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ETRUSCAN ROMAN REMAINS and Tile OLD RELI6ION ETRUSCAN ROMAN REMAINS AND TIlE OLD RELI6ION The Etruscans are one of history's great mysteries - a sophisticated society that flourished at the heart of the Classical world and then vanished, leaving relatively few archaeological remains and few records of their culture - their beliefs, world view and customs. The Etruscans were more concerned with religious matters than any other nation. They were adept at magic and it is known that Etruscan books of spells were common among the Romans, but they have not survived. While greatly influenced by the Greeks, the Etruscans were known to retain elements of an ancient non-Western culture, and these archaic traits survived well past the rise of Rome, contributing a great deal to the civilization once thought of as purely Roman - gladiators, for example, and many kinds of divination. In this unusual work, Leland seeks to retrieve elements of Etruscan culture from the living popular traditions of remote areas of the Italian countryside where belief in 'the old religion' survives to an astonishing degree. This manifests as stregaria or witchcraft - something more than sorcery and less than faith - and a mythology of spirits that retain the names and attributes of the old Etruscan gods, along with a wealth of traditions, customs, ceremonies and spells which are neither Greek, classical Roman or Christian in origin. Recorded over many years at a time when many of these secret beliefs and practices were beginning to pass away, this remarkable volume deals with ancient gods, spirits, witches, incantations, prophecy, medicine, spells and amulets, giving full descriptions, illustrations and instructions for practice. CHARLES GODFREY LELAND (1824-1903) was a specialist in comparative religions and President of the Gypsy-Lore Society. THE KEGAN PAUL LIBRARY OF ARCANA AN ETHIOPIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD • E. A. Wallis Budge THE BOOK OF MEDICINES • E. A. Wallis Budge AMULETS AND MAGIC • E. A. Wallis Budge THE QUEEN OF SHEBA AND HER SON MENYELEK • E. A. Wallis Rudge THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE CRAFf OF THE HERBALIST • E. A. Wallis Budge THE ROMANCE OF SORCERY • SaxRohmer POSSESSION • T. K Oesterreich THE LADYOFTHE HARE • lohnLayard POISON DAMSELS • N. M Penzer ELIXIRS OF LIFE • Mrs. C F. Leyel ETRUSCAN ROMAN REMAINS • Charles GorffreyLeland EGYPTIAN MAGIC • E. A. Wallis Budge FROl\:TISPIECE. ETRUSCAN ROMAN REMAINS AND TII[ OLD R[LIOION GODS, G08ELINS, DIVINATION AND AMULETS CHARLES GODFREY LELAND ~ ~~o~~~~n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 2002 by Kegan Paul International This edition first published in 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an infonna business © Kegan Paul, 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 0-7103-0762-4 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-7103-0762-0 (hbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. CONTENTS. PART FIRST. GO'DS AN'D GO'BLINS. PAGE INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1. TINIA-TERAMO-BUSCHET-IMPUSA DELLA MORTE-SIERO-NORCIA, THE GODDESS OF TRUFFLES--APLU--TURANNA--PANO • 18 II. MASo-MANIA DELLA NOTTE 49 III. FERONIA-SILVIANo-PALO-ESTA-CARMENTA-IL SENTIERO 54 IV. FAFLON-LO SPIRITO DELLA CONTENTEZZA-CORREDOIO-ORCO-TESANA-SPULVIERO­ URFIA 6-, v. LARES, LASA, AND LASSI-LOSNA-L~RONDA-LEMURI--TAGO-FANIO-QEERCIOLA- SETHANO 80 VI. CARRADORA-VIRN--BERGOIA-BUGHIN-GANZIO--ALPENA • • IOj VII. TITUNO--ALBINA-VERBIO-DUSIO-REMLE-JANO, MEANA, MONTULGA, TALENA-PICO 122 VIII. FLORIA--RA-BOVO-ATTILIO-LA BELLA MARTA-DIANA AND HERODIAS--OFFERINGS TO SPIRITS • 1 36 IX. IL SPIRITO DEL SCALDINO-ARTEMISIA-RED CAP-OF SORCERY IN' Al':CIENT ART-THE GODDESS OF THE FOUR WINDS, L'ERBA ROSOLACCIO-MADONNA DEL FUOCO-LA CAVALLETTA • • 159 X. CUPRA--WALNUT WITCHES-WITCHES AND WITCHCRAFT-ZANCHI-HAIL AND CLOUD MEN'-STORIES OF WITCHES AND GOBLINS-WIZARD SAINTS • 182 vi PART SECOND. INCcANTcATIO;)(S, DIVINA TION, MEDICINE, ~4N'D AMULETS. CHAP. PAGE 1. LA STALLA DI MAIALE-THE SPELL OF THE IVY AND THE STATUE-THE SPELL OF THE HARE-THE SPELL OF THE SPIDER--THE SPELL OF THE GREEN LIZARD. II. BIRDS AND TREASURES-THE SPELL OF THE FALLING STAR-THE SPELL OF THE ACORNS -THE SPELL OF THE SWALLOW-MINOR CURES FROM MARCELLUS-THE THREE WISE MEN OF THE EAST AND THE WITCH-MEDALS . 