Bibliography on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS

Bibliography Unit Library & Technical Information Section Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay, Bombay 85. India

1970 We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy was used for preparing the master fiche. FOREWORD

The subject of peaceful uses of nuclear explosions hns been attracting increasing attention in view of i~s immense potentialities. The United States of America and the Soviet Union, which are among the countries most advanced in the field of nuclear science and technology, have already conducted several experiments in this direction and have several projects underway. The principai aim of the compilation of the present bibliography is to make available to the Indian scientists and engineers up-to-date information on the subject based upon all available literature.

The bibliography comprises 685 references with in- formative abstracts. The main sources of information used for compiling it are .-Nuclear Science Abstracts, (NSA), primary journals and reports. Whenever USA is referred to, its volume and abstract numbers are given at the bottom of the abstract. In addition to the author and report number indexes, a list of major Plowshare events is also given. The compiler of this bibliography is Miss.ft.A.liagarathna of the IN IS Unit of the Library and Technical Information Section of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Although every effort has been cade to include all available published literature in this field till May 1970, omissions are inevitable. Any additions suggested will be gratefully acknowledged and incorporated in the revised version.

(v.i Scientific Information Officer c o :; r 3 :; : 3

I. Bibliographies 1 II.A, General applications f B . Phenomenology -iT-> III* Safety aspects 66 IV,, Chemical applications 60 V, Excavation 91 ^A. Aggregate production ani Quarrying 102 B^ Canals 1C? C, Dams 121 D# Harbours 123 E, Highways and Railways 128 P« Phenomenology i?£ VI. Natural resources devtloprvut . ~- A. Gas 209 B. Oil f25 C. Mining £46 D. Waste disposal £<-'" S, Water resources 26? P. Phenomenology '-'72 VII. Scientific applies si.us -95 A. Heavy element production 298 B. Neutron physics 30b 0. Seismology 316 VIII. Author Index 326 IX. Report number Index 333 X. List of Major Plowshare ~v~nzs -T3b I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1) Ber.ton, M. PEACEFUL USES OF wUCISAR EXPLOSIONS: G3OLOGV, SEISMOLOGY BEHAVIOR 0? SOILS-AND ROCKS.

France". Centre d'Etudes. CEA-Bib-152. .-.pr. 1969. 200p. Abstract : This literature survey consists cf ?54 com- plementary referen-.es. The documents are classified into four categories: general considerations, contained explosions, seismology, behavior o£ soils, rocks, and underground water daring nuclear explosions or under conditions of very high pressure or temperature. The referenees are listed chronologically.

(NSA: 23: 31443). 2) Berton, M. . APPLICATIONS SCIEHTIFIQUES DES EXPLOSIONS NITCIEAIRES. 1EHE PARTIS. EXCAVATIONS (GRATERBJG) .

Prance, Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires. GSA-Bib-63. •ct. 1965. 90p.• Ibstract: This bibliography is made up of 283 references to documents, almost all American, on the subject of the formation of craters by nuclear explosives. They are presented in three groups: reports; review articles; and symposia, films and books. The documents, are grouped together according to t^e important American programs for using the explosions for civil engineering work: extensive excavations, building of ports, canals, damSj drilling of mines. The research concerns the detection of explosions, and the seismological phenomena produced by the explosions have been deliberately omitted. The numerous PLOWSHARE Projects have been gathered together up to the last reports cited in May 1965 by the Sac lay Central Library. A subject index is included.

(NSA: 19: 46466) Contd - 2 -

3) Berton, M. APPLICATIONS SOIENTIFIQUESDES EXPLOSIONS NUCLEAIKES. 2 BMB PART IB. GEOLOGIS, SEISMOLOGIES ETUDE DES_ SOLS, FRACTURE DES ROCHES, (Scientific Applications of N»- clear explosions. Part 2. Geology: Seismology, Sx>il studies, Rock Fissuring) . ... Prance. Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires. CEA-Bib-66. Dec.1965. 158p. ' . Abstract: Seven hundred (700) references are given to journals and reports published from 1960-1965'. TR£"<~ references are classified into two main groups: first seismology, then studies concerning the behavior of soils, ground, and subterranean waters when rocks are cracked during nuclear explosions, An author index is included.

(NSA: 20: 18855) .

4) Berton, M. '

PEACEFUL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. PART 3. MINES, CHEMISTRY, AND GAS AND OIL EXTRACTION. France, Centre d'Etudes. CEA-BIb-129. Dec. 1968. Abstract: A bibliography consisting of 397 articles dealing with the industrial, peaceful, and scientific ' applications of nuclear explosions is presented which. lists mainly U.S. documents relating to the Plovshare program. In addition Australian, French, German, Italian and Russian information in this field is covered, The documents are presented in four main categories of nuclear explosion application: chemical (isotope and radioisotope production;; extraction of gas and oil; general; and mining.

(NSA: 23: 15992.

5) ESPLOSIOHI NUCLEARl SOTTERRANBB. (Bibliography nn Under- ground Nuclear Explosions) .

Italy, Centro di Studi Nucleari. NP-15867. 1963. 52p. Abstract: References (107) are given to reports an-' journals published from 1950 through 1962. Report number in-

Contd... - 3 -

dexes are included. (NSAi 20: 14661).

6) Gerber, G.R., Voress, H.3.

PLOWSHARE: A SELECTED ANNOTATED 3IBLI0GRAPHY OP THE CIVIL, INDUSTRIAL, MD -SCIENTIFIC USES POP. NUCiEAR EXPLOSIVES. TID~3522 (8th Rev.). May 1966. 108p. Abstract :• This bibliography presents annotated references arranged by subject. A guide to where the reports may be obtained and their cost, a separate listing of the films available, and an index of where information on specific projects may be found follow the annotated references. Authro and report number indexes are also included. (NSA: 21: 4643). 7) PEACEFUL USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. Vienna. IAEA. Bib. Series Ko. 38, 1570, Hay. 466p. Abstract: The bibliography contains 1759 references- almost "all with abstracts-to the literature in English, French, Russian, German, Italian and other languages, published upto June 1969. An author index, including corporate authros, and a subject index are given at the end of the bibliography.

8) Perilli, M.L. BIBLIOGRAPHY OP UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR-EXPLOSIONS DURING THE PERIOD JANUARY 1966 TO DECEMBER 1967. Com. Naa. Energ. Nucl., Notia., 14: No.12, 103-9. Dec. 1968. Abstract: The descriptions, civilian applications, mineralogy, radioactive contamination, and the scientific technologies for underground nuclear explosions from January 1966 to December 1967 are listed in-a biblio- Contd.... - 4 -

graphy with 227 references. (NSA: 23: 21850). 9) Perilli', M.L. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON UNDERGROUND- NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS (1968). Com. Naz. Energ. Nucl., Notiz., 15: No. 4,97-103. Apr. 1969. Abstract: A.listing of 159 articles on underground nuclear explosions is presented including descriptions of explosions, containment or radioactivity, and applications for civil engineering and mineralogy. (NSA: 23: 16396). 10) Taylor, W.S., Reed. R.P. CRATER FORMATION BY EXPLOSION AND RELATED TOPICS. An Annotated Bibliography. Golume I. N.Mex. Sandia Corp. SCR-180. May 1960. 124p. Abstract:-Reference (437) on the effects of subsurface explosions in both natural and arbifical med^a are given to reports in U.S. and foreign journals published from 1938 through 1960. Oratering, ground displacement, throw-out characteristics, and similar close-in phenomena are emphasized. Considerable current information on phenomena and the application of nuclear explosives (project Plowsha?.e) is included. There are references on instrumentation, the analytic machanics of materials, and the properties of media in which explosions are conducted. Abstracts are inc Luded for most references. (NSA: 17: 24748). 11) Voress, H.E. (Comp.). PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. A Literature Search. '•'I ....«...'• TID-3522 (3rd Rev.). I960. 8p. CYCS. Abstract: A list of selected literature references on industrial uses of nuclear explosions is presented. Seventy-one references to report and published literature upto April 1960 are included. (USA: 14j 13529). Contd... - 5 -

IS) Voress, H.3., Smith, R.J. (Conps), Gerber, O.R.

PEACEFUL USES FO.. IIUC LEAR EXPLOSIVES. A selected annotated Bibliography. TID-3522 (Rev. 6). January 1963. 43p.

Abstract: A bibliography, on the peaceful uses for nuclear explosives, presents 215 annotated references arranged by subject including reports and published literature through December 1, 1962. Field experiments are currently underway to evaluate proposals in two general areas: scientific applications and excavation applications. The most promising application is excavation. The PLOWSHARE project initiated for studying the use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes has developed many potential applications in such areas as mining, harbor and canal excavation, water management, oil recovery, and production of isotopes.

(USA: 17: 15534). 13) Voress, H.E., Kin^r, W.F., Gerber, C.R. (Comps) . PEACEFUL USES FOR NUCbBAR EXPLOSIVES. A Selected Anno- tated Bibliography. . . * TID-3522 (7th Rev.). January 1964. 57p. Abstract: A bibliography of 270 references in abstracted form is presented which covers reports and public^ed literature of the PlovJshare Program through" Jan. 2, 1964. The references are arranged under the following headings: general excavation, natural resources development, and other applications. An .athor index is included. (NSA:'l8: 13992). 14) Voress, H.3., Gerber, C.R.

PEACEFUL USES FOR NUCEE rR EXPLOSIVES. TID-3522 (7th Rev.-Suppl.l). Apr. 1965. 36p. Abstract: References (109) ere given to reports and journals on excavation, natural resources development, and

. . Contd.*. - 6 - scientific applications published from 1961 through July 1964. Author and report -number indexes -axe included. (NSA: 28476). 15) West, E.G. (Comp), Kelly, R.C. A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Op THE CIVIL, Ii-rDU- STRIAL, AMD SCIENTIFIC USES FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES.

TID-3522 (8th Rev.) (Suppl-l). Apr. 1969. 43p. Abstract: This supplement to TID-3522 (8th Rev.) contains 265 annotated references to reports and published literature on the USAEC's Plowshare Program. The. reference are arranged by subject category. Report Number and Availability Film and tape, Author, and Experiment Indexes are included. (USA: 23: 19876).

• II. A. -SBHBRAL APPLIC-ATIONS • •

16) ATtM AIMS FOR ROLE AS PROSPECTOR. •

Bus. Week, No. 1949, Dec." 17, 106O, 83-08." Abstract: The \ise of underground nuclear explosions to unlock gas, mineral, and oil reserves Is examined from a commercial viewpoint stressing the companies interested in the immediate application, current AEC developments, the costs involved, and feasibility and safety considerations • (NSA: 22: 4301). 17) Blanco, R.B.

CHE&ECAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISIOH, CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT SECriOH B, QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1961. • - .

Tenn. Oak: Ridge National Lab. Jan. 26, 1962. ORKL- TH-81. 51p.

Contd... Abstract: Research and development pro^r^t-s i? reported on fuel dissolution, solvent extraction studies corrosion studits, mechanisms o: foan s.oaration, waste treatment, ion exchange, and chemical applications of nuclear explosions. (NSA: 16: 747^).

18) Brooks, D.B., Kruti ,

'Washington, D.C. _. . ;rc-s for the Future, Inc., 1969. 52p. Abstract: Peaceful u. .s . f underground nuclear explosions, i.e.. earth moving and gas ancl petrqleum stimulation and recovery, are exaranti first, in cost terms related to engineering considerati"ns such as explosive design and production, emplacement costs, safety requirements, and comparisons with conventional rock fracturing methods, and second, in teTns cf the costs of psrticuler applications such as .1 staring for natural gas stimulation, creating undergrour.J storage areas, tunnel blfsting, and canel excavation. L: v??.s concluded that Plowshare experience in lorns :f the =conomic evaluation of proposed applicaticns nivt b^ analysed in the case of relatively small nuclear .^plosions, such as Ketch.and Gasbuggy, by comparisor. ;^.';h conventional methods for accomplishing the seme resi; ^s vm-?r--'S the really large detonations such ?s are ecessary for canal excavation may be economically fr sible, but impose political and ssfet-y problems of a magnitude likely to cancel the economic advantages.

(NSA: 23: 45435) . 19) Brown, H. USES OF SHJGLB..R EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5832. Jan. 6, I960. 22p. Abstract: Conversion of the sudden release of energy in explosions at extremely high temperature and pressure

Contd... - 8 -

into the form of useful work, either mechanical, chemical, or thermal, must be accomplished in crder for such explosions to have nonmilitary us:-s. The technical feasibility of such conversion in a number of different instances is discussed along with- nuisance effects. Application of explosions in excavation, water resources, mineral and oil resources, power zni isotope production, and scientific, experiments is considered.

(NSA: 14: 15491). . 20) Buckhet, W.G. PEACEFUL USES OF liUCLELlH SXPIOSIVSS. H.Mexico, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Field Command. AD-297052. Sept. 1, 1962. 27p. . . Abstract; A summary is presented of the activities in the Plowshare program, which inci-udes excavation, recovery of power and isotopes, and water resources and mining. Information is given on the size and charge for nuclear detonations for peaceful uses. A bibliography is included. HSA: 18: 370. 21) Carnahan, C.L. GROUND WATER STUDY PROGRAM: PRODUCTIOH 0? LONG-LIVED FISSIOH PRODUCTS A3D IH3RMAL ItBUTROlI-IIIDUCED RADIO- NUOLIDES IN UKD5RGR0U1ID HUCISAR 3XPL0SICKS. California, Hazleton Nuclear Science Corn. HHS-22. March 1, 1963. 26p. Abstract: Calculations of initial radioactivity levels are made for long-lived radionuclides produced by fission and thermal neutron activation of the surrounding geologic media resulting from underground nuclear explosions. Since the transport of ground water contaminated with radionuclides is small over short periods of time but may be expected to exist for indefinite tine, all radioactive nuclid^s are considered that have half- lives greater than 0.5 year. Contamination of surface water in the vicinity of a nuclear explosion is not

Contd... - 9 - treated. Discussions of tht limitations cf these calculations ; Iso r-re given.. (USA: 22: 21224). 22) Carpenter, E.W.

