) in Japan. For describing dominant tee species, nees 30 cm or more in DBH were selected. The list of plants (Table l) shows the following: scientific name, life form, vernacular name (Baka), parr eaten by apes. Nomenclature follows the CRONQUIST system and partly follows Tutin et at. (1994) (see Yumoto et al., 1994). Life form was defined as follows: Herb (H): Non- woody and dicotyledons, including sedges, grasses and herbaceous vines' Fern (F): Members of the Pteridophyta. Palm (Pal): Members of the Palmae. Liana (L): Climbing woody plants that depend on other plants for support. Shrub (S): Woody plants that do not exceed 2 m in height. (T): Woody plants that exceed 2 m in height. Epiphyte (E): Plants that require support of host. Parasitic epiphyte (PE): Members of the Loranthaceae. Parasite (Par): parasites without photosynthetic organs. Abbreviations of plant parts eaten by apes (G: gorillas; C: chimpanzees) are F: ftuit; S: ; Vy': ; L: ; P: pittt/ stem/ twig; B: bark; and R: root.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vegetation types The following three vegetation types are distinguished in the study site by species composition (for distibution of the vegetation types, see Fig. 2 in Mitani et al.,1993). Mixed specics forest (Fig. 1-a, b) occupies the largest area in the study site. This type is more diverse in plant species composition than the other types. Canopy is not always continuous

Fig. 1-a Up view oI Mixed species forest with terrestrial vegetation and understory of Palisota spp. ( Commelinaces€), P s e uderanthemam ladovic ianum (Acanthaceae), and Tabernaemontana penduliflora (Apocynaoeae). Fig. 1-b. Forest floor oJ Mixed srycics forest. A clean understory with Pleiocarpa mutica (Apocynaceae) and Tabemaenontaru pendalillora (Apocynaoeae) is seen in this picture. 280 J. Moursnwore, T. Yutvtoro, M. MnANr, T. NIsHTHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunope

Table l. A Check-List of Plants Identified in the Nouabat6-Ndoki Forest

Local name: named by Baka people; - indicates that local names werc not collected; and / indicates when plural local names were collected. See STUDY SITE AND METHODS for definitions of Life form and Part-eaten by apes, e.g., G(F) means that gorillas were observed to eat of the species, and C(L,B) means chimpanzees were observed to eat and bark of the species. * indicates expected ape species from trace.

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes PTERIDOPHYTA Adiantaceae P ity r o gr ammo c alome lanos (L.) Link jefame Davalliaceae Arthropteris monocarpa (Cord.) C. Chr. tele/kopozo F Oleandra distentaKtzn jafame F Lomariopsidaceae B olbitis gaboonensis (Hook.) Alston japame F,E Lomnriop sis c on goensis Holtt. F,E Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis bisserata (Sw.) Chott jefame F Polypodiaceae Lonchitis currori (Hook.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn jafame F Platycerium angolense Welw. ex Hook. F Platycerium stemoria (P. Beauv.) Desc. :ru F Pteridaceae Pteridium aquilinum vu. caudatum (L.) Kuhn uya F

GYMNOSPERMAE Gnetaceae Gnetwn africanun Welw. koko/ekali L c(L) Gnetwn buc hholzianum Engl. koko L

ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONEAE Acanthaceae Acanthus montanras (Nees) T. Anders. mbaka H Adathoda buchholzi (Lindau) S. Moore ndolu H C ros sandra guineensis Nees gindi s c(L) P s e ude r ant hemwn ludovianurn (B uttner) Lindau H Thomandersia laurifulia (T. Anders. ex Benth.) Baill. ngoka s c(L) Whitfieldia elongata (P. Beauv.) De Wild. & Th. Dur. H A nt r o c ary o n kla ine anurn Piene mbondo/bonyenye T micraster A. Chev. & Guillaum. muyali r c(F) welwitschii (Hiern) Engl. kwa T T r ic ho scyp lw ac uminata Engl. ndonge T T ri c ho s cy p ln fe r ruginea Engl. endoya r c(F) Annonaceae Anonidiwn monna (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels mbeVmbe T G(F,S), C(F) Cleistopholis patens (Benth) Engl. & Diels T E xe ll ea s cammope tala @xell) Boutique sabudengbwe T F ries odielsia eng hiana (Diels) Verdc. senjo/ditapembe L Isolona hexnloba (Pierre) Engl. & Diels jingo T G(F), C(F) I s o lona le- testui Pellegr. kiyo T M onodora angolensis Welw. gingo T P ac hypodianthum confine EngL & Diels T Polyalthia sunveolens Engl. & Diels botunga/motunga T G(D, C(F) Uvaria brazzavillensis A. Chev. ndingo L U v ar ia c omp e r e i Le Thomas ndingo L Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo 28r

