Language Endangerment in South Asia
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The Dhivehi Language. a Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects“ Von Sonja Fritz (2002)
Achtung! Dies ist eine Internet-Sonderausgabe des Buchs „The Dhivehi Language. A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects“ von Sonja Fritz (2002). Sie sollte nicht zitiert werden. Zitate sind der Originalausgabe zu entnehmen, die als Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, 191 erschienen ist (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag 2002 / Heidelberg: Südasien-Institut). Attention! This is a special internet edition of the book “ The Dhivehi Language. A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects ” by Sonja Fritz (2002). It should not be quoted as such. For quotations, please refer to the original edition which appeared as Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, 191 (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag 2002 / Heidelberg: Südasien-Institut). Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All rights reserved: Sonja Fritz, Frankfurt 2012 37 The Dhivehi Language A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects by Sonja Fritz Heidelberg 2002 For Jost in love Preface This book represents a revised and enlarged English version of my habilitation thesis “Deskriptive Grammatik des Maledivischen (Dhivehi) und seiner Dialekte unter Berücksichtigung der sprachhistorischen Entwicklung” which I delivered in Heidelberg, 1997. I started my work on Dhivehi (Maldivian) in 1988 when I had the opportunity to make some tape recordings with native speakers during a private stay in the Maldives. Shortly after, when I became aware of the fact that there were almost no preliminary studies of a scientific character on the Maldivian language and literature and, particularly, no systematic linguistic studies at all, I started to collect material for an extensive grammatical description of the Dhivehi language. In 1992, I went to the Maldives again in order to continue my work with informants and to make official contact with the corresponding institutions in M¯ale, whom I asked to help me in planning my future field research. -
Chapter 2 Language Use in Nepal
CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE USE IN NEPAL Yogendra P. Yadava* Abstract This chapter aims to analyse the use of languages as mother tongues and second lan- guages in Nepal on the basis of data from the 2011 census, using tables, maps, and figures and providing explanations for certain facts following sociolinguistic insights. The findings of this chapter are presented in five sections. Section 1 shows the impor- tance of language enumeration in censuses and also Nepal’s linguistic diversity due to historical and typological reasons. Section 2 shows that the number of mother tongues have increased considerably from 92 (Census 2001) to 123 in the census of 2011 due to democratic movements and ensuing linguistic awareness among Nepalese people since 1990. These mother tongues (except Kusunda) belong to four language families: Indo- European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian, while Kusunda is a language isolate. They have been categorised into two main groups: major and minor. The major group consists of 19 mother tongues spoken by almost 96 % of the total population, while the minor group is made up of the remaining 104 plus languages spoken by about 4% of Nepal’s total population. Nepali, highly concentrated in the Hills, but unevenly distributed in other parts of the country, accounts for the largest number of speakers (44.64%). Several cross-border, foreign and recently migrated languages have also been reported in Nepal. Section 3 briefly deals with the factors (such as sex, rural/ urban areas, ethnicity, age, literacy etc.) that interact with language. Section 4 shows that according to the census of 2011, the majority of Nepal’s population (59%) speak only one language while the remaining 41% speak at least a second language. -
Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia
LINGUISTIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIA Franklin C. Southworth RoutledgeCurzon Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS List of figures vi List of tables viii Preface and acknowledgments ix List of abbreviations xi Formulae and symbols xiv 1 The scope of linguistic archaeology 1 2 The South Asian linguistic scene 39 3 Prehistoric languages of South Asia 62 4 The social context of linguistic convergence 98 5 The Grierson hypothesis revisited: subgroups of Indo-Aryan 126 6 Historical implications of the inner—outer hypothesis 154 7 Palaeobotanical and etymological evidence for the 193 prehistory of South Asian crop plants 8 Some aspects of Dravidian prehistory based on 229 vocabulary reconstruction 9 Maharashtrian place names and the question 288 of a Dravidian substratum 10 Historical linguistics and archaeology in South Asia 322 Bibliography 335 Index 352 CHAPTER SUMMARIES CHAPTER 1. This chapter, intended primarily for non-linguists, discusses the scope of the field of study I have designated as “linguistic archaeology”. This field uses the assumptions and methods of five subfields of linguistics to reconstruct a sociolinguistic context for ancient linguistic forms, i.e. to make inferences from the language of ancient texts and/or linguistic reconstructions about the groups who used the language in question. The five subfields are: historical-comparative linguistics (1.2), which makes inferences about historical relationships among languages on the basis of shared forms, and which (under favorable conditions) makes possible the -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
International Relations and Organisations June 2017 to January 2018