PEACEFUL USES OF HUCSEAH EXPLOSIONS. Research (LO11DOH), 15: 446-52. Nov. 1962. Abstract: A review is givtn on experiments which ?.rc being carried out, plann-i-d, or proposed for th-i peaceful uses of nuclear explosions under the aegis of Oper- ation Plowshare. Special attention is given to underground explosions. The projects discussed include phenomenology, minings—applications, excavation and earth moving, power generation, and safety.

(USA: 17: 1170). 23) Coffer, H.F., Aronson, H.H. COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OP 27UCL3L-R EXPLOSIVES. CONF-660606-49. ORAU. C-nolin, ^ZD-CONF-66-203-100. 18 p. Abstract: Potential uses of nuclear explosives with emphasis on gas well stimulation ~re discussed. The uses of nuclear explosives tc recover oil from oil shale, create underground storage capacity for gas and waste disposal, break up l?rge ore bodies for underground leaching, and for evacuation of canals &nd. harbors are summarized. Problems which must be met before nuclear explosions become commen in commercial applications, are discussed. Such problems consist of determining the potential damage from shock waves and the type of radiation problem, if any, which must be overcome. In addition, the most economical methods of fielding and firing the devices must be worked out to maximize the profit potential from the use c: this tremendous power source.

(USA: 21: 207). 24) Cole, D.M,

THE EEASIBILHY OP PROPELLING VEHICLES BY CONTAINED MJ- CLEAR EXPLOSIONS. Contd.... - 10 -

New York. The Macmillian Co. p.. 726-43 of 'advances in the Astronautieal Sciences. Volume 6.' 1961. Abstract; The feasibility cf rropu-sion by contained nuclear explosions was studied with emphasis on economic -'--r-pects. Cost of propellents per pound of p^yload was used as a figure of merit-in conptring parametric designs of nuclear pulse rockets, solid re?ctor nuclear rockets, and chemical rockets for space missions. These studie-a indicate that the nuclear pulse rocket must be of very large size-several million pounds-in order to be economically attractive. This would be comparable in size to the gaseous-core fission system, as well as other proposed advanced nuclear propulsion systems. The pulse rocket has the advantage over conventional nuclear propulsion systems in that average thrust- chamber temperatures can be far higher than for solid or even liquid reactor systems. It hss the advantage over some advanced systems in that magnetic containment is not required. The expenditure (loss) of nuclear materials, while economically important in an absolute sense, it found to be relatively unimportant when measured against the very large payloads considered.

(HSA: 16: 17328). . .

25) OO&RIERCLJJ PLOWSHARE SERVICE AND RELATED BACKGROUND MATERIAL. HEARINGS BB.rtJRB THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON LEGI- SLATION, OP THE JOINT COMMITTEE Oil APOMIC ErTERGY, CONGRESS 0? THE UNITED STATES, NINETIETH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION, JULY 19, 1968.

Washington, D.C., Joint Committee n Atomic Energy, 1968. 447p. (NSA: 23: 497). 26) Day, Walter C.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS NUCLEAR CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH PROGRAM.

Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 11: 538. Nov. 1968. CON?- 681101. (NSA: 23: 2445).

Contd..,. - 11 - 27) di Loreto, A. PEACEFUL APPLI^IOilS Or NUOuKAR 3XPr jC 3 VT3S .

Ing. Nucl., 9: No. 4, 9-16. July-^ug. 1963. Abstract: A iv Ijt^e from she Inioru.-.ticn Office of the United Stptes Ambassador to Home on the peaceful apoLi- cation of nuclear explosives is presented. Information is given on the C-none project, the Sedan project,'the future of the Plowshare orogrcm, the opening of s. new Atlantic-Pacific cejial,' recovery of petrolaua, snd future projects for nuclear explosives. (NSA: 23: 40909).

28) Dixon, R.P. - — USE OP NUCLEAR DBI01IATI0BS IH PRODUCIHG- HYDHOGAHBOHS FROM AiJ UliDERGROTJIID PORM^ir ION. U.S. Patent 3,465,819. Piled, April 13, 1967., Abstract iMuclearly detonated fornntionc -c::. generally very extensive in scope and therefore it xc difficult to drive hydrocarbons therefrom without channeling. When underground retorting cf the nucleer rubnle is resorted to in ordtr to improve product recov-.ry, residual heat is waste fully left behind, .-.n invonti'on is described which limits mi controls the- extent of caving of the hydrocarbon bearing ctrrtu-n ?-.nd thereby avoids or substantially reduces the problem cf channeling. It also maximises the utilization of the thermal energy released in retorting by ca.ing portions of un- treated hydrocarbon bearing stratum onto the hot ^sh left from a previous re^irting step and using the heat in the ssh to distill hydrocarbons from th= as yet un- treated portions.

(NSA: 23: 47667). 29) SySon, F.J.

IHTBRS'JBIIIIAR TRANSPORT. Phys. Today, 21: No. 10. 41-5. October 1968. . Abstract: The feasibility of the Apollo and the ORION Projects in relation to outer space travel are discuss- Contd... - 12 - ed. Two space ship designs using therironuciepr bomb detonations as energy sources are considered for long range space travel. The use of *n ablating material in which a negligible mass of the n-^rial is vaporized by each bomb burst is discussed. Size and periornanee characteristics of heat sink and ablation-type space ships are presented.

(USA: 22: 51128). 30) ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF I«TC!liE:.R EXPLOSIVES IN CIVILIAN USES. Energie Hucl., 7: Jan-Pej.-J.36E. 45-7* Abstract: A critical summary is made of the Geneva paper P/291 'Engineering applications of Nuclear Explosives Project Plowshare1. The requirements for a civilian use of nuclear explosives are analyzed and put into tra- ditional terms. (HSAt 19: 32332). 31) EhrUch, T. LEGAL PROBLEMS OP HUCISAR EXPLOSIVES ENGINEERING.

Nucl. News, 12: ITo. 7, July 196:)v. -12-5. Abstract: The legal aspects of the limited Nuclear Test- Ban Treaty are discussed. General standards are needed to measure whether radioactive debris from a Plowshare test, for example would be 'present' beyond a nation's borders since the treaty exempts underground explosions, but minute radioactive quantities nay be vented into the atmosphere, drifting beyond the state where the explosion occurred. Radiation is a cumulative process and the standards 86% for dosage is doubtfully defined. De- tection standards also need to be defined consistently by all nations. The agency to be responsible for the standards set forth is a legal problem. Under the present treaty the construction cf the Isthmian Canal by nuclear excavation is illegal. New legislation would be required for this endeavor.

(NSA: 23: 33289). . .

Contd... - 13 - 32) Eklund, S.

THE PEACEFUL USE OF NUCEELJl ENERGY "3XC3FT OP POWER PRODUCTION. Tek. Tidskr. 99: 427-30 (1969).

Abstract; Uses of nuclear energy for purooses other than production of eleutricity are reviewed. The costs o.f conventional explosives end nuclear explosives are compared. The uses of nuclear energy in civil engineering e.g., building dams, canals and harbors, in mining engineering to liberate gas, oil ?Jid minerals, for desalination of sea water, and in agriculture and food technology are discussed. The concept of 'energy Center' is mentioned. (NSA: 23: 40910). 33) RDURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30TH JUIIE 1966, . ; Australian Atomic Energy Commission. NP-16359. 104p. Abstract: Developments in research carried out by the AAEC on nuclear power, peaceful uses of nuclear explosives, nuclear desalination, raw materials, and radioisotopes are reported. (MSA: 21: 2827).

34) Gerber, C.R. INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICAIIONS FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. J.Brit. Nucl. Energy Soc, 6: Jan.- 1967. 24-47. Abstract: The effects of nuclear explosions are reviewed, and the course of cavity chimney formation in an underground explosion is described; formule are given for cavity radius and chimney height estimation. Stud- ies of large-scale excavation are continuing and the possibility of a sea-level canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is currently under examination. Vther applications discussed include the stimulation of oil and natural gas reservoirs, the liberation of petroleum from oil shale, the storage of crude oil' and natural gas, applications in the mining industry, Contd... - 14 - and the development and management of water resources. Safety is discussed from the points of view of seismic waves and release of radioactivity.

(KSA: 21: 16037). t 34(A) Gerber, C.R., Hamburger, R. Seabrook, E.L. PLCfSHAHB. U.S. AEC, Div. Tech. Information. Abstract: This booklet is one of the 'Understanding the A"t"om' series where the different projects under Plowshare Program for peaceful applications of nuclear explosives are^discussed.

35) Ginsburg, Theo. DIB ERIEDLICHE ANWENDUNG VON NUKLEAKBN EXPLOSIONEN. EIN BERICHT UEBER DAS FORSCHtTNGSPROGRAM PLOWSHARE. (The Peaceful Applications of Nuclear explosions. A Report on the Plowshare Program).

Munich, Verlag Karl Thiemig KG, 1965, 239p. Abstract: The peaceful applications of nuclear explosions are summarized. After a report on the Plowshare Program, the construction of nuclear bombs, the effect of nuclear explosions, and explosion research already carried out is reviewed. A number of applications, such as the production of electric energy from underground explosions, harbor dredging, the creation of cavities for subterranean storage, desalting of sea water, and the exploitation of presently unusable oil deposits are discussed. Applications of nuclear explosions in the study Gf the earth's crust, the atmosphere and weather modification are also considered. : (USA: 20: 4085). 36) Gomberg, H.J. • PL0WSH1HE STUDIES AT PRNC. Mayagaez, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. CONF-690312-5.'§7.12p, 4ps^£^ctj The Project Plowshare studies performed at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center are described. Activities included are workshops and personnel training. Research

Oontd... - 15 - included - study on the effects of temperature and heating times on the leaching of a Cu chalcopyrite type ore- in aulfurie acid solutions and the development of prediction equations from cratering models. Work in progress is described and long-range plans: given.

(NSA: 23: 26386).

37) Gomberg3 H.J. CONFERENCE SUMMARY. " •

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. CONF-690312-6. Abstract: A summary is given on the philosophy cf the Plowshare project from impressions conceived from the conference reports. Education ftfr the peaceful uses of nuclear explosive-s was discussed.

(NSA: 23: 26387). 38) Hartman, H.L. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY OF NUCLEAR BLASTING. • Rev., 3: 33-40. 1966. Abstract: An evaluation of the peaceful potential of nuclear explosives for industrial and public works purposes is presented. The economic, safety, and technologic feasibility of such a program is discussed. (NSA: 20: 33438). ' 39) Hess, W.N. NEW HORIZONS IN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. (The role of Nuclear Explosions). Geograph. Rev. Jan. 1962. 52: 1-24. Abstract: Experience gained vath underground explosions, both" contained and crateiing, is discussed. Safety problems and cost of nuclear explosions are considered briefly. Possible -applications of underground nuclear explosions are discussed in some detail, Particularly Contdo.. - 16 - in excavetion projects (harbors, canals, and removal of obstacles to navigation), mining, development of water resources, oil Production, and power production.

(NSAs 16: 19070). 40) Holzer, P. SUMMARY OP RESULTS OP UinHRGROUTa) SNGHtSSRING 3XPERIEECE.

California Univ. Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCSIi-71489. March 16, 1969. 33p. Abstract: Results pertinent to the use of nuclear explosives in underground engineering applications have been accumulating for the p».st 10 years from the Plow- shale and Weapons tests of" the ASC. Thus, predictive and measurement techniques of shock effects and chimney formation were developed from analyzing explosions in granite, salt, and dolomite. The ability to predict effects related speci-fically to safety have resulted from many measurements on detonetions at the ftev^da Test Site, where also moiy of the techniques for handling, emplaning, and firing the explosive have been developed. This gestation period culminated in the execution of Project Gasbuggy, jointly sponsored by industry and government, and the first nuclear explosion in a gas-bearinr formation. The Gasbuggy explosive has a nominal yield of 26 kt and wf-.s detonated 4240 ft below the surface in the San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico on December 10-, 1967. The shot point was 40 ft below tLe lower boundary on a 185-ft-thick gas-bearing sandstone formation of very low permeability. So radioactive venting occurred, and no d-~jaage to surrounding gas wells or scructiiros resulted. Post-shot geophysical exploration and gas production tests have revealed thc.t the nuclear explosion created a subsurface chimney approximately 160 ft in diameter and i>35 ft high. Fractures appear to extend to about 400 ft in symmetrically from the detonation point, with shifts or offsets along geological weaknesses extending out to perhaps 750 ft. Pre- sently, radioactive constituents in "the gas consist of tritium and krypton-85, with concentrations of approximately 10 u 3i/ft3 and L.5 u Ci/ft3 respectively* These .concentrations are decreasing as gas withdrawn from the chimney is replaced by formation gas. Tests to evaluate the increase in productivity and ultimate recovery are currently in progress.

(MSA: 23: 24334). Contd .. - 17 - 41) Hauser, F.N., Eckel, 3.B.

POSSIBLE ENGINEERING USES OF SUBSIDENCE ETDU1SD 3V CONTAINE2 UNDERGROUND ttinKl.JLEXPLOSIONS .

U.S. Geol. Survey. Profess. Paptrs, lio. 450-C, C17-18. 1962.