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Uvariastrwn insculptum (Engl & Diels) Spr. & Hutch. iombofuota T U v ar ias tr wn p ier r eanum Pierre mpota G(F,L), C(F)* Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. ; Xy lop ia hyp olampra Mildbr. sange T Xylopia pynaertii De Wild. lingbwe T Xylopia rubescens Oliv. vw. rubescens mosonjo/bamba T Xylopia vallotii Chipp, Hutch. & DaIz. iyombo T Apocynaceae Alstonia boonei De Wild. nguka/guga/ngoka T Alstonia congensis Engl. nguka/guga/ngoka T Anthoclitandra robustior (K. Schum.) Pichon ibolo/elong L Baissea axillaris (Benth.) Hua -T C litandra cymulosa Benth. bonduftepe L Funturnia africana (Benth,) Stapf ndama/landa T Funtwnia elastica (Preuss) Stapf ndo T Landolphiaforetiana (Piene ex Jum) Pichon dembo/elebe L G(F,S,L), C(D Landolphia jumellei (Piene ex Jum) Pichon -L Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv. pembe L Picralima nitida (Stapft Th.& H. Dur. mbembo/motitoko T

P leio c arpa mutica Benth. mosebe S G(F), C(F) Py cnob otry a nitidn Benth. mtenge/mongenje L G(P,L) Rauvoffia mnnnii Stapf maka S Saba comorensis (Boj.) Pichon vu.florida (Benth.) Pichon masenda/mosuku L G(F), C(F)* T ab ernaemontana cres sa Benth. tokoloko T G(F,L), C(F) T abernaemontana p enduliflora K. Schum. molelembo/dongo/gondo T G(F,L) T abernanthe ibo ga Baill. tofolo S Asteraceae (Compositae ) Chromolaena odorataL. dakeli H C ony za sum.atrensis (Retz.) Walker -H V ernonia amy gdnlina Del. kongobololo T V ernonia c onferta Benth. eba T V ernonia titanop hy lla Brenan gogologo T Balanitaceae wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague biwala T Balanophoraceae T honnin gia san Vahl baidengbwe Par Balsaminaceae Impatiens irvingli Hook. f. lele/mombongoli H Bigoniaceae Markltnmia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. & Thonn. T Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaenn. kulu/buma/kelo T c(w) Burseraceae Dacryodes pubescens (Verm.) Lam. -T Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubr. libaba T G(F), C(F) Caesalpiniaceae Amphinws ferrugineus Pierre ex Pellegr. molinda T Amphimas pter oc arpoides Harms molinda T Anthonota macrophylla P. Beauv. T Cassia alataL. S Cassia occidentalis L. S Daniellia soyauyii (Harms) Rolfe S C(F) D e t ar i wn mac r o c arp um Harms mbili T G(F), D ialium bipindense Harms baba T C(F) D ialiwn pac hyp hyllwn Harms bendongere/bombo/baso T G(F,S,L), C(F) D iali um poly anthum Harms bendongere/baso T G(F), C(F) G(F), C(F) D ialium te s smannii Harms bendongere/baso T Dialium sp. I bendongere T G(F) 282 J. MoursaworE, T. YuuoTo, M. MnANr, T. NlsruHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunona

