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Pashai, a Descriptive Grammar of (Lehr).Pdf THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO A DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR OF PASHAI: THE LANGUAGE AND SPEECH COMMUNITY OF DARRAI NUR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS BY RACHEL LEHR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2014 UMI Number: 3638612 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3638612 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Copyright c 2014 by Rachel Lehr All Rights Reserved This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my father, Velvl Lehr, who introduced me to the joy of languages, and to my mother, Genie Lehr, who has been a pillar of support. It also is dedicated to the memory of my Pashai partner Sakhi Sharay, who spoke entirely in proverbs. Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xvii Abstract xx Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Organization of Dissertation . 2 1.2.1 Part One . 3 1.2.2 Part Two . 4 1.3 Situating Pashai . 5 1.3.1 Pashai Origins . 7 1.3.2 What is Dardic . 10 1.3.3 Dardic Features of Pashai . 11 1.3.4 Pashai Dialects . 13 1.4 Pashai { What's in a Name . 15 1.5 Risk Factors . 15 1.5.1 Pashtunization . 16 1.5.2 Language Preservation . 18 1.5.3 Documentation and Preservation in Afghanistan . 19 1.5.4 Local Efforts . 20 1.6 Methodology . 21 1.6.1 Personal Background with Pashai Speakers . 21 1.6.2 Research Design . 21 1.6.3 Additional Field Data . 22 1.6.4 Language Consultants . 23 1.7 Methodology for Diaspora Research . 23 1.7.1 Research Design . 24 1.7.2 Methodology . 24 1.7.3 Documentation . 25 iv 1.8 Typology of Language and Gender . 26 1.8.1 Typology of Minority Languages . 26 1.8.2 Demography . 28 1.8.3 Communicative Space and Usefulness . 32 1.8.4 Geography of Language Use . 32 1.8.5 Women and Language in the Diaspora . 36 2 Language and Context 38 2.1 Language in Context . 38 2.2 Introduction . 40 2.3 History of Language Policies in Afghanistan . 40 2.4 Ethno-Linguistic Politics . 43 2.5 Creating Pashai Identity . 45 2.6 Qaum . 46 2.6.1 Weighted Features . 48 2.6.2 Ethnic Nomenclature . 49 2.7 Language and Identity . 50 2.7.1 Social Hierarchy . 50 2.7.2 ˇs¯ar.¯e .................................... 51 2.7.3 Pashai Dissimulation and Aspirational Pashtuns . 51 2.8 Origin Myth . 54 2.8.1 Gurbuz Safi Story . 54 2.8.2 Soom Shenganek Story . 55 2.9 Social Status . 56 2.10 Construction of Identity in the Diaspora . 58 2.10.1 Women and Language in the Diaspora . 58 2.10.2 Status, Language Choice, and Legitimacy . 59 2.10.3 Language and Prestige . 60 2.11 Models of Multilingualism { Diglossia . 60 2.11.1 Pashai in Urban Context . 65 2.11.2 Pashai in a Rural Context . 66 2.11.3 A Visit to the Doctor . 68 2.12 Summary . 68 3 Phonology 70 3.1 Introduction . 70 3.2 Consonants . 71 3.3 Phonemic Contrast . 72 3.3.1 Plosives . 72 3.3.2 Waveforms . 73 3.3.3 Affricates . 80 3.3.4 Fricatives . 81 3.3.5 Nasals . 85 3.3.6 Laterals . 85 3.3.7 Rhotic Liquids . 87 v 3.3.8 Approximants . 87 3.4 Vowels . 88 3.4.1 Vowel Phonemes . 92 3.4.2 Vowel Distribution . 97 3.5 Syllable Structure . 100 3.5.1 Minimal Word . 100 3.5.2 Syllable Templates . 101 3.5.3 Syllable Weight . 105 3.5.4 Stress . 105 3.5.5 Tone . 108 3.6 Sequence Constraints . 111 3.6.1 Consonant Sequences . 111 3.6.2 Nasal Sequences . 112 3.6.3 Liquid Sequences . 113 3.6.4 Fricative Clusters . 114 3.6.5 Vowel Clusters . 114 3.7 Phonological Processes . 115 3.7.1 Cluster Simplification . 115 3.7.2 Stem-Final Devoicing . 116 3.7.3 Vowel Shortening . 117 3.7.4 Voicing Assimilation . 119 3.7.5 Morphophonemic Alternations . 119 3.7.6 Vowel Copying . 126 3.7.7 Adjacent Vowels . 127 3.8 Areal Features . 128 3.9 Loanword Phonology . 129 3.9.1 Nativization . 130 3.9.2 Cluster Simplification . 131 3.10 Conclusions . 136 4 Nominal Morphology 137 4.1 Introduction . 137 4.2 Word Formation . 137 4.2.1 Introduction . 137 4.2.2 Compounding . 138 4.2.3 Derivation . 138 4.2.4 Diminutive Formation . 142 4.3 Inflectional Morphology . 144 4.3.1 Introduction . ..
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