Abstracts Nearly circular depressions have "b^en formed in the level floor of Yucca Plats, Nevada Te^t Site, by subsidence over the sites of several of the recent underground nuclear tests. Possible applications are discussed of this method of creating -"impressions, or sin":s, in the creation ofharbonrs or for the preconsolidation of alluvium of construction sites for heavy buildings. Mechanisms involved in creation of the sinks are discussed. It is pointed out thr.t this method is free of radioactive debris and can be used much closer to populated regions than was previously thought possible.

: i7t 1649). 42) Hughes, B.C.

THE QQHPS OF ENGBEERS HUCuftJl EXPLOSIVES SITJDISS 01711 CONSTRUCTION. Technical Report No. 8. California Univ. Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. HP-17717. Oct. 1968. 36p. (Atomindex. 11: 12: 4531). 43) Hughes, B.C. NUCLEAR CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING IBCmiOLOGY.

California. Army Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group.-. .- UCG-IR-2. Sept. 1968. 182p. " Abstract; A. discussion of the basic concept of using nuclear explosives for construction purposes and a descritpion of the types of projects which appear- to have the greatest potential as nuclear-construction applications is presented. An explanation of the elements which must be considered in assessing the engineering feasibility of using nuclear construction methods is included together with a recommended procedure which may be used In accomplishing the design. Contd... - 18 - Data are presented pertaining to the phenomenology of nuclcer crater formation F.S we'll ?.s inforr.ration concerning the techniques currently available for predicting the engineering characteristics of nuclear craters and evaluating, in tarn, the potential loag- term engineering, behavior of nuclear excavations, technical" data pertaining to tho safety considerations of the radioactivity release, seismic propagation 'and airblaet which accompany a subsurface nuclear detonation and methods for assessing the impc-et that- these phenomena will have on project feasibility are also presented. Engineering criteria which may be used in the design of specific nuclear construction projects and information concerning the conventional construction jequirements which mur^t be accomplished in con- jection. with nuclear excavations are presented. The scope of nuclear field operations which oust .be accomplished in order to emplace and detonate nuclear explosives in a manner thst will insure public safety is discussed.. A discussion of the itbins which must be considered in estimating the overall cost of a nuclear construction project and quantitative cost estimating data for use in evalu-ting the economic feasibility(of a given project is presented. A typical detailed nuclear construction feasibility study is presented. The manner is which the teehriio?.l data -jrcvided in this report may be used is illustrated. Guidelines for accomplishing the design of a nuclear construction project are also offered.

(USA: 23: 17656). 44) IDEAS FOR PEACEFUL NUCLSAR 3XPLCSIOUS U! USSR. Bull. I.A.B.A. 7 12, Ho. 2, 1970; 11-21.

Abstract; Taking into account the effects of underground nuclear explosions, on the geological environment, studies are being carried out and projects prepared in respect of the following possible industrial applications in different sectors of the soviet economy. They are:- Excayation blasts:-Uncovering of mineral deposits; Uanal construction; Construction of earth-and rock- fell dams; Reservoir construction; Creation of cuts and embankments for railways and roads; Harbour construction; Creation of craters for the disposal of mining and processing wastes.

Contd... - 19 -

Contained blasts ^Intensified exploitation of oil arid natural gas deposits; 0ration of u-.dcrgrsand c^viti^s for the storage of nrtar-'.l gas, grs c-.nae?isat-- s and oil products; Creation of underground caviti.s for the burial cf biologically dangerous industrial w?.st-_s; Underground working of ore deposits; Control of overburden pr&Banre ta£g* for prevention of oil and gas blcw-cuts) .*"

45) Imai, Ryukichi.

PEACEFJL USES OF KUCISAR 3XPLOSIOII. Nippon ftenshiryolcuGakkaishi , 11: 20.. 1969. Abstract: The history, outline of the basic t chnology, and the major contemplated uses :f the Plows.hare projects are described. The major safety problems involved, such as the tritium level in recovered natural gas measurements and activity release from nuclear excavation are discussed. Scope and economics are outlined.

(HSA: 23: 11683). 46.) Jackson, M.W. TEH YEAiiS OP PLOWSHARE.

Civil. Eng. (rt.Y), 37: Dec. 1967. 34-8. Abstract: The development of engin .using uses for nuclear explosives in the .pant ten years is summarized. For commercial utilization, nuclear explosives must become competitive with rapidly changing technology in earth-moving and mining. The plowshare project has been instrumental in developing peaceful uses of nuclear energy since its formation in 1957. (HSA: 22: 45211).

47) Johnson, G.W. NUCIBAR EXPLOSIONS IS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Bull. At. Scientists, 16: 155-61. May 1960. Contd... - 20 - Abstract: The import ant scientific :-rii ..ngineering applications of nuclear energy r-vz discuss--^ by describing the various programs using atomic explosions. The programs described *ire project Plowshare, Project Chariot, Project Gnome, and Project Oiisand. othir programs under study using atomic -jiplosions are clso discussed.

48) Johnson, G«W. fHS SOVIET PROGR^i FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF 3X- PLOSIONS. California Univ.-, Livernort, Lawrence Radiation Lab. U0HIi-59324 March 8 1960. 15p. Abstract* Extracts from pre?s rele=3os, statements, and articles appearing in t^chriic^l journals ax«; presented which give"insight into the status of the Soviet program for industrial applications of explosions. It is concluded th^t a vigorous chemical explosive program Is being continued.

(NSA: 14| 16494). 49) Johnson, G/W., Higgins, C-.H. EHGIHBERDIG ^PPLrj-riOHS 07 irJCCKJl EXPLOSr^S PROJECfT SHARE. California Univ., Livanaore, Lavirrence Radiation Lab. -UGHi-7634. May 19, 1964. 49p. Abstract: Exploration of poi-sible engineering uses of nuclear explosives begun in 1957 h?.s continued and substantial progress h^s resulted. Major advances have been achieved in development of much cleaner explosives that will exten* costs. Several nuclear experiments have been carried out which provide an inroroved technological base from which to asseps both cost and feasibility of various projects. The effect of the additional knowledge has been to increase the confidence in the feasibility and economic advantage of nuclear excavation, certain underground raining spplicstions, and isotope production for research.

(HSA: 18: 41594).

Contd.... - 21 - 50) Johnson, G.W., Higgins, 3.H. ENGINEERING APPLICAIIONS 0? NUCLIAH 2ZI' LOS ITES-PRO.T^CT PII3WSHARE. •A/CONF.28/p/291. I6p. Prepared for the Unitc-d Nations Third Intxrn--:rional Conference en the Peaceful usts of Atonic Energy. 1964. Abstracts Experience obtained in the Plowshare program is reported. Principal activities h?ve be-:-n cU-voted to developing understanding of basic processes of nuclear detonations in a variety of environments, ic-volopEon:; ?_nd test of explosives especially designed for the program, assessment of safety ani cost, conducting fi-.li exp-Lri- ments with chemical -aii nuclear explosives, consideration of leg?.l and diplomi'.tic procedures to allou use of perfected techniques. Most of th- exp-ri-jnee was obtained from non-Plowshare detonations conducted by tho U.S. in the ppst 19 years. (NSA: 18: 31688). 51) Johnson, G.W., Higgins, G.K. USEFUL IJUOLE/Jl EXPLOSTfES. Intern. Sci. Technol., Ho. 38: 54-60. Feb. 1965. Abstract: The economics and 'cchnoiogy of the use of nuclear explosives for excavation, mining, isotope production and power generation are diccussed with particular consideration of the Plowshare program and its implications for the construction of a sea^level canal across the American isthmus,

(USA: 19: 13562). 52) Johnson, G.W., Higgins, G.H. THE USB OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRY . J.Brit. Nucl. Energy Soc., 5: Jan. 1966.. 60-71. Abstract: A single hydrogen bomb with a total volume no greater than a bulldozer can move more dirt in Contd... - 22 - seconds than the bulldozer can in months ?ns ut a l/iOOth the cost. Do harness this explosive poW'.r for pe-\e•*ful applications h-s been the aim of ti-- Plowshare Pro grin, established in 1957 under th<_ directorship o£ G.W. .»• Johnson. Because of e-3J?ly interest by the Panama Canal company in the possible excavation of a sea level canil the development program h?s b->en concerned v/ith reducing radioactivity in fallout to a minimum, pnd developing erateriag technology. Concurrently, numerous studies of underground mining applications were carried out ~nd the general imdersteliding of underground nucli-r explosions was expanded. The present stf\v_- of knowledge of nucle.c-.r explosions in v.^rious environments for both deeply buried, contained explosions, and for less ueeply eaplaeed chsxges which resalt in craters is described.

(USA: 20: 25233) . :"" 53) Keller, k. SOMB ASPECTS OP THE APPLIJ.1T-I0N OF NUCISLJl S1TFRGY .TO L.JIGE CITIE, SiJGIKSSRIilG PROJECTS. Trav. Publics Entrep., Ho. 54, 1965. 5-14.

Abstract; A summary is giv,n of tht important facfrors in the application of nuclep.r energy to civil engineering projects, particularly excavation projects. A general description is given of the technique of nuclear excavations, its distribution, and tnc mer-jris of controlling it are indicated, (HSA: 21: 104996). 54) Kelly, J.S.

THE FUTURE OF PLOWS&lHE. llucl. Hew. 1970, May; 35-42. Abstract; Significant progress has been made in improving our understanding of explosion phenomenology, in developing suitable explosive designs, and in applying the technology to specific applications in the industrial, public- works,- and ..scientific* areas. A summary -of where the technology stands today, where it will lead i8 given. A few of the aspects of the plowshare excavation program are considered. Product contamination of materials

Contd... - 23 - exposed to the radioactive environment .;r -i-ac-.i by the detonated explosive is also dealt with.

55) Kelly, J.S. THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Presented at the Symposium on Public Health Aspc-cts . f Peaceful Uses of ITuclear explosives. Las Ve=ras, ISV., 7-11 1969. 15p. (Atonindex. 11: 27: 11517).

56) Kennedy, G4C. A PROPOSAL FOR A NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM. California Univ. Los Angeles. TID-7695 (p.305-8). Abstract: Substantial areas of bhe world are uni-_rlain by rocks of abnormally high temperature. In many places heat flow in these regions is P.S much as t.~n -tines that of the normal crust. Deeply buried nuclear i-xpl sivts can be detonated and will produce rubble corns. The quantity of heat available in these rubble cones, nrde up cf hot fragmented rock, is sufficiently large t appear economically interesting. A proposal is outlined for the—ciin-- ing of earth heat. Approximately five tirc

57) Kruger, P. GRADUATE-IiEVEL COURSE IN NUCLEAR CIVIL ENGUJBERING.

Trans. Amer* Nucl. Soc, 9: 208. June 1966.

(NSAs 20-: 33440). 58) Kruger, P. HUOLBAR EWGIHEBRING OUT LIKE SYLLABUS FOR CE 277 GIVEN WINTER QUAE3TER, 1966. Technical Report-No. 70.

•*. - Contd... - 24 - Stanford Univ., Dept. of Civil Engineering. TID-23748. Sept, 1966. 330i).

Abstract: A compilation of lecture mtts xor ?: course in Nuclear Civil 3njineerin.j r.t Sanford University b^.sed on prorress achieved by the Plowshare program in har- nessing the power cf nuclcrj? explosives for pes.ee-fal purposes is presented. The lectures arc grouped as fo- llows.: science and tu.chnulob-y of contained and c rite ring nuclear explosive - ; Experiences of the Plowshar.e Program; hazards from radioactivity, air bl?st, seismic shock,and groundwater contamination; and the potential applications in science, construction, water resource raana^a- ment, and ;:eolo^ic industries such as petroleum, gas and mining* (USA: 22: 199). 59) Knox, J.3. TECHNOLOGIES OURHEHrLY USED IN NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES ENGIHEERDIG, California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-71628, COHP-590312-i. Abstract: The technical problems whose solutions are • necessary for the industrial development of Plowshare technology are loscrib.-d. Fnese incLude the ability to predict the displacement ^.nd formation characteristie-s of craters and cavities formed by nuclear explosions in various underground media and the seismic and-, re.diation effects, ilhe scientific disciplines required to study these multiple problems are outlined. Examples are given of how these predictions have been made in the past, and predicted resulted are compared with Danny Boy Event measurements. (NSA: 23: 24335). 60) Lombard, D.3.

PLOWSHSE PROGHALI: PEACEFUL USES FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-6081. July 25, 19G0. 19p.

Abstract: The concept of thermonuclear explosives as a potentially cheap and almost inexhuastible energy sources for mankind's nonmilitary needs has for several

Oontd... - 25 -

years teen under active consideration at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Many of the oroposca peaceful applications involve underground nuclear explosions, and several experiments at the AEC Nevada Test Sit-^ have provided valuable insight into the phenomenology of such explosions, Among the possible uses currently under consideration^, mining, recovery of oil :from shale and tar sands improvement of ground water supplies, and the construction of earth-fill dams. In addition, a program of experimental rescaroh in the laboratory and in the field is under way. Sometime in 1961 Project Gnome if approved will be conducted in New Mexico. The Purpose of Gnome, a contained nuclear explosion in a salt deposit, is to study the feasibility of heat "recovery and isotope production; neutron scattering experiments will involve the creation o'f a small harbor neay Cape Thompson, Alaska as the result of an experiment designed to investigate the cratering effects -of nuclear explosives; a proposal to investigate the recovery of oil from Canadian tar sands using thermonuclear explosives is under consideration by the Canadian government . ' .

: 14: 22708). fit) Lombardj D.B. .

PLOWSHARE. A PROG-RAM FOR THE PEACEFUL USBS OF NUCL3LR EXPLOSIVES. Phys. Today, 14: UCRL-6081 (Rev.). Oct. 1961. 24-34.