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Dialium sp. 2 timi T Erytrophleurn ivorense A. Chev. mbanda T c(P,w) Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (de Wild.) J. Leonard bemba T G(S,L), C(S) G uibourtia demern ei (Harms) Leonard -T doka Craib & Stapf fofolo T G(L) Orystigma oryphyllum (Hwms) J. Ironard gondu T P ac hy e l(Nmo te s smannii (Harms ) Harms mbo T T e s smannia afr ic ana Harms gwanda T C(S) T es smannia anomnla (Micheli) Harms phaka T G(F) Chrysobalanaceae P arinari exc elsa Sabine bokanjya/mombokola T G(F), C(F) Combretaceae Combretum racemosurn P. Beauv. -L Combretum sp. toke L Terminalia superbaEngl. & Diels mongolu T Connaraceae Agelaea dewevrei De Wild. & Th. Dur. elende L A g e lae a v ill o s ifl o r a Schellenb. elende L Byrsocarpus dinklagei (Gilg) Schellenb. ex Hurch. & Dalz. -L Castanola paradoxa (Gilg) Schellenb. ex Hurch. & Dalz. elende L Cnestis ferruginea DC. elende L Manotes pruinosa Gilg elende L R o ur e op s is ob liq uifo I io lata (Gilg) S chellenb. elende L Convolvulaceae C aly cobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine -L Ipomoea involucrata P. Beauv. fulu/ilandala H Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth mbwi Neuropeltis velutina Hall. f. I Cucurbitaceae C o gniawia podolaena Baill. H Luffa cylindrica Q) M. J. Roem. H Dichapetalaceae (Chailletiaceae) D ic hap etalwn b r az zae Pellegr. L Dilleniaceae Tetracera potatoria Afzel. ex G. Don ketembila L Ebenaceae D io spyros cras siflora Hiern lembe T G(F), C(F) Diospyros dendo Welw. ex Hiern mosisi T G(F,S), C(F) Diospyros iturensis (Gurke) R. Let. & F. White babangu S Diospyros cf. longiflorc R. Let. & F. White mbola S D io spyros pis catoric Gurke babangu ljama T G(F,S,L), C(p) D iospyros sutmeolens Gurke koloka T G(F,S), C(F) Euphorbiaceae Alchornea cordifulra (Schum. & Thonn.) Mull.-Arg. bonji L Alc hornea fl o ribunda Mull. -Arg. bonji/dembu L Antide sma lac iniat wn Mull . -Arg. monge T Antidesrna ripicola J. Leonard mokenya T Croton hawrwnianus J. Leonard T Crotonogyne sp. bodaba T D ic hos temmt g lauc e s c ens Pierre mongaba T D ryp e t e s c hev al i e r i Beille mabe/belenge/kpaya T G(F) Drypetes cinnabarina Pax ex Hoffm. var. congolensis J. I-eonard baso T G(D, C(F) Drypete,s gi'osslryeileri S. Moore bology'gama T Drypetes laciniata (Pax) Hurch. mambelenge/mbembe S Drypetes leonensis (Pax) K. Hoffm. be S Drypetes paxii Hutch. belenge/mokalala S D ryp ete s p elle grinii Leonard tembo T G(D, C(F) D ry p ete s p ierreant Hurch. ambingii Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo 283

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes M ac aranga barter i Mull. -Arg. mosasalahete T G(L) M ac aranga morurndra Mull.-Arg. mosasala T M acaranga sac ctfera Pax mosasala L M ac ar anga sc hw einfurthii Pax mosasala T M acaranga spinosc Mull.-Arg. mosasala T M anni op hy to n fulv um Mu ll . -Arg. kusa/kosa G(L,P) N e o b o ut o nia afric ana Mull. -Arg. i Py cnoc oma c hevalieri Beille -T Ricinodendron heudelottt (Baill.) Piene ex Pur djombo T U apaca guineensls Mull.-Arg. jambala/mosasangi T U apac a heudelotii Baill. mosasangi T Uapaca sp. jombo T G(F) Flacourtiaceae Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg sanza/mongale T G(F) C alonc oba welw itsc hii (Oliv.) Gilg sioko T G(F), C(F) Lindackeria dentata (Oliv.) Gilg tokoma/mofugya S Guttiferae Allanb lac kia flo r ib unda Oliv. bom/yoya/bombekele T Hackel mokodongo/kusu T G(F) Harungana madagascariensis (Lam. ex Poir.) Choisy djene T Mammea africana Sabine mboto T G(F), C(F) Sy mp ho nia g I o b ulife r a L. bodiya/moliya T Hippocrateaceae Loeseneriella apiculara (Welw. ex Oliv.) R. Wilcz. foa/tondo/epope L Salacia erecta (G. Don) Walpere libolo L Icacinaceae

C hlamy do c ary a t homs o niana B aill. S Irvingiaceae (Aubry-Ircomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. payo T G(D, C(F) Irvingia grandiflora (Engl.) Engl. solia T G(D, C(F) I rttin gia rob ur Mildbr. kumbili T Irttingia smithii Hook. f. sosombo T Klainedoxa gabonensds Pierre ex Engl. bokoko T G(F), C(F) Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Solenostemon monostachyus (P. Beauv.) Briq. H Lecythidaceae C ombr e to dendr o n moc r o c arp urn (P. Beauv. ) Keay boso Leeaceae Leea guineensls G. Don mbeye Linaceae Hugonia sp. H Loganiaceae Anthocleista liebrechtsiarwDe Wild. & Th. Dur. T

Ant ho c I e i s t a v o g e I ii Planch. T Mostuea brunonis Didr. vw. brunonis kelengenze H Mostuea hirsuta ( T. Anders. ex Benth.) Baill. ex Bak. kelengenze H Stryc hnos aculeara Solered. L Strychnos camptoneura Gilg & Busse L Stry c hno s usambarensis Gilg bolebo L Strychnos sp. gede L G(F) Loranthaceae Agelanthus brunneus (Engl.) Van Tiegh. PE Hibiscw surattensis L. sisangulu L Sida acuta Burm. f. H Urena lobataL. H 284 J. MOUTSAMBOTE, T. YUTT,TOTO, M. MnANI, T. NTSHTHARA, S. Suzuru & S. KUnOpA

