The Baltavar Hippotherium: a Mixed Feeding Upper Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East- Central Europe)

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The Baltavar Hippotherium: a Mixed Feeding Upper Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East- Central Europe) ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Beiträge zur Paläontologie Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 30 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kaiser Thomas M., Bernor Raymond L. Artikel/Article: The Baltavar Hippotherium: A mixed feeding Upper Miocene hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East-Central Europe) 241-267 ©Verein zur Förderung der Paläontologie am Institut für Paläontologie, Geozentrum Wien Beitr. Paläont., 30:241-267, Wien 2006 The Baltavar Hippotherium: A mixed feeding Upper Miocene hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East- Central Europe) by Thomas M. Kaiser 1} & Raymond L. Bernor * 2) Kaiser , Th.M. & B ernor , R.L., 2006. The Baltavar Hippotherium. A mixed feeding Upper Miocene hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East-Central Europe). — Beitr. Palaont., 30:241-267, Wien. Abstract browse ratio of 50/50% in its diet. The impala lives in tropi­ cal east Africa in grass dominated open environments like The genus Hippotherium evolved in Central and Western bushland and Acacia savannahs but also in Acacia forests Europe following the “Hipparion Datum” and is particu­ and other deciduous woodlands. It further has one of the larly remarkable for its complexly ornamented enamel pli­ most abrasive diets among extant mixed feeders and is con­ cations on the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth. The sistently classified next to the grazers in mesowear evalu­ Baltavar hipparion assemblage is of importance because it ation. The comparatively abrasive diet of H. “microdon” represents one of the latest known populations of Central suggests the presence of grass or other abrasive vegetation European Hippotherium. The Baltavar fauna accumulated in the Baltavar paleohabitat. Compared to Hippotherium cf. during the regressive phase of the Late Miocene Pannon- intrans, the larger bodied equid species at Baltavar, we sug­ ian Lake, and is most likely MN 12 correlative, circa 7.5-7 gest that Hippotherium “microdon ” probably favored more Ma. Baltavar represents the best assemblage of Central open conditions and was likely a more efficient cursorial European Turolian mammals known. The paleoenviron- form. We suspect that Hippotherium “microdon ” favored ments were likely much like Pikermi, being open country open, deltaic habitats where fresh grass was abundant and woodlands. The most abundant large mammal at Baltavar carnivores prevalent. was the equid Hippotherium “microdon' ’ We describe the morphology of a representative sample of maxillary and Keywords: Hippotherium, Equidae, Miocene, Hungary mandibular jaws and teeth from Baltavar. We also analyse metacarpal Ill’s (MC III), metatarsal Ill’s (MT III) and 1st phalanx Ill’s. The MC Ill’s are relatively elongate and Kurzfassung moderately robust, while the MT Ill’s are relatively elongate and slender. Dental and postcranial remains share a number Die Gattung Hippotherium entwickelte sich nach dem of discrete and continuous characters with Hippotherium, “Hipparion Datum” in Mittel- und Westeuropa. Kenn­ invalidating the referral to Hipparion s.s. However, for zeichnend sind die komplex ornamentierten Schmelz­ the sake of taxonomic stability, we prefer to recognize plikationen der oberen und unteren Backenzähne. Die the nomen Hippotherium „microdon“ for the majority of Hipparionen von Baltavar sind vor allem deshalb so be­ the Baltavar specimens and Hippotherium cf. intrans for deutsam, weil es sich bei ihnen um die jüngste bekannte the two metapodials cited herein. The mesowear method mitteleuropäische Population von Hippotherium handelt. is used to assess the dietary behavior of Hippotherium Die Fauna von Baltavar repräsentiert die regressive Phase “microdon' ’ at Baltavar. The dietary reference species for des obermiozänen pannonischen Sees, und ist mit großer the Baltavar population is the modern impala ( Aepyceros Wahrscheinlichkeit mit MN 12 (7,5-7 Ma) zu korrelie­ melampus), a balanced mixed feeder which has a grass / ren. Baltavar repräsentiert die umfangreichste bekannte Ansammlung turolischer Säugetiere in Mitteleuropa. Als offene Waldlandschaften waren die Paläo-Lebensräume 0 Dr. Thomas M. K aiser , Biozentrum Grindel und Zoolo­ wahrscheinlich denen von Pikermi sehr ähnlich. Das gisches Museum, University Hamburg, D-20146 Ham­ häufigste überlieferte große Säugetier in Baltavar war burg, Germany; e-mail: thomas.kaiser@uni-hamburg. der Equide Hippotherium “microdon”. Es wird die Mor­ de phologie einer repräsentativen Stichprobe maxillärer und mandibulärer Kiefer und Zähne von Baltavar beschrieben. 