Abstract: The purpose of Project Plowshare is described brieflyj and some of th^ results of the Rainier explosion are discussed. Some of the possible applications of auclear explosions being considered by the Plowshare group are discussed. The Plowshare nuclear experiments Gnome and Chariot are described, and the use of explosives-in excavation is discussed. New scaling relations for crater dimensions are given. Other applications of explosions are block caving with completely contained explosions, recovering petroleum from oil sand and oil shale, and replenishment of underground: water resources. The use of explosions for carrying out chemical reactions is discussed briefly,

(USA: 17: 6215). Contd... - 26 -

62) Mark, H, W APPLICATIONS FOR 2UCLEAR ENERGY. Univ. of California, (Berkeley), AED-C0NF-65-213-1.12p.

Abstract: One of the important new applications of nuclear energy is the nonmilitary use of nuclear explosives.- Some of the ideas which have been considered are discussed. These include large scale excavation and mining operations. Special mention is made of cost estimates and safety considerations for some of the proposed projects. In addition some of the possible scientific experiments performed with nuclear explosives are described.

(NSA: 20: 14665)* •«$) May, M.M, * PUBLIC CORPORATION FOR PLOWSHARE. ' California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50693, June 14, 1969. 9p. " ' ' Abstract: The industrial utilization of nuclear explosives is being seriously contemplated by both private .-^ concerns and governments. One way to meet the problems which will arise in such utilization is by establishing a government-sponsored, publicly owned corporation. Some of the advantages and disadvantages o-f such a corporation are discussed.

(HSA: 23: 4Q908). 64) Morgeiistern, 0., Heiss, Kalus-peter.

GENERAL REPORT ON THE ECONOMICS OP THE PEACEFUL USES OP UHDERGRGUITO HUCEEaR EXPLOSIONS'. Princeton (N.J). Methematica. PHE-3005. Aug. 31. 1967. 2-18p«

Abstract: An evaluation of the economics of the Plow- share program is presented. The four major applications include the stimulation of gas and oil reserves,' production of -shale oil, mining, and cratering. An analysis is made of the costs of nuclear explosives such

Contd.. - 27 - as implacement costs, cost of the devices, safety, ?nd an estimate of the potential benefits to vhe economy. Other uses of nucLear excavations, .Tuch =-s the development-of underground storage reservoirs for fuels, water, and wastes, are considered. It is concluded that there- exists substantial economic benefits in each of the four principal fields of peaceful uses of nuclear explosives.

(USAI 21: 39072). ... 65) Nifontov, B.I., Protopopov, D.D., Sitnikov, I.E. Kulikov, A.Vi

-UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. PROBLEMS OP INDUSTRIAL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. r- Atomizdatg (Moscow) . Problemy Prorayshlennykh Yademykh Vzryvov. ABO-tr-6777. 1965. 189p.

Abstract; Industrial uses of underground nuclear explosions are reviewed. Those uses incLude the construction of.large civil engineering structures, mineral mining, extraction of petroleum from oil shalct, generation of electrical power, Rnd other scientific and technological uses. Also discussed are the optimum conditions under which underground nuclear explosives are detonated, internal and external effects, o.nd seismic and.air compression effects. The Gnome and Sedan experiments are also reviewed,

(NSA: 21J 1484). 6€) Nordyke, M.D., Lundoerg, A.W., Regsdale, W.E. PLOWSHARE STREAMLINED OPERATIONAL SYSTEM. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation lab. UCRL,50658. June 26, 1969. 13p. Abstract: In an effort to reduce the cost and time required to field Plovvshare underground-engineering experiments, and to improve the reliability of the nuclear explosives, a program to develop a 's-treamlined1' 'operational or fielding system was recently initiated at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore. The over-'* all concept used to develop this integrated system is . Contd.r. - 28 -

outlined and several key elements '.re described. (HSA: 23L 45433) . Nordyke, M.D. UUDEP.GROUIID 2NGMSERIHG APPLICATIONS . California Univ., Liv-rmcre, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-71453. Apr. 1969. CONF-690406-6, 24p. . ; Abstract: The Utilization of completely contained jau- clear explosions in the Plowrhire Program are discussed including the nrturc of the explosions, types of suggested uses, safety problems, and economic factors. Underground applications dealing with grs and oil pti- mulation, in-situ oil sh-ile retorting, gas nnd oil storage, in-situ copper leaching and block cave mining are reviewed. Safety problems of ground motion and radioactivity are summarized. The costs of underground engineering, including the cost of the explosive and its emplacement, are briefly described. Currently active projects including Gasbuggy, Rulison, Dragon Trail, WASP/Pinedale, Sloop, and Ketch are summarized. (KSA: 23: 24332).

€8) NUCLEAR EXCAVATION. Nations! Research Council, 1964. CONF-378. 53p. Abstract; Pivo papers on nuclear excw^tion presented at the 43rd Annula Meeting of the Highway Research Board of the national Academy of Sciences-N?.tional Research Council are presented. Topics oovered include: nuclear excavation technology, engineering properties and applications of nuclear'reactions, project Carryall, operations and safety problems^ associated with a nuclear excavation Droject, and construction and feasibility associated withfnuclear. excavation. •

(HSA: 19: 18096).

69). HUCIEAR EXPLOSIVES HJ CIVIL ENGMEBRING. 0«mit. Haz. Saerg-Kucl. Notiz., 12: No. 6, June ..1966. 54-60. (Italian). Contd... - 29 - Abstract; An extensive discussion ox" the past, current, and planned activities in the United Stages Concerning the peaceful uses of nuclear explorives, particularly for industrial purposes, ia given. (HSAi 20: 41072).

70) THE MJOLEAR DiDUSIRY, 1966. Washington, D.C., Division of Industrial Pat icipation (AEC) . COilF-661108-1. 183p.

Prom Atomic Industrial Forum's Annual Conference Pittsburg, Pa. Abstract: Central station nuclear pow^r plants continued to receive the most attention of all the applications of nuclear energy daring 1966. Expanding radiation applications in areas such as medicine, industry and space; the decision to move ahead with the world's largest desalting plant as a nuclear-powered, dual- purpose facility; and increasing interest in commercial applications of peaceful nuclear explosives; all added to the bright promise for tht_ nuclear industry's future. All segments of the industry should feel the impact of the expansion that lies ahead. (USA: 21: 5608). 71) THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY. Washington, D.C., Atomic Energy Commission, 1968. 267p. Abstract: Progress in tne peaceful applications of nuclear energy during 1968 is summarised. The nuclear industry highlights /which are discussed include: civilian nuclear p»wer; private ownership-of nuclear material; enrichment; safeguards; radioisoxopes; Plow- share; spin-off; licensing and regulation; legal aspects; and international activities. Extensive charts and tables are included.

(USA: 23: 4518).

Contd..., - 30 -

72) Oakley, W.L. -. . . POSSIBLE ROLE 05" THE ATOMIC MERCY COMMISSION HI THE EVENT OP LARGErSCAiiE USE Oi1 PLOWSHARE TECHNOLOGY.

Washington, D.C., Division of peaceful "mcle&r Ex- plosives (AEG). AED-CONF-69-074-019. April 1969. 12p. (Atomindex. 11: 27: 11522).

78) Parker, A. ENGINEERING WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES HEAR POPULATED AREAS. Nucl. Hews; 1970, May; 43-49. Abstract: Possible applications of nuclear explosive engineering near populated areas from a West European viewpoint; low the hazards of nuclear explosives might be mii-imized "or avoided s* as to make such application possible; specific examples of possible projects;, and outstanding technical problems and possible future developments are the subjects that are considered.

74) Parker, Herbert M. APPLICATION 0? BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION CRITERIA. Richland, Wash. Battelle-Northwest, Pacific Northwest Lab. CONF-G90303, pp 63-72.

Abstract: Evaluation of each Plowshare program should be made individually, providing the necessary studies and population considerations, so that the correct dose-limit guidance for determining acceptable conditions can be applied. The AEC and the Public Health Service need to give careful attention to collecting and analyzing environmental exposures and does data so that knowledge may be gained, from experiences and safe conditions assured. The good record of the nuclear energy program must be maintained by not making unsafe errors in estimating the consequences of any Plowshare programs. Plowshare can be performed safely. To do so requires good judgement, sound application

Contd.. - 31 - of existing radiation protection ,?iidance, and sufficient funding to meet the needs of practical safety programs. A safe approach using the*public exposure or the general population dose control limits, as the situation may demand, is necessary to help assure the rapid development of Plowshare programs. 7, High prio- rity should be assigned to developing methods"to"apoly the existing radiation protection guidance so that Plowshare programs may proceed safely. There seems to be no doubt but that the peaceful applications of nuclear energy in Plowshare programs will develop as rapidly as funding and commercial opportunities present themselves.

(HSA: 24: 9840).

75) PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SERVICES FOR DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN USERS. HEARINGS BEFORE THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, MAY 8, 9, AND JULY 17, 1969. Washington, D.C., Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1969. 763p.

(NSA: 24: 14115). 76) Padersen, K.B.(ed.). PUTERTO RICO NUCUEL.R CENTER PLOWSHARE WORKSHOP. .JULY 1-Aug. 15, 1967. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. PRNC-11D 137p. Abstract: A six weel workshop was conducted at the Puerto Rico Huclear Center, starting July 1, 1967 to provide a complete background for its scientific staff and the University of Puerto Rico faculty members on the Scientific bases, phenomenology, engineering principles, and constructive uses of nuclear explosives. A graduate course in nuclear civil engineering will evolve from this background material. Tables are presented of reference literature, the lecture topics, and the titles of 52 lectures. The appendixes present some lectures related to nuclear explosions and cover a variety of subjects including seismic waves

Contd... - 32 -

and elastic theory, procedures for developing construction projects, and applications of nuclear explosions for canal and harbor excavation, gas production and stimulation, oil recovery, mining, salt water disti- llation, and conmerical radioisotope production.

(NSA: 22: 12461). 77) PEACEFUL USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Nucl. Hews, 11: 25-9. iiarch 1968. Abstract: The industrial applications of nuclear explosives may be divided into three classes of types: scientific: the nuclear explosive has several unique characteristics that provide certain scientific research investigations not possible by other deans; excavation: The nuclear explosive nay "be used for large-scale earth moving e.g., digging sea-level canals, stripping rock layers fron deep mineral deposits, cutting highways and railway passes through mountains, creating harbors and lakes, and altering watersheds for better distribution of water resources; and contained underground nuclepr engineering: Nuclear explosives can be detonated deep underground to facilitate mining ores and recovery of oil, to stimulate the flow of natural gas, or to produce underground reservoirs ?nd permeable zones fcr storage of waste disposal. The use of nuclear explosives for each of these applications is discussed.

(HSA: 22: 42928).

78) PEACEFUL APPLICATIONS OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES: PLOWSHARE HEARING BEFORE THE JOIST COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, WIGHT Y-NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, JANUARY 5, 1965.

Washington, D.C., Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1965. 623p.

PLOWSHARE PROJECT-review of ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (USA)- Plowshare Program development. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS-Peaceful applications of. (NSA: 22: 10424).

Contd. - 33 - 79) PLOWSHARE IN AUSTRALIA.

At. Energy Aust., 11: No. 3, July 19.58. 7-8.

Abstract: Australian sites suitable for Plowshare operations were examined briefly by two U.S. experts for possible use in the creation of harbors, water storage facilities and mining applications. The feasibility of such operations was discussed. (HSA: 22; 48975). 80) PLOWSHAREt PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES.

Nucl. News, 11: No. 3, March 1968. 23-44. Abstract: The development of technology for the peaceful use of nuclear explosives is described. The uses of nuclear explosives in lsrge scale earth moving -jrojects such as digging sea-level canals, stripping rock layers from deep mineral deposits, cutting highways and railway passes through mountains, and the creation of harbors and lakes are described. The use cf contained underground explosions to facilitate mining of ores and recovery of oil, to stimulate the flow of natural gas, or to roduce underground reservoirs and permeable zones for storage or disposal of radioactive waate is discussed. The development of 'clean' nuclear devices is also briefly discussed.

(NSA: 22: 27949) .

Bi) ?ohland, E. PEACEFUL USES OF FUCLE.'"1- EXPLOSIVES. At. Strom, 14: Jan. 1968. 1-8. Abstract: The application of nuclear explosions to peace- ±"ul purposes is discussed. The general principles are explained. A report is given on the 'Plowshare Symposia1 held in the U.S.A. and on underground blasting operations which have been carried out on the Nevada Test Site. The economics of blasting operations are discussed, as well as radiological safety and the calculations required for blasting. Finally a description is given of a few projects for roads and canals, artificial harbors', as well as loosening of earth layers.

22: 30744) . Contd... - 34 - 82) POSSIBILITIES FOR PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPCOSI/ES. Int. At. Energy Agency Bull., 11: No. 3, 1969. 3-12. Abstract: Information presently available on the peaceful uses'of nuclear explosives is summarized. What happens in an underground nuclear explosion is reviewed and discussed. Next, uses are considered and current knowledge summarized. It wes cone .uded that it will take at least five years to develop/and exchange all the information th=t will be necessary to undertake even the most strightforward projects, and that there will only have been a few such completed by 1980.

(NSA: 23: 49981). 83) PROGBEDIiTGS OF THE SECOND PLOWSHJ-RE SYMPOSIUM,- MAY 13-15, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA: PART II. EXCAVATION. Plowshare series. Report No.2. UCRL-5676. May 14, 1959. 97p.

Abstract: Separate abstracts have been prepared on nine papers dealing with applications of nuclear explosives for certain typos of excavation projects such as harbors, canals, and large dams. It is pointed out in the PJftface that a kiloton of nuclear explosive energy will excavate approximately 100,000 cubic yards of material at a cost of five' dollars a yard for kiloton project or one cent a. yprd for a megnton project. Present-day excavation costs run from fifty cents to several dollars a yard. r (MSA: 14: 22700). 84) PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD PLOWSHARE SYMPOSIUM ENGEJ3ER- IHG WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES", APRIL 21-23, 1964.