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Melastomataceae D ic hae tant lrcr a s tr i g o sa (Cogn. ) Jacq. -Fel. T D inop ln r a sp enno roide s Benth. ngama H Dissotis brazzae Cogn. ngama H Dissotis hcnsii Cogn. ngama H Dissotis rotundifulia Q-.) Triana H W arneckea membranifolia (H.K.F. ) Jacq. -Fel bondo S Meliaceae Carapa proceraDC goyo T Entandrophragmn angolense (Welw.) C. DC. boyo T Entandrophr agma c andollei Harms kanga T E nt andr o p hr a gmn cy I indri c um ( S prague ) Sprague mboyo T Entandr op hragma p aluste Staner lengunda T Entandrophragmn utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague mboyo T Trichilia heudelorii Planch. ex Oliv. toko r G(w) Trichilia retrna Oliv. biba T Turrea cabraea De Wild, & Th. Dur. S Turreanthus africanw (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr. T Menispermaceae Cissampelos owariensis P. Beauv. L Dioscoreophyllum curnrninsii (Stapfl Diels var. curnminsii Troup. mbi L G(F) Limac iop sis loan gensis Engl. L Tiliacora laurentii De Wild. var. bequaertii (De Wild.) Troup. dombo L G(F,S), C(F) Triclisia dictyophyl/a Diels molindo L G(F), C(F) Triclisia louisii Troupin L Triclisia patens Oliv. mobangi L G(F) Triclisia sp. molombi L G(F) Mimosaceae Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. bala L Albiziafercuginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth. ebamba T Albizia zygia (DC.) J. F. Macbr. ebamba T Pentaclethra eetveldeana De Wild. & Th. Dur. mbakala T P entac le thra mac r op hy lla Benth. mbalaka T Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook. f.) Bren. kungu T Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub. jaga T G(S), C(S) Moraceae Ficw barteri Sprague jolo L Ficw elasticoides De Wild. jolo L C(F) Ficw exnsperataYahl jolo L G(F) Ficw recuryataDe Wild. jolo L G(F), C(F) Ficw thonningll Blume jolo L C(F) Ficw wildemnniana Warb. ex De Wild. & Dur. jolo L C(F) Ficw sp. I jolo L G(F) Ficw sp. 2 jolo L G(F) Ficw sp. 3 jolo L G(F) Ficw sp. 4 jolo L G(L) Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg bangi T G(L) Musanga cecropioides R. Br. kombo T G(F)*, C(D Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. ngata T G(F), C(F) T rec ulia afr ic ana Decne fusa/pusa T G(D T ri le pi s iurn mada g as c ari ens e DC. mopongi T Myristicaceae C oelocaryon botryoides Verm. T Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. ntenge T G(L) Pyc nant hus mnrc lnlianw Ghesq. T Staudtia gabonensis Warb. -"*ru T G(L) Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo 285

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Nymphaeaceae Nymp lnea he ude lo tii Planch. ba H Campylospermum claessensii (De Wild.) Fanon phaso S Carnpylospermum elongatwn (Oliv.) Van Tiegh. s alata Banks ex Gaerur. nkole T Rlnbdophyllurn arnoldiantnn (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Van Tiegh. S R lnbdop hy llurn w elw its c hii Van Tiegh. S Aptandra zenkeri Engl. T H eisteria parvifulla Smith T Olax gambecolaBull. S O lax subcorpioidea Oliv. s Ongokea gore (Hua) Pierre T grandiflora Hook. f. T C(L) Oliv. bosiko T Strombosiopsis tetrandra Engl. bosiko T G(D, C(F) Onagraceae Lttdwigia abyssinica A. Rich H Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara H Oxalidaceae Biophytwn abyssinicum Steud. ex A. Rich. Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Planch. S Panda oleosa Pierre kana T c(D Papilionaceae () Angylocalyx pyrurcrtii De Wild. yongallikumbi T G(F,L), C(F) B ap hia dens iflora Harm s bosolo T D alber gia hostilis Benth. L Dalbergia saxatilis Hook. f. L Dalhonsiea africana S. Moore binjo L Leptoderris hypar gyrea (Harms) Dunn bokata L Leptoderris sp. lomba L M illeuia sanaganc Harms ganda T G(L) Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen mobaye T P teroc arpus soyauxii Taub. T Tephrosia vogelri Hook. f. S Passifloraceae B arteria ftstulosa Mast. T Barteria negritiana Hook. f. iou,noo T G(F,L) Passiflora foetidaL. ngulu L Phytolacaceae P hy tolac a dodecandra L'Herit mombango Piperaceae Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn. lando L Piper umbellatumL. mombenju/ndembelembe S alba G. Don S Portulacaceae Talinum tiangulare (Jacq.) Wild. H Rhamnaceae

