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The Intricacies of Rome's Subjugation and Assimilation of Etruria Master's Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate S The Intricacies of Rome’s Subjugation and Assimilation of Etruria Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr. Cheryl Walker, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Michael Lundberg February 2020 Copyright by Michael Lundberg © 2020 ABSTRACT The Intricacies of Rome’s Subjugation and Assimilation of Etruria A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Michael Lundberg Etruscan history is scant and accounts of their own history essentially nonexistent, resulting in their origins being fiercely debated amongst scholars. Etruscologists’ primary arguments are whether Etruscan culture developed primarily in Italy or Asia Minor. Although historical accounts from Herodotus and Dionysius of Halicarnassus and archaeological evidence primarily from mitochondrial DNA studies have been to used try to establish their origins, nothing definite has been ascertained. Etruria’s fall to the Romans is one of the few definitive facts known about Etruscan history. The means by which they fell, however, are another debate amongst scholars. While the Roman conquest of Etruria is often depicted as a straightforward military annex, it was actually done by means of diplomacy, establishment of colonies, military strategy, and the thorough implementation of Roman administration. Rome was able to siege and sack the Etruscan city of Veii with minimal assistance from other Etruscan city-states, taking advantage of the ire of other Etruscan cities felt towards Veii because of Veii’s appointment of a king. Veii’s fall to Rome served as a powder keg in its domination of Italy, as the fall of a chief economic rival gave Rome considerably more room to expand its economy and military. Rome’s iii use of colonies was a large factor in facilitating its expansion, as they allowed for Rome to establish key defensive positions and enabled them to cut off their enemies both militarily and economically. Colonies like Cosa were important following Rome’s conquest of Etruria, as they allowed Rome to strengthen its influence in conquered regions and weaken the conquered cities by cutting off key economic routes (i.e. Cosa cutting off Vulci’s control of the Maremma coastline). Archaeological excavations of cities like Veii, Vulci, and Volsinii are all vital to understanding how Rome dealt with conquered Etruscan cities, with Veii showing how Rome would sometimes utterly a destroy a rival city from memory and the earth, Vulci conversely how Rome would implement a city into its system thoroughly, and Volsinii a strange combination of the two. More archaeological excavations tasked with discovering the transition between Etruscan and Roman periods of occupation will need to be conducted to determine to full extent of how Rome dealt with conquered Etruscan cities. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: The Complexity of Etruscan Origins ......................................................................... 2 Chapter 2: Rome’s Strategies in Subduing Etruria ................................................................ 14 Chapter 3: Rome’s Assimilation of Etruria ........................................................................... 31 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 44 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 58 v List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Etruria ............................................................................................................... 50 Figure 2: Map of Roman and Latin Colonies in Italy ................................................................... 51 Figure 3: Plan of Cosa................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 4: Cosa’s Relative Location to Vulci ................................................................................. 53 Figure 5: Map of Paestum’s Forum and Abandoned Agora ......................................................... 54 Figure 6: Map of Vulci ................................................................................................................. 54 Figure 7: Drone photo of Surrounding Duke Excavation ............................................................. 55 Figure 8: Domus Cryptoporticus .................................................................................................. 55 Figure 9: Duke Excavation Site, Cistern in the Top Center of Unit ............................................. 56 Figure 10: Identical Model in Museo Villa Guilia to Model Found at Vulci (top) ...................... 57 vi List of Tables Table 1: Priscae Latinae Coloniae: List originally from M.K. Termeer’s “Early colonies in Latium (ca 534-338 BC) A reconsideration of current images and the archaeological evidence”............................................................................................................................... 48 Table 2: List of Roman Colonies (municipium) established following the Latin War to 245 B.C.E.: List originally from Kathryn Lomas’ The Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars ............................................................................................................................ 48 Table 3: List of Latin Colonies Following the Latin War ............................................................ 49 vii Introduction Before Rome was the dominant power in Italy, Etruria (Figure 1) reigned supreme. While it was more a league of city-states than a unified state, the Etruscans were a major Mediterranean power in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E. They began to decline in the fifth century B.C.E., which coincided with Rome’s gradual, then swift rise to power. For Rome to rise, Etruria had to fall. Once the overlords of Rome, by the third century B.C.E., all of Etruria had fallen under Roman hegemony. Rome’s subjugation of Etruria is often wrongly viewed through the lens of Rome’s later conquests, with whole regions being annexed in wars. Rome in its infancy did not have the capability to do this to Etruria, so their strategies were far more complex than mere military conquest. Another striking aspect of Etruria’s loss of independence to Rome is the lack of any evidence of a mass revolt from a proud and advanced civilization. Rome’s subjugation of Etruria was accomplished by the strategy of divide and conquer by means of diplomacy, establishment of colonies, military strategy, and the thorough implementation of Roman administration. Another aspect of Etruscans that must be understood is Etruscan identity, as it is key to seeing how it became assimilated into the Roman world. One of the best ways to understand Etruscan identity is by exploring the complex nature of Etruscan origins. This work will not attempt to provide the entire account of the Roman subjugation of Etruria, as both archaeological and historical evidence only provides a partial fragment of what occurred, but rather through these case studies show the means by which it was accomplished. 1 Chapter 1: The Complexity of Etruscan Origins One of the most vital aspects of understanding Etruria’s assimilation into Rome is understanding what makes their culture unique and one of the best ways to understand their cultural identity is by understanding their origins. While modern scholars debate many aspects of the Etruscans, their origin is one of the largest points of contention: Did they develop their culture inside or outside Italy? The prevailing theory of their origin outside of Italy is that the Etruscans originated from Asia Minor. Herodotus is often seen as the primary ancient source to support this theory, writing that the Etruscans descended from the Lydians.1 In Herodotus’ account, the origins of the Lydian colonization of Tyrrhenia (Etruria) stem from a great famine in Lydia. The famine continued for eighteen years, so the Lydian king Atys split the populace into two groups, those who would stay and those that must leave.2 The king’s son Tyrrhenus led the group that left by sea and journeyed to Umbria: hereafter the Tyrrhenian civilization expanded into the surrounding area.3 Herodotus states: “They sailed past the lands of many peoples until they finally reached the land of the Ombrikoi, where they halted, built cities and still dwell to this day. Moreover, they changed their name from Lydians to Tyrrhenians, to commemorate the king’s son who led the expedition”.4 1 Herodotus, The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories (Trans. By Andrea Purvis and edited by Robert Strassler (New York: Anchor Books, 2009), 1.94. 2 Ibid., 1.94. 3 Ibid., 194. 4 Herodotus, Histories, 1.94. 2 While Herodotus typically provides several differing accounts in his Histories, for Etruscan
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