California Univ.,Liverniore, Lawrence Radiation. Lab. and San Francisco Operations Office, (AEC) . IID-7695. 408p.

Abstract: A total of 30 pap'is are presented on topics relevant to engineering applications of nuclear explosives; Plowshare history,'heavy isotope production and recovery, studies of nuclear reactions, craters, fallout and contamination, radiation hazards, balst Contd... - 35 - and seismic wav.s, underground explosions, excavation, harbors, mining etc. (HSA: 18: 35668). 85) PUERTO RICO NUCLEI CE1IISR MUTUAL REPORT, 1967.

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Nucl>_al Center. PRKC-121.-239p. Abstract: Summaries are given of the education and training programs, biological and medical research programs, which incLude work in marine biolo;:y, terrestrial ecology, radiation chemistry, parasitology, and entomology, and physical research in neutron di- ffraction, solid stste physics, and hot-atom chemistry. A preliminary study on the effects of miniag with nuclear explosives is reviewed and research on radiation preservation of various tropical foodstuffs is outlined. (NSA; 22: 48807). 88) Rabb, D.D.

PIiOWSHARE PROGRAM. Vol. II, No. 2, Oct. 1," 1965-July 15, 1966. California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50008-66-1. 29p. Abstract: Significant progress is reported in isotope recovery, reentry through emplacement holr.s;, equations of state of crushed rock, Panama c.-nal study, changes in rock permeability produced by Hardhat, venting mechanisms, comparison of i.aclear and high-explosive detonations and oil and gas reservoir engineering. Some- field test results from Sedan, Handcar, Pre-Schoon^r II, Dugout, &psbuggy, Ketch, Sloon, Bronco, Scroll, Sterling, Payettee, Buggy, Cabriolet, and Fliwcr and given. . :

(STSA: 21: 8491). ...

87) Rabb, D.D. .-•... PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Vol. II- No. 3. Quarterly Report No. 7, July 15, 1966 - October 31, 1966.. Gontd... - 36 -

California Univ., Livermore5 Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50008-66-2. Oct. 31, 1966. 35p. Abstract: Studies of the physics of -cretering excavations have continued, and the data used to calculate the Cabriolet event. Economic studies were made, and details of plans for the underground uses of nuclear . explosions were developed. These- applications include copper leacing in Project Sloop, oil sh?le retortin the Project Bronco, terminal natural gas storage.—in Project Ketch, and jas reservoir stimulation in project Gasbtfggy. A.101her Plowshare detonation in the series of experiments directed toward the- development of nuclear excavation explosives which minimize the release £? radioactivity has b:ren conducted successfully* Advances^rere msde in experimental and theoretical studies corrected with shock position measurement, gravi- metric density determination, free-field particle motions, diagnostic techniques, and the tritium problem connected with G?sbuggy.

(HSAl 21 j 10493).

68) Rabb, D,D% (Comp .) . PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Vol. II, 4, November 1, 1966. January 31, 1967. California Univ. Livermore, Lawrtnee Radiation Lab. UORL-50008-67-1. Jan. 31, 1967. 18p.

Abstract: Progress on the first Plowshare project involving extensive industrial participation is reported. IPunds for the Gasbuggy Project site preparation are available and construction is ready to start. Ex- plosives development, physical measurements, effects on materials, and computer code development in plowshare's nuclear effects testing programs continued. (NSA: 21: 17748). 89) Rabb, D.D. • :

PLOWSHARE PROGRoM. Vol. II Ho.5. February 1 - April 30, 1967. California Univ. Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50008-67-2. 18p. Oontd... - 37 - Abstract: Reports abstracts, prepcnt status of fibld projects, and related theoretical studi-. s in a review of the Plowshare Program events from F-jbru-ry 1, 1967 to April 30, 1967 ere presented.

(NSA: 21: 30563).

90) Rabb, D.D. PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Vol. II, H«. 6. Quarterly Report, May, 1, 1967 - July 31, 1967. 9

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50Q08-67-3. July 31, 1967. 23p. Abstract: The sloop project feasibility study WP.S completed. The AEO will direct the detonation.and Kennec- • ott the longer turm copper leaching phase. Several years will be required to complete the safety studies at the Arizona site. Prospects for an early 1969 shot date are optimistic. A code was developed for predicting the extent of cracking produced in brittle materials such as granite dolomite, or salt. Gasbu^^y- studies are proceeding toward a firing dat'. during the second quarter of 1968. Monte Carlo calculations were made to determine the best method of in situ me-asure- . ments of hydrogen in earth media. Pressure transducers were developed which may be cast in grout. The design of project Bronco for th?. use of nuclear explosions to.break up oil shale deprsits for subsequent in situ retorting is discussed.

(NSA: 21: 43081).

91) Rabb, D.D, (Ccmp.) . PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Vol. II, No.7, August 1- October 3ii 1967. • California Univ., Lrvermort, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50008-67-4. 25p. : Abstract: The task, Marvel Event, a nuclear explosion -: in an open tunnel at the Nevada Test Site was executed, In corresponding diagnostic experiments were performed, In the 67 ft penetration Piledriver chimney, Samples were, rec eye red for size -analyses and radioactivity, distribution studies. Plans are complete for Cabriolet, Contd.., - 38 -

~<*&=J, and Sloop projects Ce.briolet-11 explosive was recovered in preo-ration for Cabriolet III, a nuclear cratering experiment in hard, dry rock.

(USA: 22: 8243). 92) Rawson, D*E.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF CONrAIirED IIUCLFAR EXPLOSIONS. Univ. if California., Liverroore, Lawrence Radiation Gab. UCRL-14756. July 1966. 59p. Abstract: The phenomena and. technology of contained (non-excavat ion) nuclear explosions as they relate to potential industrial up.es are su/mnarized. The results of nuclear explosions of a given yisld, at a".given depth, and- in a known geologic setting are understood sufficiently that further explosions can be conducted safely and, within limits, the characteristics of the resulting environment can be predicted. The features of contained nuclear explosions that should be of most interest to industry are (l) the creation of a large void underground in the form of a cavity generated by the explosion. This void becomes distributed between , rubble fragments when the roof of the unstable cavity collapses; (2) the creation of a lor_e amount of fragmented rook distributed within a chimney thot dc-velops as a result of ohe collapse of the roof of the cavity; (3) the fracturing of roclr surrounding the cavity- chimney region and associated- increased permeability in most rock types.

The environment resulting from a contained nuclear explosion has applications leading to the- recovery of oil, natural gas, minerals, water, snd geothermal energy; to the underground storage of oil, natural gas, water, and compressed air; and to disposal of fluid, waste. (KSA: 20: 43463) . '. .

93) Reed, J.W. . ; AIRBLAST FROM PLOWSHBE PROJECTS . . II.Mexico, Sandia Labs. SC-DB-68-2533. 1968. 19p. Contd,.. - 39 -

Abstract; The characteristics of airborne shock waves • caused by underground nuclear oxplnsi-ns in Plowshrr-e Project are examine.-!, and tht effects of such air- blasts are preriicted.

(NSA; 23J 9593).

94) REVIEW OF POSSIBLE PEACEFUL APPLICATfflNS. Or NUCLEAR' EXPLOSIONS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OP THE SOVIET UNION, MOSCOW, 1969. AEC-tr-7121. 23p. Abstract; The feasibility of using underground nuclear explosions, bcth erp.toring and fully-eontained, for industrial purposes in the USSR v/as explored. Large unpopulated land nrens, particularly those containing mineral deposits, are an important factor in. contem- plating such applications os mineral exploration by rock cracking, underground nining, and petroleum ^jid natural gas production stiruLr.t ion. .Applications .in the constructi n field include the building of canals, dams, reservoirs, and underground stor^e.-areas. The mechanical, radio; logical, an: seismic effects of underground nuclear explosions anc! the results of tests using models cr chemical explosives are discussec.. Ex- perimental data fr>ra a nuclear explosion in salt at a depth of 170 m are presented.- It is cgAcludcd that cratering applications w.-uld definitely be economically advantageous and thvt industris?.! applications of fully-contsined s.--—1^^1 •-.- ? re economic ally promising.

This is a translation of a Russian Report. (USA: 24: 14106). 95) Rqhwer, P.S., Kaye, S.V. ...

AGE-DEPENDENT MODELS TOR ESTIMATING IHTERHAL DOSE IN FEASIBILITY EVALUATIONS OF PLOWSHiVRE EVS3STS. Plow* share Research and Development Progress Report. October 1967-April 1968. Term. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-TN-2229. Apr. 1968. 36p. (F). • - • * (Atomindex. 11: 3: 780). Contd. - 40 -

96) Roy> Jean-Rene.

THE THERMONUCLEAR 'BULLDOZER' WILL SOON BE IN USE. Jeune Sci,, 5: UCRL-Trans-10152. 1966. 24p. 36-41. Abstract; The use of nude- r explosions in excavations is discussed. The USAEC'S Plowshare pro5ram for the utilization of nuclesr explosives for peaceful purposes is described. Hazards of roAietion and shock waves are also described. The prospects for constructing the New Panama Canal and the two-mile long Bristol Mountain trench with nuclear explosives are discussed.A brief summary of the uses of nuclepr explosions for.. oiL production, releese of natural gas, isotope production and physics research is given. This is translated by Robert Addis for Univ. of California, Lawrence Radiation Lab, Liverxaore.

(USA: 22: 12466). 91) Russell, P.L. INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF L.JTE SCAL3 USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES. 1969. Denver, Colt* Bureau nf Mines. AED-CONF-69-074-017. April 1969. 15p. (Atomindex. 11: 27: 11526). Sanders, R. PROJECT PLOWSHj'Jffi. THE DE7EL0PMENT OF THE PEACEFUL USES OF HUCLSAR EXPLOSIONS. Washington, D.C., Public Affairs Press. 1962. 214p. Abstract y Project Plowshare is analyzed in order to sh*w the -need for nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes. Information is given on ways to harness nuclear explosives to man's wishes and the potential of the explosives in building civilization. Past experiments are explained and future experiments needed are suggested e Information is alsfc given on foreign policy 'guideliness in regard to solving economic and social problems through Project Plowshare,

(HSAs 16: 18726). Contd... - 41 - 99) Talley, 7/.K.

PLOWSHARE IN UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS. • Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 9: 312. June 1966. (USA: 20: 33444). 100) Talley, W.K.

PLOWSHARE IN UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS.

Gmelin. AED-C0NF-66-203-96. 5p. Abstract: University courses and research in the constructive uses of nuclear explosions are summarized. Prospects for more courses involving more disciplines, such as physics, Chemistry, Geology, Mftheiratics, Mete- orology and Engineering area evaluated. (KSA: 21: 206). 101) Teller, E. PLOWSHARE. Nucl. News. 6: March 1963. 1-13. Abstract: A survey is presented of all aspects of peaceful applications of nuclear explosives: earth moving large-scale chemical and mining engineering, 2nd scientific experiments. (USA: 17: 26958). 102) Teller, E., Talley, W.K., Higgine G.H., Johnson, G.W. CONSTRUCTIVE USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1968. 332p.

Abstract: The results of research on the constructive •uges-of nuclear explosives are summarized. Information in included on the effects of nuclear explosions, aspects of energy transfer, radioactivity, Plowshare tests, earth moving and scientific applications.

(NSA: 22: 15562). Contd... - 42 -

103) Vortman, L.J. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIirES A NM TOOIi TOR-THE. E:••!GIXK--.R. N. Mexico, Sandia Corp. 8C-DC-65-14S5. May 1965. (CONF-650712-1). 29p. Abstract: The principal characteristics of nuclrar >•->:- plosives and of contained explosives art outlined. Ex- cavation cos as using nuclear sn& conventional methods are compared. Scientific and engineering non-mi lit r-ry uses of nucleca? explosives are considered, and the engineering uses are-di.^oucsed: water resources, power production, raining, chemistry nnd excavation.

•(HSA: 19: 40710). 104) Watkins, J.7/., Anderson, G.C.

POIBUTIAL OF MCLE.JI EK?DOSr/ES FOR PRODUCING HYDROCAR- BONS PROM DEPOSITS OP OIL, HAT URAL G:.S, OIL SHi'.LE, A11D T;R sAiros is THE uyrrED ST/.TES. Washington, D.C., Bureau of ilines. BM-IC-8219. Jan. 1964. 24p.

Abstract: One pot&ntial peaceful application o.f nucleex explosives is stimulating the production of liquid or geseous hydrocarbons from essentially nonproductive deposits of petroleum, nr-turrl g^s, "II shale, and tr-r SRnds. If technical feasibility is established, economic feasibility will depend upon tho comparative cost of producing hydrocarbons by nuclear explosi c-s and by conventional means. It is probable that an economic comparison would fr-vor nuclear stimulation only where devices of rel- tively high -yield could "b&- u.^ed practicab- ly and safely.

(HSA: 18: 29820). 105) Werth, G.C.

HUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE: IfS POTEJiriAL FOR INI1ITSTHT.' Trans. j\mer.Kucl. Soc, 11: 177. June 1968. (COFP-680601) (HSA: 22: 30739).