Insights PT 2018 Exclusive International Relations and Organisations June 2017 to January 2018 WWW. INSIGHTSONINDIA . COM Insights PT 2018 Exclusive (International Relations) Table of Contents Bilateral Relations ............................................................................................................. 7 India – China ...................................................................................................................... 7 1. Doklam Dispute .............................................................................................................................. 7 2. India, China ‘clash’ near high-altitude Pangong Lake ........................................................................ 7 3. India – China Trade Deficit ............................................................................................................... 8 India – U.S ......................................................................................................................... 8 1. India major defence partner: U.S. .................................................................................................... 8 2. US House passes Bill for strengthening defence ties with India ........................................................ 9 3. US rolls out expedited entry for ‘low-risk’ Indian travellers .............................................................. 9 4. US- India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) ............................................................................... 9 5. India, US -
Linguistic Survey of India Bihar
LINGUISTIC SURVEY OF INDIA BIHAR 2020 LANGUAGE DIVISION OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA i CONTENTS Pages Foreword iii-iv Preface v-vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix-xi List of Phonetic Symbols xii-xiii List of Maps xiv Introduction R. Nakkeerar 1-61 Languages Hindi S.P. Ahirwal 62-143 Maithili S. Boopathy & 144-222 Sibasis Mukherjee Urdu S.S. Bhattacharya 223-292 Mother Tongues Bhojpuri J. Rajathi & 293-407 P. Perumalsamy Kurmali Thar Tapati Ghosh 408-476 Magadhi/ Magahi Balaram Prasad & 477-575 Sibasis Mukherjee Surjapuri S.P. Srivastava & 576-649 P. Perumalsamy Comparative Lexicon of 3 Languages & 650-674 4 Mother Tongues ii FOREWORD Since Linguistic Survey of India was published in 1930, a lot of changes have taken place with respect to the language situation in India. Though individual language wise surveys have been done in large number, however state wise survey of languages of India has not taken place. The main reason is that such a survey project requires large manpower and financial support. Linguistic Survey of India opens up new avenues for language studies and adds successfully to the linguistic profile of the state. In view of its relevance in academic life, the Office of the Registrar General, India, Language Division, has taken up the Linguistic Survey of India as an ongoing project of Government of India. It gives me immense pleasure in presenting LSI- Bihar volume. The present volume devoted to the state of Bihar has the description of three languages namely Hindi, Maithili, Urdu along with four Mother Tongues namely Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/ Magahi, Surjapuri. -
Grammaticalization Processes in the Languages of South Asia
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Grammaticalization processes in the languages of South Asia Coupe, Alexander R. 2018 Coupe, A. R. (2018). Grammaticalization processes in the languages of South Asia. In H. Narrog, & B. Heine (Eds.), Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective (pp. 189‑218). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0010 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/146316 https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0010 © 2018 Alexander R. Coupe. First published 2018 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Downloaded on 28 Sep 2021 13:23:43 SGT OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/9/2018, SPi 10 Grammaticalization processes in the languages of South Asia ALEXANDER R. COUPE . INTRODUCTION This chapter addresses some patterns of grammaticalization in a broad selection of languages of South Asia, a region of considerable cultural and linguistic diversity inhabited by approximately . billion people living in eight countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) and speaking known languages (Simons and Fennig ). The primary purpose of the chapter is to present representative examples of grammaticalization in the languages of the region—a task that also offers the opportunity to discuss correlations between the South Asian linguistic area and evidence suggestive of contact-induced grammat- icalization. With this secondary objective in mind, the chapter intentionally focuses upon processes that either target semantically equivalent lexical roots and construc- tions or replicate syntactic structures across genetically unrelated languages. The theoretical concept of ‘grammaticalization’ adopted here is consistent with descriptions of the phenomenon first proposed by Meillet (), and subsequently developed by e.g. -
Language, Part IV B(I)(A)-C-Series , Series-9
CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 SERIES 09 - HIMACHAL PRADESH PART IV B(i)(a) - C-Series LANGUAGE Table C-7 State, Districts, Tahsils and Towns . DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, HIMACHAL PRADESH Registrar General of India (In charge of the Census of India and vital statistics) Office Address 2-A, Mansmgh Road, New Deihl 110011, India Telephone (91-11) 338 3761 Fax (91-11) 338 3145 Email rgmdla@hub mc In Internet http f/WWW censuslndla net Registrar General of India's publications can be purchased from the followmg • The Sales Depot (Phone 338 6583) Office of the Registrar General of India 2-A Manslngh Road New Deihl 110 011, India • Directorates of Census Operations In the capitals of all states and union territories In India • The Controller of PublicatIon Old Secretariat CIvil Lines Deihl 110 054 • Kltab Mahal State Emporium Complex, Unit No 21 Saba Kharak Singh Marg New Deihl 110 001 • Sales outlets of the Controller of Publication all over India Census data available on the floppy disks can be purchased from the follOWing • Office of the Registrar General,)ndla Data Processing DIVISIon 2nd Floor, 'E' Wing Pushpa Shawan Madanglr Road New Deihl 110 062, India Telephone (91-11) 6081558 Fax (91-11) 608 0295 Email rgdpd@rgl satyam net In o Registrar General of India The contents of th,s publication may be quoted citing the source clearly PREFACE The Census of Indta IS the only comprehensIve data source on language in IndIa and has been the pioneer m this field The Census of India Report of 1921 notes "As wIth the ethnography so also In the case of the language ofIndia, much of the pioneer work has been done In connection wIth the decenl1lal Census, and the Il1terest in the subject, which eventually leads to Its complete and systematic treatment under expert dIrectIOn is largely due to the contrIbution made by Census Officers m theIr reports" Each Census has added to the rich data base on the subject and provided the basis for WIde ranging study and research. -