I-as io dis c us nwrmoratrn C. H. Whight T Maesopsis eminii Engl. T Rubiaceae Aidia micranthn (K. Schum.) F. White var. micranthnF. White mokenya S Brenania brieyi (De Wild.) E. Petit monjo T C ant hium mulffi orurn Hiern T Coffea robwta Linden kafe s 286 J. MowsaloorrE, T. YuuoTo, M. MnANr, T. NTSHTHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunonn

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Corynantlrc mayumbensis (Good) N. Halle T Diodia scandens Swartz l*t' H G e o p hila inv o luc r ata Hiern L Leptactina pynnertii De Wild. beli T Massularia acurninata (G.Don) Bullock ex Hoyle mwindo T Mitragyna ciliara Aubr. & Pellegr. tobo T Mitragyru stipulosa (DC.) O. Ktze T M orinda morindoides (Bak.) Milne-Redh. :ooo L M ussaenda chippii Wernh. L Mtnsaenda erythrophyl/a Schum. & Thonn. L Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Merrill mwase T C(F) Nauclea pobeguinii (Pobeguin ex Pellegr.) Petit malingo T c(F)* Nauclea vanderguchtii (De Wild.) Petit mwase T Oryanthus spec iosras DC. gondo S Pauridiantha dewevrei (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Bremek. mosasala T Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.)Pierre ex Beille wasasa T P orterandia c ladantln (K. Schum.) Keay likoko T G(L) Rothmannia hispida (K. Schum.) Fager. T Rothmannia talbotii (Wernh.) Keay T Stipularia africaru G. Don T Rutaceae Fagara heitzii Aubr. & Pellegr. bolongo T Fagara macrophylla (Oliv.) Engl. bolongo T Sapindaceae Allophyllus africanus P. Beauv. mapota T G(F) B li g hia welwits chii (Hiern) Radlk. mandanga/mosonjo T Chytranthus atroviolaceus Bak.f. ex Hutch. & Dalz. tokomboli T G(S), C(S) chytranthus mortehanii (De wild.) De voldere ex Hauman tokomboli T Chytranthus talbotii (Bak. f.) Keay tokomboli T Lac c odisc w ferrugineus Radlk. goyo na ngo T P anc ov ia fl o rib unda Pellegr. botande T P anc ovia lnrmsiana Gilg fokai T Pancovia laurentii (De Wild.) Gilg ex De Wild. goyo T G(F) Pancovia pedicellaris Radlk. & Engl. botande T Pancovic sp. goyo motani T G(F) Paullinia pinnataL. pbamampbo L Sapotaceae Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A. Chev. mbanga T B aill one ll a t o xi sp e rrna Pierre banga T Gambeya africana (G. Don) Piene bambu T Gambeya boukokoensis Aubr. & Pellegr. mandonge T Gambeya lacourtiana (De Wild.) Aubr. & Pellegr. bambu T G(F), C(F) Gambeya perpulchra (Mildbr.) Aubr. & Pellegr. bondonge T Manilkara fouilloyana Aubr. & Pellegr. mongenja T M anilkara letouz ey i Aubr. mbanga T G(F), C(F) O mp lnl o c arp um e latwn Miers. bate T Pachystela brevipes (Bak.) Baill. ex Engl. mapapanga T T ride smo st emo n omp haloc arp o ides Engl. tuba T Synsepalum dulc ific wn (Schum. ) Baill. botuta/mokenjenji S Sy nsep alum lon g ec uneatwt (Radlk. ) Engl. belo T G(F), C(F) Solanaceae Solanum toryurn Sw. H Chlamydocola lastouryillensis (Bod. & Pellegr.) N. Halle meko T acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Engl. ligo T C ola gabonensis Aubrev. ngaingai T G(F) Cola hcterophylla (P. Beauv.) Schott & Engl. liyongo S Cola nitidn (Vent.) Schott & Engl. ligo T G(S), C(S) Plant list in Nouabald-Ndoki, Congo 287