Ocatd-.. - 43 - 106) Werth, G.C. PLANNED APPLICAriONS 0? PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ.,- Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab, UCEL-71901. Aug. 13, 1969. CI0KP-69O30S-4. 47p. Abstract: The basic objective of the Plowshare Program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is to explore possible industrial applications of nuclear explosives. The approach is through the development of an understanding of the effects of nuclear explosions on the environment, including the fracturing and movement of the rock, the disposition of the radioactivity, the effects of seisnic waves on structure and the effects of the use of these explosives on man. Potential applications of nuclear explosives are conveniently difined by the depth of emplacement of the explosive. Deep emplacement produces the nuclear chimney, an underground cavity surrounded by fractured rock not extending to the surface. A promising application is the stimulation of gas production by breaking up rock, in gas-tight reservoirs. The gasbuggy experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the idea, and several other projects are in various-stages of planning or preparation. Other pobsi- ble applications include thu breaking up of ore bodies for leaching the in situ retorting of oil from shales, and terminal gas storage. Intermediate emplacement produces the retarc, a cone of fractured rock extending to the surface. Proposed applications include the breaking up of ore bodies near the surface for leaching, the production of aggregate, and dam-building. Shallow emplacement produces the crster and a row array of such explosives has been demonstrated to produce a ditch. Applications include the construction of harbors and canals, including the proposed sea-level Panama Canal project now under study by the Atomic Energy Commission. One important aspect of the Plowshare Program is -the development of testing experience leading to the development of a capability to predict the effects of nuclear explosions under the variety of conditions. Through such work commerical application of nuclear explosives, fully responsive to the protection o-f public health and safety, ±8 anticipated.

(HSA: 23: 49977). "Dontd.., 107) Werth, G.C.

PLOTSHJIRE: SGIExIT I? 10 PROBLEMS.

Hew York, American. Publishing 3o. Inc., ILJiD Report R-428. 1964. pp. 83-9? of St^te of Stress in the 3-rth's Orust. Abstract: Plowsher--, .riEO' s program on peaceful'uses of nuclear explosions, is reviewed. Thermonuclear (fusion) explosions*PS a method of moving large mrcs-S of earth and rock are shown to be relatively inexpensive and also produce a low level of radioactivity -s compared to fission reactions. Beginning in 1957 thirty-three underground nuclear tests were performed in tuff, alluvia:-., granite, snd salt. During an underground explosion, vaporization ana fusion of the rook adjacent to the shot chanber causes fom^tion of a cavity. The extent of the cavity often is increased by the collapse of its roof; tnis collapse occasionally forms chimneys, particularly in alluvium. The teaperatures drop as the shock v/ave proceeds outward. There is frequent satisfactory agree- nent between field aeasurenents and theoretical conservation of energy equations and equations of state. Nu- clear explosions hr-ve the following potential peaceful uses: economical block-caving methods in nining; advancement of seismology knowledge by study of the shock waves; and the economic excavation of a large canals and highways. The related safety problems in such are being studied. (NSA: 20: 474). 10«). Werth, G.C.

USSR PROGRAM OM PEACEFUL USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Nucl. News, May, 1970: 50-53. Abstract: The effects of nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes are discussed. The most interesting developnents that the Soviets have carried out are nuclear explosions for industrial purposes. These are described in this paper.

Gontd... - 45 -

II. B. PHEKOMEKOIiOGT • 109) Anderson, D.G., Fishor, R.D., idcDcv/uIl, 3.L., W s ide rmann, A. H. CLOSE-IH S7PSGIS PROM NUGLT^Jl 3X2LOS 10113 . 7inai Reoort.

Chicago, Illinois Inst. of Tech., Amour Research Foundation. ^"FSWC-IDR-53-53. May 1963.13Sp. Abstract: The close-in effects from subsurfsc-e aad surface nuclear explosions are trotted analytically. Nuclear and chemical explosive efficiencies are computed for several real materials. By comparison, of th< sc efficiencies a nuclear-HE equivalence is established from which various close-in effects such ss cr&t*;ring may be scaled. The c-quivolencts are found to be dependent on such material _>rc i-rtics as water content, vaporization level, and Hugoniot relations. In addition, a one-dimensional model f->r describing strct-s propagation in real materials is presented. A naneri-'i description which is independent of any specific stress" fiol'i is developed. It is shown that dissipation effects in plane waves which have been attributed to strain r^te effects can be equally we LI accounted for by deviatoric effects. An analytical method is presented for predicting surface spalls resulting from doep subsurface expLosions. The results of the method are shown to be dependent on both tensile and sheet strengths.

(HSA: 18: 10212). 110) Beaudet, P.R., Cassity, C.R., Davis, A.H., 3T AT. MODELS POR CAliCULATIHG C..DSE-B.r MOTIONS FROM UlIDZiRGROUin) SXP-LOSIONS. Environmental Research Corp. Alexandaria, Va. HVO- 1163-165. 10 March 1969. 54p. (Atomindex. 11: 15: 5731).

111) Boardman, G.R., Rabb, D.D., MeArthur, R.D. . RESPONSES OF POUR ROCK MEDIUMS TO CONT..INED NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. J. Geophys. Res., 69s Aug. 15, 1964. 3457-69. Gontd... Abstract: Underground nuclear t.;:--ts in tuff, alluvion, rock salt and granite have yielded 1?ta essential to the evaluation of the effects that for th so nt-diuas the cavity radius is predictable within * 20 y r cent without repaid to the physical r,r chemical properties of the rock in the inner! iat^. pii-.t ;nvironnent. Proper r- ties of the chinvney of broken rock resulting frnn collapse of the cavity, on the other hand, an.- found to bo related to the physical properties of the rock axit to pr-3sh3T structural wtajmessess within the rock.

(ilSA; 18: 37308) . 1}2) Butkovich, I.E. USE OF HIGH 3AlL03ir33 K)R SPRr.nGIHG UliDERGROUirD CAVITIES.

California Univ., Liver;Tiore, Lav/rence Radiation Lab. UCID-15145. May 24, 1967. 6p. Abstract: A attiiod, d'.^veloped by analyzing a Large number of events for which depth of burst, energy yield, and cavity radius measurements were made, shows that in order to spring aji underground cevity, the ratio between cavity pressure and overburden pressure should be between 1 and 2.2 tines the overburden pressure Data for alluvium, saturated tuff, granite, and salt give average overburden densities and the ratio between ' cavity pro^sur^ and .overburden pressure. An example using the method dascribed is completed for springing a 5m radius cavity frora a 0.5 a spherical cavity at a tepth of 500 ft in salt.

(USA: 21: 30562). 113) Carder, D.S., Gloud, U.K., Mick«y,W.V., Jordan, J.N. Gordon, D.W.

SEISMIC WAVES PROM M 01O)SRGR.0DiID EXPLOSION IH A SALT BED.

Washington, D.C., Coast and Geodetic Survey. PHE-150P. Aug. 1962. 6Qp.

Abstract:- Seismic waves resulting from a low yield nuclear detonation 1200 f-et deep in a salt bed near Carlsbad Hew Mexico, y/ere measured 'by strong-aotion seismographs, operated, by the Coast and Gcodt.tic Survey _on

Contd.., - 47 - the surfn.ce in zh-. distance ranpe fr;m 0.5 to 8.8 end underground in a potash mine 8.7 t~ 11.? miles :li- stant. In addition, many temporary ?nd permanent seismographs were operated by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and other organizations on a continent-wi^e rmi a w rid- wide basic. Ground particle accelerations exceeded th.se from the Logan Shot, ? like detonation in tuff, by a factor of about 4, and accelerations underground in thi; salt bed were about half those on the nearby surface. There was nc evidence nf damaging accelerations in nearby conmercial cper'ti ns or dwellings. Nc-rby transient ground particle displacements were r.b -,ut the same as those from the Logan Shot, except thst the frequencies were higher. Attenuation with distance across the plains to the er-st ws relatively low as ccspoxed with similar effects in the mountain and plateau area t.- ward the west. Upper mantle velocities likewise were higher toward the east, 8.3 to 6.4 km/sec, ?s comparei with 7.8 to 8.1 km/sec, toward the north, west, and north-west i The estimated m-^-nitude of the GNOME shot was from 4.6 to 5.0 depending on the choice of data. (NSA: 16: 31694). 114) Cowan, M. MEASUREMENTS MtOM GRAVEL GERTIE TESTS. N.Mexico, Sandia Corp. SC-R-64-127. July 1964. 40p. Abstract: Results of the second Nevada Test of the AEC'.s special structure (Gravel Gertie) indicate th^t plutenium fallout within 3000 feet of a burst within the structure is'reduced to 1/4 the amount for a similar detonation in the or. n, when the burst occurs with the access door to the structure "pen. Contamination levels higher than 100 x.g/wr caused by d^trnation of 550 pounds of high explosive could extend over :>ne mile from the structure under the same conditions. Tracer material (uranium) used in the test escaped through the open entrance. Standard operating procedure for this structure calls for the door to be closed. Results of the third 1JTS test of the structure are summ-"rized« They indicate that no external plutonium contamination would result frcm the detonation of 550 pounds of high explosive with uranium as a tracer material within the main room when the entrance is closed by a blastproof door.

(NSA: 18: 35767). Contd... - frO -

115) Derlich, S., Supiot, F. GENERAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF IML RGROUTQ NUCErlAR EXPLOSIONS.

Prance, Commissariat a. i'Energie Atr-mique, Centre d'Etudes, CEA-R-3750. Aug. 1969. 33p. Abstract: An essentially qualitative desoripti ,n is given of the phenomena related to underground nuclear explosions (expl.sion • f a single unit, of several uni*~ in line, end simult-Jie :us explosions). The phe- noni-..na that are cormmn to contained explosions and to explosions f:rminf-; craters (formation and prv-pagatiJU of a shockv/ave causing the vaporization, the fusion and the fusion aivl the fracturing of the medium) are described. The _henomena rel-te-1 t • contained explosions (forroati m :-.f a cavity with a chimney) are discussed. The phen:.men.ol ^y of test explosions which form craters is outlined with emphnsis on the mechanism of fona"tim and the different types of craters as a function of explosion depth an<\ nature of the ground. The aerial phenomena connected with crater-forming explosions such as shock wnve in the air, f.-cussing at a e distance, rjid dust clouds are also considered.

(KSAl 23: 49974). • 116) Derlich, S. STUDY OP THE CHIMNEY PRODUCED BY AH UHDSRGROTMD NU0L5AR EXPLOSION. Prance, Commissariat a 1' i-nergie Atomique, Centre T Etudes Hucleaires. CEA-R-3851. 1969. 20p. (Atomindex. 11; 27: 11513). 117) Derlich, S.

STUDY METHODS FOR i?HE DRILLINGS AROUND THE UNDER- : GROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS IN THE SAHARA. PART I. STUDY OF ROCK SAICPLES.

Prance, Commissarist a l'Bnergie Atoraique, Centre d'Etudes. CEA-R-3762 (l). Aug. 1969. 15p-. Abstract; An examination of the effects produced on rocksby an underground nuclear explosion requires particular means of exploration, which are described. Special . . attention is f~iven to the equipment used in conne-

Qontd... - 49 - ection with the- French nuclear tcstw in the Sahara. I he drilling methods used (rotary and turb-:driLLirur) were adapted to the particular conditi :nz of sh- sam- pling program, to the radioactivity, an=l tc tht ten- perature in the region of the explosion. The oh'nical and mechanical transformations of the- r >ck samples v/er-. determined. An examination of tha cere obtained jr.ra zl drilling, together with a knowluage of Lhe driLLin.3 p, r meters (depth of the orobe, sample recovery, etc.). n- it possible tr> study the ex-:ent and the oharncterisTi of the zones which were d^n?.--ed to differ :it I-. grt-^r according to their distance from the zc-n poiut: cavicy strongly powered zone, fr&ctured zone, chinn^y, z ~nos containing high stresses leading t> a particular type of fracture of the cores. The problem? connected with the interpretation of the results srt PISO :ir-.S'.r.tt.d.

'(NSA: 23: 49975). 118) Frank, W-ri.

las OF NUCLE:JI EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermore, Lr.wrencti Radiation Lab. UORL-7870. May 11, 1964. 6P.

Abstract: Information concerning the size, ;>st, radioactivity associattd with nuclear explosives for peaceful uses is presented. (NSA: 22: 45209). Germain, L.S., Kahn, J.S. PIENOMEUt-LOGY iillD CONTAINMENT OF UtOERGR0T^T) 1-IUGtiEj'iR EZPiOSIOHS. •California Univ., Liver-more, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50482. Nov. 1968. 50p. Abstract: Some aspects of the phenomenology of underground nuclear explosions are presented. The presentation is divided into four general sections, First, the rather extensive history of routine underground explosions is examined. It is noted that a nuclear explosion may be contained by putting it underground. Those few cases where some radioactivity was released are examined. Second, the calculation of early-time phenomenology-the interactions between a nuclear ex-

Ccntd. - 50 - plosion and the media surrounding it during the firvt few tenths of n. second ?fter the explosion ?:rc described. An attempt was made to substantiate these calculations by showing how well they agree wish actual measurements. Third, a parallel diocu sion of tlv: calculation of late-time phenononology .--nd the verification of these calculations by field observations'is prescutud . Fourth the question cf how containment is effected by geologic features such as faults and joints is discussed. (USA.: 23: 13900) . 120) &rebe, J.J., Luoma, 3.V. LARGE SCALE CK&.IIC; L REACTIONS UiiDERGROUND. Midland, Mich. Dow Chemical Co. UCRD-5678(p.74-9). 6p. Abstract: Applications of the energy from hydrogen fusion as a source"of high-temperature heat for underground thermo-chemical .reactions are considered. In underground reactions the r?w materials will be used in and froa the place where nature deposited them, no reaction vessels will be needed, and the heat necessary for the reactions will come from the detonation of a thermonuclear device. Higher temperatures than those previously economically possible will bo easily and cheaply obtained. Ultrahigh temperatures combine-a with pressures will bo available during the explosion. Afterwards, temperatures of over 1000 degree 0 raid pressures of over 100 atmospheres will be readily available in many of the formations. Reactions in limestone, oil shale, salt, and siliceous rock are discussed. •' '

(HSA: 14: 12665). * 181) Guerrini, C, Gamier, J.L. MATERIAL MOVEMENT OF MEDIUM SURHOTOIDIKG AN UITDERGR.OUED MCLEiiR EXPLOSION.

