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Elements of Roman Religion in the Fourth Book of Propertius 1852 ELEMENTS OF ROMAN RELIGION IN THE FOURTH BOOK OF PROPERTIUS by E. C. Marquis Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor j^f Philosophy Ottawa, Canada, 1973 £ME.C. Marquis, Ottawa, 1974. UMI Number: DC53619 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53619 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 CURRICULUM STUDIORUM E. C. Marquis was born May 20, 1940, in Sarnia, Ontario. He received the Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Latin from University College, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, in 1963 and the Master of Arts degree in Latin from The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, in 1969. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A dissertation such as this is the result of the fruit of many labours; there is a debt owed to the many scholars, past and present, without whose painstaking and diligent efforts this modest contribution of mine might never have been and whose inspiration may be hinted at by a glance at the Bibliography. I sincerely hope that this present work will do honour both to their memory and to their scholarship. More immediately, the writer owes the greatest debt of gratitude to Prof. S. Kresic, Dipl. E.S. (Zagreb), of the Department of Classical Studies, University of Ottawa, under whose able supervision the dissertion was prepared. I am especially grateful to him because he had the great wisdom and that kind of humility most commonly found in truly exceptional men to allow me to write my thesis as I wanted to write it, never attempting to graft onto my consciousness ideas or deductions which were his own; by his immense scholarship and through the inspirational force of his humanitas he truly merits the title of Arbeitsvater. What began as the phototropic attraction of the scholarly researcher to those qualities of mind and soul so manifestly apparent in Prof Kresic has now widened and deepened into a lasting friendship. Hopefully, his inspirational force is IV accurately reflected herein. I owe a great deal of gratitude as well to Prof. P- Brind'Amour, D. Lett (Strasbourg), of the Department of Classical Studies, who very kindly undertook to read my MS chapter by chapter and whose comments and suggestions, always most relevant and unstintingly given, have done much to improve both the tone and the content of this work. His patience, his wit and his magnanimity offer living proof of the continued existence of a res publica virorum doctorum. I would be sorely remiss were I to fail to acknowl­ edge my gratitude to the Chairman of the Department, Prof. M. Roussel, D. Phil. (Paris), whose encouragement and support were ever present. In addition to all the manifold problems of administration which beset the Chairman of a large University department in the first year of his duties, Prof Roussel had also to contend with my importunities. For his kindness and understanding I am truly grateful. I owe a special debt of thanks in the true sense to the Canada Council, whose generous Fellowship grants enabled me to pursue my studies in a relatively secure financial con­ dition. It is indeed comforting to know that in these times the Classics are still considered worthy of support by our government and I truly hope that this work will do the Council credit and justify their faith and interest. A large part of any academic research is carried out in the library and if certain vital volumes are not V immediately to hand, one then has recourse to Inter-Library Loan. The dispatch with which one's requests are handled often means the difference of a week or two in the progress of one's studies. I should therefore like most sincerely to offer my heartfelt thanks to the girls in the Inter-Library Loan department of the University Library, whose competence, ability and great good humour made my researches both profit­ able and pleasant. The physical attractiveness which this dissertation presents to the reader is due completely to the professional