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Cola rostrata K. Schum. bombi T c(s) Eribroma oblonga (Mast.) Bod. gboyo T Leptonychia batangensis (C. H. Wright) Bunet S N es o gordonia kabingaensis (K. Schum.) Capuron tekeleke T bequaertii De Wild. popoko T bequnertii De Wild. fofoko T C(F)* Sterc ulia tra gacantln Lindl. popoko T Triploc hiton sc lerorylon K. Schum. bado T Styracaceae Afr o s ry r ar le p ido p hy I lw Mildbr. gimba Thymelaeaceae D ic ranolepis laciniata Gilg Desplatsia chrysochlamys (Mildbr. & BuneO Mildbr. & Burret liyamba T Desplatsia dewevrei (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Bunet liyamba T D uboscia macroc arpa Brocq. nguluma T G(F), C(F) Glyp haea brevis (Spreng.) Monachino patakoli S Grewia coriacea Mast. fifi/masanga S G(B) G rew ia oli g oneura Sprague buku/mengene S Grewia seretii De Wild. patakoli T G(F), C(F) Trittrnfetta cordifolia A. Rich. ponga L Ulmaceae C eltis adolfi-frideric i Engl. kakala T G(D, C(F) C eltis mildbraedii Engl. ngombe T G(L,B), C(L) C eltis tessmannii Rendle toko T G(F,S) Celtis zenkeri Engl. gombe T H aloptelea grardis (Hutch.) Mildbr. masanga T Trema guineensis (Schum. & Thonn.) Fical. jole T Verbenaceae

C ler o de ndr o n b aker i Gurke L Vitex doniana Sweet dindimo/folo T Violaceae Rinorea banguiensis Engl. gindi s Rinorea cerasifolic Brandt mendi/kombe S G(D Rinorea elliotii Engl. ngrndi S Vitaceae (Ampelidaceae) Cissrer dinklagei Gilg & Brandt bongo/bosapha G(F), C(F)

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Agavaceae Dracaena arborea (Willd.) Link buila T D rac aena c amer ooniana B ak. ngale S Dracaena humilis Bak. ngale S Amaryllidaceae H aemnnthus multiflorres Martyn. njaya/labwa Araceae Anubias hastifulia Engl. jafame H Anubias lanceolata N.E. Br. H C ercestis congoensis Engl. iarame H Culcasia scandens P. Beauv. balanga/mbandama H Cyrtospermo senegalense (Schott) Engl. langango/dikaka H G(R) Pistia stratiotes L. jafame H Rhektophyllum mirabile N.E. Br. jafame/munjimba H (Palmae) Elaeis guine ensis Jacq. mbile Pal Eremospata hookeri (lvlann & Wendl.) Wendl. Pal Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendl. Pal Raphia vinifera P. Beauv. mpeke/mosende Pal 288 J. MOUTSAMBOTE, T. YUTT,TOTO, M. MnANI, T. NTSHIHARA, S. SUZUTT & S. KUNOPE

Plant species Local name Life Part-eaten form by apes Aneilema beninensis (P. Beauv.) Kunth gangulu H Commelina dffisa Burm. f. H Palisota ambigm (P. Beauv.) C. B. Clarke njaya/doto H G(F,P), C(F) Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K. Schum. mangabo H G(F,P), C(F) Palisota thollonii Hua H G(F,P), C(F) condensata C.B. Clark H P oly spatln panic ulata Benth. l**uoo H Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. I phopha H Cyperus sp. 2 ndili H Hypolytrurn sp. kieye H Kyllinga erecta Schum. kieye H Pycreus subtrigonus C.B. Clarke kieye H Rhinchospora corymbosa (L.) Britt kieye H Rhinchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale kieye H Scleria boivinii Steud. kieye H Scleria racemosa Poir. kieye/diwosi H Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbiferaL. bojaka H Dioscorea mnngenotiana J. Miege kule/ekule H Dioscorea sagittifulia Pax var. lecardir (De Wild.) Nkounkou H Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis sp. (De Wild.) Dandy kongoyasika G(R) Marantaceae Ataenidia conferta (Benth.) Mill. boboko H G(P) Halopegia azurea (K. Schum.) K. Schum. dikokombe H Haununia danckelmaniana (1. Braun & K. Schum.) Milne-Redh. basele H G(P), C(P)