Prance, Commissariat a l'Bner^ie Atomique, Centre d' Etudes. CEA-R-3885. Nov. 1969. 28p. Abstract; The results of measurements of the mechanical effects in the intermediate zone around underground nuclear explosions in Sahara grainte are presented. After a description of the main characteristics of the equipment used, the laws drawn up using experimental results Contd... - 53 - 125) Houser, F.II.

A SUMMARY OF INFORMATION AliD IDJ^S HEGAHDBiG SINKS A COLLAPSE, IIEVADA TEST SITE.

Denver, Colo. Geologi-rl Surrey. UGGS-i7-:—41. Jan. 1970. 129p. Abstract: The mcchanisr: c£ coil?psu of niajl.^r sion cavities is being inv- stig-tc-d for its vrlue in containment, with the hope if eventually determining those geological environments nost susceptible t •: early collapse or most a/laptable to the incit .ti:n if collapse. The Geological Survty has cmf iied its invos'i- 1 gations largely t; subsurface collapse and surface- 3-.IL- sidence that result from explosions in th. ailuviun of Yucca Flat. A working model of collapse includes: pres*rvaticn of the explosion cavity until nain cDli'-ps1. jeeurs; " two-phase collapse taking pl^-co in severcl s^c^nis to tens of seconds, culrain- ting in surfsc- subsi-'lt-nc-j if the cavity is sufficiently close to th-_- siirf-v;^-. Tht. first php.se of collapse, in alluviun at least;, consuls 75 to 90 percent of the coLlepse period; ••\o!l*ipso pnp^- gates upward at rat^s of 50 t) 60 fr.^t p-=r sec.jni. The second phase shews f-.st-_r rates :f upward ^rcpag-vtiou and a lesser degree of partic;il?t;icn of the collapse material, and it ends with drop -f a central nc-izs of alluvial material that initiates formati^n ;f "he sink.

(NSA: 24:' 16730). 12i) James, O.B. SHOCK AND THSHMiL MEDAMORPHISM OF BASALT 3Y "UGIB&H EXPLOSION, IIEVADA T3ST SUE.

• Science; 166.: 26 Dec. 1969• 1615-20. Abstract: Olivine trachybasalt ntt?J!iorphos-:d by nuclear explosion was classifed into categories of progressive metamorphism: Weak plagiocls.se was die re fractured, and .augite contained fine twin lamellae: moderate-plagioclase was converted to glass, and mafic minerals showed intragranular defcrmrtion (undulatory extinction, twin lamellae, and, possibly, deformation lamellar), but rock texture was preserved. Moderarcly strong-plagioclase glass showed small-scale flow, mafic minerals Oontd... - 54 -

were fractured showed intragranular .-le format ion, and rocks contained tension fractures; sfcrong-plagioclase flass was vesicular, augite was minutely fractured, and olivine was coarsely fragmented, showed mosaic extiootion, distinctive lamellar structures, "nd was locally recrystallized; and Intense-rocks"were converted to inhomogeneous basaltic glass. (USA: 24: 9503). 12?) Karasne, T.Z. GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGGING DT IROK ORE EXPLORATORY DRI- LLINGS . Geofiz. Kozlera., 15: 1966. 205-14. Abstract: The utilization of gamma spectrometry with neutron capture in the detection of ore bodies in the area of Rudabanya iron ore deposits is reported. Re- sults of the laboratory and riownhcle application of this method are presented.

(NSA: 21: 6090). 128) Karzas, W.J., Latter, R.

ELECTROMAGNET ID SIGNALS PRODUCED BY LOW-ALTITUDE NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California. Rand Corp. RM-3884-PR. Dec. 1963. 27p. Abstract: Electrcmagnetic signals from nuclear explosions at low altitude in the region ionized by the gamma rays are discussed. Specifically, a simplified model of an explosion is treated analytically. The model assumes the explosion takes place at a height h--above an infinitely conducting ground. The ambient air is assumed to have a uniform'and constant conductivity, and the explosion Js approximated as a point source of gamma rays. This model is solved analytically for the- magnetic field at any point about the explosion. Some numerical results illustrate the time and space variation of the magnetic field.

(NSA: 18: 27637).

Contd, 129) Kester, J.E. . .

ON THE UNATTEML'.rED DHEilflL.L RADIATION FROi,T NEAR LEVEL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS.

Dayton, Ohio. Univ., Research Inst., .i3D-F;;-61-86. June 3O-, 1961. 14p.

Abstract: The unrvGtenuated thermal radiation xtrt comc-s directly from the firebe.ll onto a receiver ^rionted perpendicular to the r?dius vector out to this point is" discussed. Prim' ry emphasis is placed on the*derivation of an equa.tion for bursts intermediate 11 air and ground bursts, which reduces to the corrent values at thtse two extermes. Presented ?lso is ?. table of theoretical gr:und burst gamma values, which ere used for computing the energy reflected off the terrain. (NSA: 16: 13685). 130) Kisslinger, 0.. Mateker, E.J., McEvilly, P.V. • SH MOTION PROM 'EXPLOSIONS -IN SOIL. • . .:' J. Geophys. Research, 66: Oct. 1361. 3iB7-96. Abstract: Although not predicted by simple theory, prominent tangential horizontal motivn is observed in al- ' most all cases from both chemical and nuclc-ar c-xplo- sions. A series of experiments designed to clarify the factors that are significant in producing this motion was carried out. The seismog: ams record-. 1 at small distances, clearly indicate the asymnetrical pattern of radiation of the SH-motion in the source region, as contrased with the symmetrical pattern for the radial and vertical motion. TiJ.s radiation pattern is the most useful indicator of the nature of the generating mecha- - nism. The combined effect of charge size and depth determine which of two wave forms will appear. The most prominent SH motion is in the form of Love waves, but this motion is much more pronounced for shallow shots that produce cratering, or at least surface cracking, . than for completely contained shots. An examination of theoretical radiation patterns indicates that crack formation may contribute significantly to the generation of SH motion.

(NSA: 16: 413). Gontd... - 56 -

131) Knox, J.B. TECHNOLOGIES CURRENTLY USED JM NUCLEAR EXTDOSr/ES ENGINEERING. California Univ., Livcrmore, Lav;r-~~^'! R-vlietion Lab. UCRL-71628. March 24, 1969. 00IIP-69O312-;!:. 31p. Abstract: The technical problems whose solutions are necessary for the industrial development of Plowshare technology are described. These include tn

HYDHODYMAMIC EFFECTS OF NUOGEAH EXPLOSIONS. VOLUME I. STATS 0? THE ART. Final Report. Pasadena, California., National Engineering Science Co. AD-661451. May 1966. 183p. Abstract; JI conpilation is presented of the theoretical and enprical methods of predicting the water waves and the run-up produced oy explosions. The application of these theories requires the use of a succession of theories which are not necessarily mathematically com- patible; a successful prediction is largely dependent upon the experience and physical intuition of the user. The many gaps in the theory and experimental results are delineated end areas requiring" further study are pointed out. Explosions in deep water, the subsequent wave propagation characteristics and wave run-up are discussed. Also included is a section on water waves generated by air explosions ovrr the adjacent land mass. General theories are proposed. The bp-sic assumptions and the results of each theory were covered in detail.

(NSA: 2E: 35958). Contd... - 57 - 133) Lutton, R.J. GEOLOGIC ,UJD ENGINEERING IROiERTES INVESTIGATIONS. Vicksburg, Miss. Amy Engineer Wat'.rways Experiment Station. PNE-602 P. 1967. 188p. (Atomindex. 11: 6: 1888). 134) Montan, D.H. ' ~

SOURCE OF AIR BLAST FROM All UNDERGROUND EXTLOS1ON. Trans. Ainer. Nucl. Soc., 11: HOT. 1968. 541-2. CONF-681101.

(NSA: 23: 2450). 135) Nugent, R.C., Girucky, F.E.

PRESHOT GEOLOGIC AND E^OIIiEBRILG .LROPERIIFS INVEST I- GATIONS.

Vicksburg, Miss. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. PNE-905. June, 1967. 70p. - ". (Atomindex. 11: 7: 2273).

136) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND TLOWSEL-JIE SYMPOSIUM, MAY 13-15, 1959, SM FRJYNCISCO, GL .IFORiiLil. P;JtT I. PHENOMENOLOGY OF UND7.R-GR0-JND KTJ3L?..Ui SXF LOS IONS. Plowshare Series: Reuort No.2.

UCRL-5675. May 15, 1959. 154p. Abstract ? The main " -pics covered at this symposium were: underground explosion phenomenology, excavation with nuclear explosives, power and isotope recovery studies, industrial applications, and scientific experiments.

(NSA: 14: 22688). 137) Reed, J.Y/.

AIHBLAST FROM PLOWSH- RE PROJECTS. N.Mexico. Sandia Corp. SC-DC-68-25"3. 1968. 29p. (Atomindex: 11: 11: 4103). Contd... - 58 - 133) Heed, W.B. , . . TRANSPORT OP WATER AWAY FROM A BURIED HEAT SOURCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYDSOLOGIO PEHMOMB1TA OBSERVED kT AARDVARK NUCLEAR D~TOMATIOH. J. Geophys. Res., 75: 10 Jon. 1970. 415-30." Abstract: The structural relationship between thermo- electric and electrokinetic phenomena resulting from a thermal anomaly in geologic inertia is examined in detail using nonequilibrium thermodynamics. As a result of this investigation, the following conclusions are advanced: Detonation of .an underground nuclear device established a thermo-electrokinetic couple causing v.-ter to flow radially away from the detonation site. This is considered to be the cause of hydro-logic phenomena associated with the Adrvark event Electrical potentials established by the heat source-will cause .cat ionic rearran- gements, with the cations migrating radially away from lihe anomaly. (NSA: 24: 9515). 139) Robert, R. BASE SURGE AND CLOUD FORMAT ION. Final Report Pr.ject Pre-Schooner.

Univ. of California, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PNE-503F. Feb. 1964. lOp.

Abstract: A summary is presented of the base surt-je cloud histories for the Pre-Schooner scries of high, explosive shots. An analysis of the data results in a correlation of the maximum base surge radius in a neutral atmosphere as a function of the scaled depth of the explosive in a basalt medium. The maximum base surge radius for explosions in basalt appears to be significantly less than those for comparable explosions in alluvium. (USA: 19: 40708). ... 140) Rodriques, E.R.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. Energia Nuclear (Madrid), 5: Oct. 1961. 17-28. Contd... - 59 - Abstract: The three principal effects •.;/ nuclear explosions are traumatic, thermal, and radiological effects. The incidence of each of thv-se is discussed as a function of the distance from ground sero and protection. (USA: 16: 27490).

141) Rogers, IuA. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS IK MISSISSIPPI: PROJECTS SALMON AMD STERLING.

California Univ. Lrvermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UORL-70470. June 1, 1967. 8p.

Abstract: The theory of decoupling nuclear explosions in underground cavities is discussed-in relation to the two nuclear explosions (Projects Salmon and Ster- ling) fired in the Tatum salt done in Mississippi. The major conclusions th^.t were reached most of which were from ten previously published technical papers •on the projects, are presented.

(HSA: 21: 28124). lit) Ronald, J., Lutton, R.J. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OP NUCLEAR CRATERS. A STUDY SELECTED ROCK 3XCAVATI0NS A3 1.ELATED TO LARGE NUCLEAR CRATERS. PNE-5010, Sept., 8, 1967. 159p. Abstracts Analogies between nuclear and conventional excavations were deve"1 oped from a tabulation of data from 153 mine, quarry, roadway, and dam excavations. The following factors were used as tlu. -basis for ta- ' bulation of conventional excavation data: purpose, location, precipitation, temperature, ground water level, lithology, mass strength, structural, pattern, slope plan, slope profile, depth of .excavation, slope- height, average inclination,,and stability. It was . found that average slope inclination tends to be greatest for hard material and for material lacking .a well developed structure and that inclination tends to decrease with increasing sl-pe height for excavated elopes reported to be stable. It is concluded that good analogies are to be found in shape, slope height, Contd.., , 60 -

depth of excavation, ond si >ve inclination. L.adings of waste material at the rim of some c-pen pit mines may "be analogous to eit-cts on the lips ~'f nuclear craters. Rubble zom s found in some ipen pit mines may "be analogous to the fallback zoiws nf nuclear craters. Differences between preshot and postshot characteristics of crate red me-iia must be rtj.prqciated in evaluating analogies between features of conventional excavations and preshot features of nuclear excavation sites. Brief descriptions of 21 selected excavations are presented in Appendix k. The results of this study serve ?s an aid zo judgment of nuclear crater slope stability. Potential subjects for further study are indentified. (NSA: 22: 6508). 143) Rutkovich, T.R. GALCULAI ION OP THE SHOOK WAVE FROM AM UKD3RGBQUED HU- CLEAR EXPLOSION IN GRAHH3J. California TJniv,, Lrvermore, Lawrence Radis.tion Lab. UORL-7762. 1964. COHP-470-5. 22p. Abstract: The capability of calculating the close-in effects of the shock wave from an underground nuclear^ explosion has been demonstrated. Agreement was obtained between calculation and measurements using a sp- herically symmetric., hydrodynamic, elastic-plastic nuclear detonation in granite. This capability is dependent upon having a more or less complete description of the • elastic and dynamic properties of the materials incvolved. When this information is available, agreement within the limits of uncertainty of the measurements can be calculated for peak pressures, peak particle velocities, shock wave time of arrival and pressure- pulse shapes. (NSA: 18: 20125). 144) Shukolyukov, Yu. k. ROLE OP miCIiEAR FISSIOH IN HEAT GENERATION ON THE EARTH. Geokhimiya; No.12, Dec. 1969. 1424-33. (In Russian). Abstract; Prom uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232 abundance on the earth the amount of energy released during