abilities of my typist, Mrs. J.G. Carriere, who managed to be both proficient and cheerful at all times. Always willing to delete a phrase or add a comma, her skill is evident on every page. I come now to the mention of my final, and in many respects most profound, debt of gratitude, that owed to my wife. It was she who had to live with this work every bit as intimately as I, she who had to work to help support our family while I was engaged full-time in my researches and who, as I read her chapter after chapter, would often suggest a change of phrase or indeed a completely new line of reasoning. It is most literally true that without her unflagging support and encouragement this work would never have been written, so that in addition to everything else she has meant, she also served as my Muse: o 6' o\Bios, ov Tiva Mouaax <j>fXu)Vxai. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Important Abbreviations ix List of Figures xi INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 IN THE BEGINNING 8 1.1 Phrygian Aeneas 8 1.2 Tarpeius Pater 14 1.3 Quirites 17 1.4 ' externos . divos ' 25 1. 5 The Parilia 31 1.5.1 Elements of the Parilia 35 1.5.2 The Parilia and the Celtic Bealtme 37 1. 6 The Curtus Equus 4 2 1. 7 The Vestalia 54 1. 8 The Compitalia 63 1.8.1 Lustratio 66 1.8.2 Piaculum 71 1. 9 Venus Erycina 76 1.10 The Sibyl of Avernus 82 1.11 An Astrological Chart 87 1.11.1 The Horoscope 91 1.11.2 The Interpretation 96 1.12 The Gate of Cancer 103 2.0 VERTUMNUS 117 2.1 Introduction 119 2.2 Origin 121 2.3 Etymology 127 2.4 Veltune, God of Beginnings 134 3.0 TARPEIA 137 3.1 The Grove 146 3.2 Vesta 155 3.3 The Role of the Parilia 160 vii page 4.0 ACANTHIS 167 4.1 Magic and Religion 167 4.2 The Powers of the Witch 171 4.3 The Name: Acanthis 179 4.4 Other Magical Elements: Crow, Werewolf, Dove 186 4.5 The Magical Meaning of the Caprificus 191 5.0 APOLLO AND AUGUSTUS 198 5.1 The Mythology of the Principate 198 5.2 A Contemporary Aition 204 5.3 Apollo as a Civilizing God 206 5.4 Apollo and the Trojan Origins of Rome 211 5.5 Prophecies of a New Saeculum and Golden Age 214 5.6 iam regnat Apollo! 221 6 . 0 DREAMS AND THE SPIRIT WORLD 224 6.1 The Roman Conception of the Manes 225 6.2 The Affirmation: sunt aliquid Manes 235 6. 3 The Term Manes in Properties 239 6.4 The Importance of Dreams 243 6.5 The 'Pious Gates' 250 6.6 The Manes and Dreams 258 7.0 JUNO S.M.R. AND THE SNAKE-CULT OF LANUVIUM 263 7.1 The Oracular Snake 266 7. 2 The Founding of Lanuvium 270 7.3 Juno S.M.R 274 7.4 The Similarity of Juno of Lanuvium to Athena 281 7.5 DAUNOS/FAUNUS and Hercules 285 7.6 A Syncretic Cult? 287 8.0 HERCULES IN ITALY 294 8.1 Hercules Invictus: The Cacus Legend 296 8.2 Geryon/Garanus 303 8.3 Bona Pea 308 8.3.1 Ancient Attempts at Identification . 310 8.3.2 The Cult 314 8.3.3 The Ban on Myrtle 322 8.3.4 The Presence of Snakes 324 8.3.5 Sacrifice of a Porca 325 viii page 8.4 Rusticus 328 8.5 The Poplar Tree 330 8.6 The ara Maxima 334 8.7 Sancus 338 8.7.1 IITOSAN.QVOS 341 9.0 JUPPITER FERETRIUS AND THE SPOLIA OPIMA 348 9.1 The Cult 351 9.2 Etymology 353 9.3 The Spolia Opima 355 9.4 The Recipients 359 9.4.1 Romulus 359 9.4.2 A. Cornelius Cossus 361 9.4.3 M. Claudius Marcellus 363 9.5 An Exemplum of Virtus 366 10.0 THE LAUDATIO OF CORNELIA: exemplum muliebre 37 7 10.1 Cornelia 378 10.2 The Laudatio 380 10.3 The Stream of Elysium 399 10.4 The Scribonii Libones 401 10.5 The Puteal Scribonianum 404 10.6 Woman as Religious Exemplum 410 CONCLUSION 414 BIBLIOGRAPHY 422 APPENDIX 1: BOOK FOUR AND THE GENS FABIA 448 1. Fabius Lupercus 448 2. Transvectio Equitum 451 3. Rome and the Quirinal 452 4. Hercules and Fabula 454 5. The Epithet licens 458 6. Venus Erycina 459 7. Paullus Fabius Maximus 465 APPENDIX 2: ABSTRACT OF "ELEMENTS OF ROMAN RELIGION IN THE FOURTH BOOK OF PROPERTIUS" 471 LIST OF IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS Altheim ALTHEIM, Fr., Rbmische Religionsges- chichte (Samm. Goschen, 1035/1052) , Berlin, 1956. Bayet BAYET, J., Histoire politique et psychologique de la Religion Romaine2, Paris, 1969.
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