A Polyandrous Society in Transition: a CASE STUDY of JAUNSAR-BAWAR
10/31/2014 A Polyandrous Society in transition: A CASE STUDY OF JAUNSAR-BAWAR SUBMITTED BY: Nargis Jahan IndraniTalukdar ShrutiChoudhary (Department of Sociology) (Delhi School of Economics) Abstract Man being a social animal cannot survive alone and has therefore been livingin groups or communities called families for ages. How these ‘families’ come about through the institution of marriage or any other way is rather an elaborate and an arduous notion. India along with its diverse people and societies offers innumerable ways by which people unite to come together as a family. Polyandry is one such way that has been prevalent in various regions of the sub-continent evidently among the Paharis of Himachal Pradesh, the Todas of Nilgiris, Nairs of Travancore and the Ezhavas of Malabar. While polyandrous unions have disappeared from the traditions of many of the groups and tribes, it is still practiced by some Jaunsaris—an ethnic group living in the lower Himalayan range—especially in the JaunsarBawar region of Uttarakhand.The concept of polyandry is so vast and mystifying that people who have just heard of the practice or the people who even did an in- depth study of it are confused in certain matters regarding it. This thesis aims at providing answers to many questions arising in the minds of people who have little or no knowledge of this subject. In this paper we have tried to find out why people follow this tradition and whether or not it has undergone transition. Also its various characteristics along with its socio-economic issues like the state and position of women in such a society and how the economic balance in a polyandrous family is maintained has been looked into. -
The Status of the Least Documented Language Families in the World
Vol. 4 (2010), pp. 177-212 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4478 The status of the least documented language families in the world Harald Hammarström Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig This paper aims to list all known language families that are not yet extinct and all of whose member languages are very poorly documented, i.e., less than a sketch grammar’s worth of data has been collected. It explains what constitutes a valid family, what amount and kinds of documentary data are sufficient, when a language is considered extinct, and more. It is hoped that the survey will be useful in setting priorities for documenta- tion fieldwork, in particular for those documentation efforts whose underlying goal is to understand linguistic diversity. 1. InTroducTIon. There are several legitimate reasons for pursuing language documen- tation (cf. Krauss 2007 for a fuller discussion).1 Perhaps the most important reason is for the benefit of the speaker community itself (see Voort 2007 for some clear examples). Another reason is that it contributes to linguistic theory: if we understand the limits and distribution of diversity of the world’s languages, we can formulate and provide evidence for statements about the nature of language (Brenzinger 2007; Hyman 2003; Evans 2009; Harrison 2007). From the latter perspective, it is especially interesting to document lan- guages that are the most divergent from ones that are well-documented—in other words, those that belong to unrelated families. I have conducted a survey of the documentation of the language families of the world, and in this paper, I will list the least-documented ones. -
2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562 -
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge
Lund University Lund University Master of International Development and Management May 2010 The Seed and the Shaman: Encountering Diversity in Development Indigenous Knowledge Production among the Lohorung Rai of Eastern Nepal Author: Nathaniel Adams Supervisor: Anne Jernek Acronyms _____________________________________________________________ 2 Glossary ______________________________________________________________ 3 1.0 Introduction ________________________________________________________ 5 2.0 Research Problem: Diversity and Poverty in Rural Nepal ____________________ 7 2.1 Diversity in Nepal: What's at Stake __________________________________________ 7 2.2 Deconstructing Rural Poverty and Agricultural Development in Nepal _____________ 9 3.0 Research Purpose and Questions ______________________________________ 10 4.0 Study Construction __________________________________________________ 11 4.1 Study Area _____________________________________________________________ 11 4.2 Methodology and Sampling Technique ______________________________________ 12 4.3 Reliability, Validity and Ethical Considerations _______________________________ 14 5.0 Local Perspectives in Development: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge _______ 15 5.1 Anthropological Perspectives on Indigenous Knowledge ________________________ 15 5.2 Indigenous Knowledge and the Domains of Cultural Memory ___________________ 16 6.0 Indigenous Knowledge and the Construction of Lohorung Identity ___________ 18 6.1 Public Labels ___________________________________________________________