2) Dr. Raymond L. B ernor , College of Medicine, Depart­ Ferner werden Metacarpalia III (MC III), Metatarsalia III ment of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, (MT III) and erste Phalangen III analysiert. Die MC III Howard University, 520 W St. N.W., Washington D.C. sind relativ lang gestreckt und mäßig robust, während die 20059, USA; e-mail: [email protected] MT III relativ lang gestreckt und schlank sind. Dentale ©Verein zur Förderung der Paläontologie am Institut für Paläontologie, Geozentrum Wien 242 Beitr. Paläont., 30, Wien, 2006 und postkraniale Überreste teilen eine Reihe von Ge­ Gras, aber auch einer großen Carnivorendichte als Le­ meinsamkeiten in diskreten und metrischen Merkmalen bensraum bevorzugte. mit Hippotherium, die eine Zuweisung zu Hipparion s.s. ausschließen. Aus Gründen der taxonomischen Sta­ bilität wird das Nomen Hippotherium „microdon “ der 1. Introduction Mehrzahl der Stücke von Baltavar zugewiesen, sowie Hippotherium cf. intrans für zwei hier vorgestellte Me­ Hipparionine horses originated in North America circa tapodien. Die Mesowearmethode wird eingesetzt, um 16 Ma and underwent an extensive evolutionary radiation das Ernährungsverhalten von Hippotherium “microdon ” there ( Woodburne , in press) prior to their entry into the Old von Baltavar abzuschätzen. Die auf die Diät bezogene World between 11.2 and 10.8 Ma. The first occurring Old rezente Referenzart für die Population von Baltavar ist die World hipparion belonged to the genus Cormohipparion, Impalaantilope ( Aepyceros melampus), ein ausgewogener known to occur in Turkey and Ethiopia shortly following Mischkostfresser mit einem Gras / Konzentrat-Verhältnis the so-called “Hipparion Datum” (B ernor et al., 1996b; von 50/50 %. Impalas leben im tropischen Ostafrika und Woodburne et al., 1996; B ernor et al., 2003a, b; 2004). bevorzugen dort grasdominierte offene Lebensräume The genus Hippotherium evolved in Central and Western wie Buschland und akaziendominierte Baumsavannen. Europe following the “Hipparion Datum” and is particu­ Sie sind jedoch auch in Akazienwäldern und anderen larly remarkable for its complexly ornamented enamel laubwerfenden Waldhabitaten anzutreffen. Die Impala­ plications on the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth. antilope hat ferner unter den rezenten Mischkostfressern Recent research on Central European Hippotherium eine der abrasivsten Diäten und wird in Mesowearanalysen (B ernor & Franzen , 1997; B ernor et al., 1993a, b, 1997, stets in der Nachbarschaft der Grasfresser klassifiziert. 1999, 2003a, b; K aiser et al., 2000, 2003; Scott et al., Die vergleichsweise abrasive Diät von H. “microdon ” 2005a, b) has established that the earliest locally occurring verweist auf die Gegenwart von Gräsern oder anderen members of this clade had highly complex enamel plica­ abrasiven Vegetationskomponenten im Paläo-Lebensraum tions, but had a body size and metapodial proportions not von Baltavar. Verglichen mit Hippotherium cf. intrans, dissimilar to first occurring Turkish Cormohipparion, C. der großwüchsigsten Equidenart von Baltavar ist es nahe sinapensis (B ernor et al., 2003c). An extensive analysis of liegend, dass Hippotherium “microdon ” wahrscheinlich the postcranial skeleton (B ernor et al., 1997,1999; Scott eher offene Bedingungen bevorzugte und eine eher cur- et al., 2005b) suggests that German, Austrian, Hungarian soriale Form war. Es ist zu vermuten, dass Hippotherium and Italian members of the Hippotherium clade underwent “microdon ” offene Deltahabitate mit reichlich frischem a modest evolutionary radiation that included character ©Verein zur Förderung der Paläontologie am Institut für Paläontologie, Geozentrum Wien Kaiser , Th.M. & Bernor , R.L., The Baltavar Hippotherium 243 Pannonian displacement in size and postcranial proportions. The Symbol Name MN unit Zone Baltavar hipparion assemblage is of importance because it is substantial in its number of identifiable elements, and M Maragheh, NW Iran 11 to 12 represents one of the latest known populations of Central Austria (all Locality 6 entries) unknown European Hippotherium. The assemblage’s referral to Hip­ b Inzersdorf E 9 potherium “microdon ” is discussed further, below. Gols H? 11? Baltavar is a vertebrate locality situated in western Hun­ gary, west-northwest of Lake Balaton. The locality was d Schwechat unknown discovered in 1850 during the construction of a postal Rendezvousberg unknown road between Budapest and Graz. An unnamed Austrian f Prottes H? 11 or 12 engineer working on the edge of the small Hungarian Wieden am See unknown town of Berbaltavar was undertaking a cut in the hill g known to local people as “Kancsal” when his team of h Atzelsdorf C 9 excavators uncovered abundant bones and teeth of fossil Mariental C 9 mammals. He contacted the Court Museum at Vienna j Laaerberg E 9 (now the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien) about their discovery and the museum, in turn,
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