27 0 III. THE EXORCISM OF DEATH-THE SPELL OF THE CRADLE-DIVINATION WITH LEAD- DIVINATION BY OIL-PYROMANCY AND INCENSE-THE SPELL OF THE LAMP • IV. EVIL INCANTATIONS-THE SPELL OF THE HOLY STONE AND THE SALAGRANA-THE SPELL OF THE SHELL P.ND THE TONE OF THE STONE-THE SPELL OF THE SNAIL- IL CANTO' DEL GALLO-DIVINATION WITH ASHES V. THE AMETHYST-THE SPELL OF THE BLACK HEN-THE SPELL OF THE BELL-THE SPELL OF THE BOILING CLOTHES-RING SORCERY-AMULETS, OMENS, AND SMALL SORCERIES-LEAD AND ANTIMONY ~+9 INDEX . 3i7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TURAN, OR VENUS. (From Gerhard, who gives it as one of the DiitR01Jen der Aphrodite. Probably an error.-CHARLES G. LELAND) Frolttispiect' PAGE TURMS, OR MERCURY. (Initial T) TINIA, JUPITER. (Initial I) 18 APLU (APOLLO), TINIA, AND TERAMO (JUPITER AND MERCURY) 20 TERAMO (TURUS; MERCURY) 24 NORTIA. (Initial T) 34 NORTIA. (Full-page, restored) . 35 APLU (APOLLO) AND AItTEMISIA 39 PAN, PANO. (Fro 111 Gori) 46 LASA. (Headpiece) 49 MARS, MASO. (Initial 0) 49 MARS, WINGED. (Gerhard) 50 MARS. (Full-page, after a bronze) 52 EVIL SPIRIT. (Etruscan.) (Tailpiece) 53 DIANA AND VIRBIUS. (Headpiece) 54 FERONIA. (Initial T) 54 SILVANUS AND NYMPH 59 HOUSE GOBLIN, OR ETRUSCAN BROWNIE. (Tailpiece) . 64 HEADPIECE. (Froin rpde Etruscan vase) 65 FUFLUNS (BACCHUS). (Initial T) 65 FUFLUNS, BACCHUS, APOLLO, AND SEMELE 66 ETRUSCAN ORNAMENT. (From Dennis). (Tailpiece). 7 1 CORREDOIO. (Initial I) 72 THESAN (TESANA), LALAE, LINTHUN, MEMRUN (MEMNON) 76 CUPIDS. (Headpiece) 80 LASA. (Initial B) 80 LASA, OR GlJARDIAN SPIRIT 81 LASA OR FAIRY, AND FAUNUS 85 TINIA AND LASA 88 LOSNA. (From a Mirror) 92 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS. PAGE TAGO, TAGES . 96,97 ETRUSCAN RURAL DEITIES. (From Gerhard) 99 FAUN. (From a Patera) . 101. SETHLANS (VULCAN) AND THE TROJAN HORSE 1°5 ROMAN MASK (in British Museum) AND CUPIDS. (Tailpiece) 106 CARRADORA. (Initial C) . 1°7 BEGOE. BYGOE. (Gori) . 115 ALPAN. (Corssen) . 11.0 ETRUSCAN VASE. (Tailpiece) 12.1 HEADPIECE. (C. G. L.) IZZ MUNTHUCHA. (Corssen) . 133 BELLARIA 134­ LEMURES. (Headpiece) 136 FLORIA. (Initial T) 13 6 HEADPIECE. (C. G. L.) 159 IL SPIRITO DEL SCALDINO. (Initial D) (C. G. L.) 159 RED-CAP ON A ROMAN LAMP 164­ HEADPIECE 182 CUPRA. (Initial 0) 182 DUSI0. (Vignette.) (C. G. L.) 2+8 HEADPIECE. (C. G. L.) 25 1 INITIAL W 25 1 ATTITUDE FOR DREAMING • 1.53 FAUN, OR FAFLON (BACCHUS). (Tailpiece). 269 HEADPIECE 27° WOODPECKER AND MONEY. (Initial I) 27° LOSNA. (From Bronze Votive Offerings) . 285 HEADPIECE. (From Vase, Museum of Florence) 3°3 INITIAL T. (C. G. L.) 3°3 HEADPIECE AND INITIAL T. (C. G. L.) 326 DANCING GIRL AND BOY. (Tailpiece) 34- 8 INITIAL 1. eC. G. L.) 34-9 I. ETRUSCAN BRONZE BELL, FROM CHIUSI, WORN AS AN AMULET. (In possession of the writer.) 1.. OLD ROMAK MAGIC BELL 357 LETTERED CYLINDER. 362 ROMAN SLING-STONE . 373 BOY AND LANTERN. (Vignette) 375 BRONZE ETRUSCAN AMULET AGAINST THE EVIL EYE. (In possession of the Author) 376 INTRODUCTION. HERE is in Northern Italy a tnountain district known as La ROlnagna Toscana, the inhabitants of ,vhich speak a rude form of the Bolognese dialect. These l~omagnoli arc tnanifestly a very ancient race, and appear to have preserved tra- 2 1NTRODUG-'T10iV. ditions and observances little changed froln an incredibly' early time. It has been a question of late years whether the Bolognese are of Etrurian origin, and it seems to have been generally decided that they are not. With this I have nothing \vhatever to do. They \\tere probably there before the Etruscans. But the latter at one time held all Italy, and it is very likely. that they left in remote districts those traces of their culture to which this book refers. The name Romagna is applied to their district because it once forlued part of the Papal or Roman dominion, and it is not to be confounded \vith La Romagna proper. Roughly speaking, the region to \vhich I refer may be described as I}Ting between Forli and l~avenna. Among these people, streger£a, or witchcraft-or, as I have • heard it called, "fa veccltz"a relig-ione" (or" the old religion ")-exists to a degree \vhich would even astonish many Italians. This stregeria, or old religion, is some­ thing more than a sorcery, and sOlnething less than a faith. It consists in remains of a mythology of spirits, the principal of \vhom preserve the names and attributes of the old Etruscan gods, such as T£ll£a, or Jupiter, Fajloll, or Bacchus, and Teral1zo (in Etruscan Turnls), or Mercury. With these there still exist, in a few memories, the 'most ancient Roman rural deities, such as Silvanus, Palus, Pan, and the Fauns.
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