Hyp s elodelphy s p o g geana (K. Schum) Milne-Redh. kokombe H G(P) Hyp selodelphy s violac ea (Ridl.) Milne-Redh. H Marantochloa congensis (K. Schum.) Leon. & Mullend. bili H G(P) M arantoc hloa filipes (Benth. ) Hutch. bili H M aranto c hlo a I e uc antha (K. S chum. ) Milne-Redh. bili H M e gap hry n iwn mac r o s t ac hy wn (B enth. ) Milne-Redh. ngongo H G(F,P,L), C(F,P) Sarcophrynium priogoniwn (K. Schum.) K. Schum. kwasa H G(F), C(F) S ar c o p hry niwn s c hw e infur ti anwn (O' Ktze ) Mil ne -Redh. H Trachyphryniwn brauninnurn (K. Schum.) Bak. mbonge H Orchidaceae An g r ae c urn di s t ic hwn Lindl. uya E B ul b op hy llurn b arb i ger urn Lindl. uya E Pandanaceae candelabrwn P. Beauv. gedja Poaceae (Gramineae) Acroc eras amplectans Stapf H J ardinea c ongoensis (Hack.) Franch. H Lep tasp is c o c hl e ata Thwaites H Leptaspis comorensis A. Camus H Olyra latifuliaL. H Setaria megaphyl/a (Steud.) Dur. & Schinz - H Smilacaceae Smilax krawsiana Meisn. Zingiberaseae Afrarnomum citratwn (Percira) K. Schum. tondolo ya swa/jii H G(F,P), C(F) Afrarnomwn giganteutn (Oliv. & Hanb.) K. Schum. tondolo H Afrarnomwn le-testuanurn Gagnep. mungamba H Afrarnomum sanguineurn (K. Schum.) K. Schum. tondolo H Costw afer Kerl-Gawl. ngangalange (Baka) H G(P) Costw lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Schum. ngangalange H Renealmin polyp,ns Gagnep. mosisako/tondoyaswa[imbelimbe H Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo 289

Fig. 2-a. Swamp forest with terrestrial vegetation and dense lianas of several species along the Ndoki River. FIg. 2-b. Clearing: a subtype of Sruamp forest Fig. 2-c" Elephant haces in a large clearing. and large folest gaps are abundant Dominant tree species in this type of forest belong to the Meliaceae (Ennndrophragno angolense, E. candollei, E. cylindricurn, E. utile, Guarea spp.) and Leguminosae (Piptadeniastrum africanurn, Pericopsis elata, soyauxii). Other groups, €.g., kvingiaceae, are also distributed throughout this type of forest On the other hand, species such as Terrninalia superba (Combretaceae), Triplochiton sclerorylon (Sterculiaceae), Xylopia spp. (Annonaceae), Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae), are locally abundant. Several species found in gaps are also found in secondary forest. However, Musanga cecropioides (Moraceae) is extremely rare in the study site. Terrestrial vegetation is generally dense and dominated by species of the Commelinaceae (Palisota spp.) and Marantaceae. This type of forest may be divided further into several subtypes. Swuttp forest (Fig 2-a) is developed along strearns. Forest floor is almost always inundated. The canopy is open in most part. Dominant species are: Mitragyna stipulosa, Nauclea pobeguinii (Rubiaceae), (Iapaca guineensis (Euphorbiaceae), Syrnphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae), Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae) and Xylopia rubescens (Annonaceae). The inundated forest floor is often covered with species of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae. In this study, vegetation near dry land but inundated permanently was simply classified as swamp. However, such vegetation is complex, and may be subdivided further. One subtype of Swamp forest is large clearing ("marshy grassland" in Mitani et al.,1993) (Fig. 2-b), called "bayi" in the . It usually lies next to Monodominant forest of Gilbcrtiodcndron dewevrei; riverine subtype. The clearing is usually covered by herb species: Anubias hastifolia (Araceae), C omme lina diffusa (Commelinac eae), Ky llingt pun gens, Pycreus subtrigonus, Rhinchospora corymbosa, Rhinchospora rugosa, Cyperus spp. (Cyperaceae)' Dinophora spennoroides, Dissotis rotundifulia (Melastomatacere), Acroceras arnplectans 290 J. MoursAMBorE, T. Yuuoro, M. MITANI, T. NISHIHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunope

Fig. 3-t. Monodominant forest of Gilbertiodcnbon dewevrei; riverine subtype. This type is dominated by G. dewevrei (Caesalpiniacrcae) with low density shrubs. Fig. 3-b. Monodominant forest of Gilbertiodendron dewevrefi inland subtype. Usually, dense terrestrial vegetation, mainly composed by species of the Comrne- linaceae; Zingiberaceae; and MarantacCINer develops in this subtype.

Fig. 4. Secondary forest after forest exploitation in southern outer fringes of the study site. Aframomum spp. (Zingiberaceae), Palisota spp. (Commelinaceae) and several species of the Marantaceae grow on the ground along an abandoned logging road.

Fig. 5. Riverine forest along the Sangha River. Some tree species are often seen in this vegetation type, €.9., Guibourtia demeusei (Caesalpini- aceae), Lophira alan (Ochnaceae), and Ceiba pentandra (Bombaceae; large of white trunks in this picture).

(Poaceae) and Xyns spp. (Xyridaceae). Dominant herb species belong to the Cyperaceae and Poaceae. Elephants, buffaloes, antelopes, primates and other mammals have been often observed in such "bayi" (Fig. 2-c). Monodominant forcst of Gilbcrtiodendron dewevrei is dominatedby Gilbertiodendron dewevrei. This vegetation can be classified into two subtypes: "riverine Gilbertiodendron Plant list in Nouabal6-Ndoki, Congo 29r dewevrei forest" (Fig. 3-a), which is called "bemba" in the Baka language, and "inland Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest" (Fig. 3-bXsee Mitani, 1992; Nishihara, 1992; Mitarlj et al., 1993 for terminology). In the riverine subtype, more than 85Vo of fiees and 957o of the basal area in DBH consist of a single species of G. dewevrei, and in the inland subtype, more than 65Vo of rees and 80Vo of the basal area in DBH consist of G. dewevrei (Mitani et al.,1993). The canopy of the riverine subtype is closed but light gaps are common in the inland subtype. Dominant terresfial vegetation consists of species of the Commelinaceae, Marantaceae and Zngiberaceae in both subtypes. Their densities are markedly higher in the inland subtype than in the riverine subtype. Similar monodominant fopical forests are widespread in the African, Asian, and American nopics. The dominant species have characteristically large and shade-tolerant seedlings (Hart et al.,1989). Besides the three vegetation types above, nvo additional vegetation types are found in the outer fringes of the study site: Second.ary forest (Fig. a) and Riverine forest (Fig. 5). Secondary forest is found in places affected by human activities between Bomassa village and the Dj6k6 River, a tributary of the Ndoki River. Fagara spp. (Rutaceae), Caloncobo spp. (Tiliaceae), Myrianthus arboreus, Musanga cecropioides (Moraceae) are common. Secondary forest dominatedby M. cecropioides is found near the village. The Zingiberaceae (Aframomum spp.), Marantaceae, and Commelinaceae include dominant species on the forest f7oot. Riverine forest is the other type. This type of forest develops along large rivers, such as the Sangha River, but not along the Ndoki River. Dominant tree species in this type axe Guibourtia demeusei (Caesalpiniaceae), Lophira alata (Ochnaceae), Irvingia smithii (Irvingiaceae), Uapaca heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae), andXylopia rubescens (Annonaceae).

Species Recurded Eighty-six families, 278 genera and 417 species were collected. Of these, 400 were totally identified (Table l). Seven species were newly recorded in the flora of Congo: Vernonia titanophylla Brenan (Asteraceae); Detarium macrocarpunt Harm (Caesalpiniaceae); Isoberlinia dola Crub & Stapf (Caesalpiniaceae); Pachyelasmo tessmannii (Harms) Harms (Caesalpiniaceae); Diospyros suaveolens Gurke (Ebenaceae); Baphia densiflora Harms (Papilionaceae); and Haumania danckelmaniana (J. Braun & K. Schum.) Milne-Redh. (Marantaceae).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Drs. J. Tanaka and M. Ichikawa of the Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, for their discussions, Dr. M. J. Fay, WCI, Brazzaville, for his field collaboration, and Mrs. O. C. Nkouka and Mr. G. Nsongola of Laboratoire de Botanique, Centre d'Etudes sur les Ressources V6g6tales, for their technical help, Drs. R. A. Oko, T. Maruhashi, J. Yamagiwa, N. Okayasu for their permission of using botanical specimens, and H. Takasaki for his comments for manuscript. We also thank Drs. M. Onanga, J. Dinga-Reassi, A. A. Ndinga-Makanda, Mrs. M. Mogessa, J. Tambomo, H. Massampou,I. Florent, M. A.IJonard, E. O. Vineberg, M. Hatchwell, M. Attwatet S. Blake' M. Linfield, T. Iwasaki, and H. Iwasaki. This study was financially supported by Grant-in- Aid for Overseas Scientific survey from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan, United States Agency for lnternational Development (USAID), U.S.A., and the Kansai Television, Japan. J. Mowsnwor6, T. Yuuoro, M. MrrANr, T. NTsHTHARA, S. Suzuru & S. Kunopa

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Jean-Marie Moutsamboté ，湯本貴和，三奇雅純，西原智昭，鈴木滋，黒田末寿 コンゴ国 ヌアバレーンドキの森の植生と同定した植物リスト

コンゴ北部のヌアバレーンドキ森林地域において 1988 年から 1992 年にかけて採集した植物の同 定結果を，調査地の植生の記載および調査地に生息するゴリラとチンパンジーの採食植物部位と ともに示す 。 植物種の構成から，この地域では3 タイプの植生が識別できた 。 すなわち，異種混 交林，湿地林 ， Gilbertiodendron dewevrei の優占する森林である。他に，調査地の外側には， 二 次林，そして河辺林が存在する 。 リスト中の植物種の総数は 417 種 (278 属， 86 科)であった 。 その内の400種は完全な同定ができた。また， 7 種はコンゴで初めて記録された植物であった 。