• • Oontd - 61 - spontaneous fission of these isotopes for 5.109years was calculated. * The energy amount released during fission of this transuranium exceeds 10 times the amount -f he?.t formed during spontaneous fission of uranium-238 for \he time of the earth crust existence. However, in the t^tal generation of radioactive hear transuranium fission has given a negligibly little energy amount. (NSA: 24: 9501). 146) -Simpson. S.M. INITIAL STUDIES ON UNDERGROUND HUCZiSAR DETECTION WITH SEISMIC DATA PREPARED BY A NOVEL DIGITIZATION SYSTEM. Scientific Report No. 1. U.S.A., Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. AD-271184. June 30,° 1961. 545p. Abstract:' A semi-automatic paper record digitization system, developed by the project was applied to a number of seismic records resulting from the Logan and Blanca nuclear shots. Data for 27 records digitized at 1/20 sec increments and for 34 earthquake records adapted from digitizations of Bruce Bogert "are presented. Rough measures of microseisraic mise amplitude showed inverse correlation with distance from nearest ocean- Two spectral estimations nen.r the c .-nst showed narrow lines at 1, 1.4' and about 2.9 cps in the veti- cal whereas af a three component inland station the noise was primarily concentrated below 1 cps, with small peaks at higher frequencies appearing on the horizontals only, 'suggestive of Love waves." A test for the presence of Sayleigh wave on this three Compo- nent recordt narrow band filtered at 1/4 cps failed to ' show any, a possible explanation being barometric-coupling to the vertical instrument. (USA: 16: 25610). 143). Smith, M.E., Carnahan, C.L. MOVEMENT OF GASEOUS RADIONUCLIDES THROUGH GEOLOGIC MEDIA. California, Isotopes, Inc.;"NVO-1229-85. Feb. 1968. 60?. Oontd., - 62 - Abstract: Underground nuclear expLsions result in formation of certain radioactive gas?.s which might be trans- ported away fr^m an explosion zone -nd create possible hazards to ground water supplies. Study of normal diffu- sion, under the sole influence of concentration grandients, indicates that this mechanism may not be aiequate to account for observe ground surface concentrations of radioactive gases at short times after deeply buried detonations, but might cause contamination of distant ground waters at much later tiaes, of the order of tens of years after detonation. Further theoretical study of diffusional transport mechanisms and certain laboratory and field investigations would be useful in elucidating the mechanism or mechanisms by which such gas transport is effected. (USA: 22: 35964). 147) Supiot, P., Bougies, J. CALCULATION 0? THS SHOCK-WAVE IN THE REGION CLOSE TO AIT UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION (METHOD CADES) . Prance, Commissariat A L'energie Atomique, Centere Dfetudes Nuclearies. CEA-R-3736. 1969. 27p. (Atomindex. 11: 17: 6621). 148) Swift, L.M., Rubin, S., Passell, T.O. SBASIBILITY OF CAVITY PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE MEASURE- MENTS FOR A DECOUPLED NUCLEAR EXPLOSION. Final Technical Report. Project Dribble. California, Stanford Research Inst., VUF-3017. Sept. 1965. 53p. Abstract: A study was made of the feasibility of measuring the pressure produced at the wall of a 14.5 meter spherical cavity by a 0.1-kilo ton nuclear explosion. It was concluded that it will be feasible to make the desired measurements, and an experiment plan is recommended that appears to promise the most useful results. Gages and Gage systems were examined with regard to time resolution, susceptibility to damage by ionizing radiation, and mechanical ruggedness. It was found that several systems, applied at the same time, give maximum probability of . useful results. Studies.also showed that it is feasible

Contd... - 63 -

to measure the ceraperfture of hot o.ir ru:ar the sd^e ;f an underground cavity in which a 0-1 ict~n nucl-:r.r"explosion has occurred. Measurement of The r^l-tive brightness of the radiating sir in bands 100 A wide cen- tered at 1500 and 3500 A will ^ive the temper- tur-3 to 7^80 percent if the brightness rntio is 'leterrr.i-ied to ^20 percent. With existing sensors, temper-turu can bc- followed to 20 msec after detonation, usiru.- a 100-met--r%. long x 0.1-meter diameter nitrogen-filled'light pipe with a reflecting aluminum liner.

(USA: 20: 4084 ) .

149) SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS OP ITOCL3AH" TECHNOLOGY: EFFECTS OF AIR BLAST, GROUND SHOCK, AND CHEERING OU HARDENED SIAUDTUHE. " -- ••

Andrews AFB, Md. Air Force Systems Conunrn-i. AFSCM- 500-8. Mar. 1, 1967. 162p.

Abstract: A qualitative description of sir blest and ground shock, and methods for approximating-crater dimensions and depths of ejecta produced by nuclear detonations are given. Air blast effects on ab^vo- ground structures and air-induced ground shr.ck effects on below-ground structures are considered. Guidelines are given for applying environmental parameters t >: tht- evaluation of particular structures. The methods for determining the vulnerability of h-rdened permfjicnt- type structures to the effects of these weapons are demonstrated.

(NSA: 21: 18120).

150) Turin, G.L.

THE DEFECTION iilffi LDE-.^IFiOATION OF UliDSRGHCUND IJTJ- GLEAH EXPLOSIONS: A STUDY. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.. Lincoln Lab. AD-273825. March 2, 1962. 32p. '

Abstract: An investigation was made concerning the pr-> blems involved in the detection and identiiicairt^m erf underground nucleax explosions. A brief summary of the history of recent interest in the problem is given. A discussion of phenomena associated with an underground explosion is presented. Of these phenomena, two are discussed in detail: low-frequency electromagnetic dis Oontd- - 64 - turbances and seismic disturbances. Some of the pertinent facts of seismology end1 various possible seismic methods of detecting underground explosions and distinguishing them from earthquakes are presented in detail. (NSA: 17: 1165). Vilker, V.P. CALCULATIONS 0? SHOOK WAVE EFFECT ON EXPLOSION PENETRATING RADIATION DOSE. At. Energ. (USSR), 25: Oct. 1968. 329-30. Abstract: An analysis of shock wave effects on the pene- t rat ing"~r adi at ion dose from a nuclear explosion showed that the evacuated space inside the shock wave considerably influenced the absorption of y radiation and neutrons up to T=l to 1.25. At- larger values ^nr T the evacuated areas are determined by the explosi n cloud. The divergence between the Leff>: 0 (L ^^-L i^) and L ^^ H(l(p*/3p*-2) (R/Rf3* p+IT which is thieffective radius of the evacuated area obtained previously (R is the distance between the oenter of the explosion and the detector; Rf is the radius of shock waves, and p the dimensionless- air density). Data analysis shows that the 0 error depends on the parameter T and on the relative distance R/Rf. In- the event the detector is placed in front of the wave (R/Rf=l), the magnitude 0 doea not exceed 12.5 percent in the assigned T parameter range. In the event the wave front passes the detector (R/Kf=l), the error in the magnitude of Leff (t.R) may reach 50 percent which reduces the dose by several times. (NSA: 23: 498). 1SJ) Violet, C.E. A GENERALIZED EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CRATERING. J. Seophys. Research, 66: Oct. 1961. 3461-70. Abstract: A general empirical analysis of chemical and nuclear explosive cratering is presented. This analysis makes use of the concepts of efficiency and scaling, formalism. Efficiency is assumed to depend on type of explosive, medium, and depth burst. Scaling for-

Contd... malism is (_r*-neralized in torms of .jxperim-ntally i..rer- mine d yield exponents ;-£.-..: liated wish i^xh nsrtir..:it dimension. Experimental rrocedurcs are specific; zh'^z determine the efficiency and yield exponents. Applying these methods to chemical explosive- crattrL.g d.r.tn. in desert alluvium, the crater radius and dc ,th yield exponents are both 1/3.4. The standard deviation is 3 per cent. The depth-of-burst yield exponent is l/.~ .6 with a standard d< viati n of 5 per c*-nt". Thus the principle of similitude is not rigorously obc-y^d. This behavior of the Efficiency indicates th-:.t the relative contributions of various crater-forcing mechanisms differ in chemical and nuclear crate ring. Therefore the cratt ring capabilities cf nuclear explosives cannot be related to those ~f chemical explosives by means of a single par?jn^tcr. Tho prediction ; of nuclear crater dimensions from date- obtained from low-yiold chemical explosives is examined.

(NSA: 16: 412). 153) Young, G.A. MIC3OMETEOROLOGICAL i3HEil0HSNA OF UHDaJIffiil^R ^uJGLEiS EXPLOSIONS. . White ork, ivH. Naval Ordnsnco Lab. /J)-614814. Jan.14, 1965. Abstract: The above-surface phenomena of Tost Baker in Operation Crossroads (1964) ore described in detail with emphasis on the primp.ry base surge. Seme recent theoretical results concerning the surge structure and . behavior are summarized. The b^.se from the Teapot SSS Underground Test is briefly described and compared with Bi cer surge. (NSA: 20: 1979) . 154) Zablocki, C.j". EIiECTRIGAL TRANSIEliTS OBSERVED DURING UNDERGROUND NUCIiEAR EXPLOSIONS. - J. Geophys. Res., 71: July 15, 1966. 3523-42. Abstract: Electric transients were recorded from eleven underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site and from one near Carlsbad, New Mexico. The electric field components are only a few microvolts per meter Oontd., - 66 - at distances less than 10 km from the shot point, end they generally decay approximately as the inverse cube of distance. Magnitudes are proportional to about the 0.4 power-of yield. Two source mechanisms are considered: the formation of an elementary magnetic dipole by the conductive pl?.sma expanding in the earth's magnetic field and the formation of an elementary electric dipole by radial asymmetry in the generation and absorption of p rays. The data accordingly were interpreted in terms of equivalent buried dipole sources.

(HSA: 20t 36971).

III. SAFETY ASPECTS

155) ANALYSIS OF DATA ON GRO'IND MOTION AMD COBTAUJMEHT . Project HAHDCAR, SAFETY PROGRAM. Final Report. Alexandria,(Va), Environmental Research Corp. PIJE-806F. Dec. 20, 1968. 52p. Abstract: Evaluations and predictions of containment and ground motion were made for the Handcar event, a nuclear detonation in dry carnonate rock. Ground motion data from 13 strong motion stations, six on hard rock and seven on alluvium, were compared to pre-shot predictions. The containment was evaluated to determine if appropriate measures had been taken to preclude unacceptable' venting of radioactive isotopes to the atmosphere. Consideration was given to possible venting both at the time of the detonation and later when the undprground cavity collapsed, forming a chimney. The evaluation of containment included analysis of the adequacy of the emplacement hole stemming, as well as the possible hazards resulting' from the generation of non-condensable gases, primarily, OOg, as a result of decomposition of MgCa (C03) 2. The prediction that unacceptable venting of radioactivity to the atmosphere would not occur was substantiated by the test results. Post-shot exploration allows comparisons betwtjn predicted (using a yield of 12.0 let) and observed values for many of the close-in effects of the Handcar event. The predicted and observed values for these close-in effects are summarized. (NSA: 23J 33288).

Gontd... - 67 -

156-) Armstrong, R.H., Morrell, J.R.

WEATHER AND SURFACE RADIATION PREDICTION .IOT FOR THE STERLING'EVENT-PROJECT STERLING.

Las Vegas, Nev. ReynoLds Electrical and Engineering Go. Inc., VUF-1037. July 1968. 26p.

(Atomindex. 11: 8: 2640).

157) Cauthen, L.J.

THE EFFECTS OF SEISMIC WAVES ON STRUCTURES ,dU) OTEiR FACILITIES. California Univ.., Livermore, -Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7773, 1964. CONF-470-6. 40p.

Abstract: The -effects of explosion-induced ground notion must be evaluated in planning and excuting any nuclear excavation-project. For some projects ground motion intensity may dictate the use of less-than-optinum yields to minimize damaging effects. In remote areas, weighing the alternatives of outright purchase of some property or use of smaller yields may be required. The cost of indemnify- ing owners against damage must be considered in any cas"e. Discussion of the effects of ground motion on three broai types of facilities-engineered structures, residual bui-ld- ings, and equipment required for the support of nuclear excavation operations-are presented. A method of predicting the response of single-and multistoriecl buildings, the response spectrum technique, is discussed, with emphasis on the application of explosion-induced, spectra. Conclusions drawn from several tests of ipjnage to residential-type buildings are presented. Included are data from four investigations of damage caused by coramerical and industrial blasting and the results of several Stu- dies made in conjunction with underground nuclear detonations. Finally a survey of damage to the equipment required to carry out excavation projects is summarized. (NSA: 18: 20127). 158) Cohen, J.J. PURGING OF NUCLEAR CHIMNEYS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-15259. Dec. 1967. 17p. Contd... - 68 -

Abstract: Contained underground thermonuclear explosions can result in the retention of large quantities of radioactive gaseous contaminants in the nuclear chimney, not- ably °^Kr and tritium. Prior to usin^r nuclear ch'icneyB for practical applications such as the storage of natural gas,Xthey must be purged of these contaminants as much as possible. Experiments v/ere conducted using standard aircraft oxygen"tanks, either empty or filled with different size sand and gravel to simulate- hollow or eubtle filled nuclear chimneys. The void volumes were measured. Purging effectiveness was determined by using ^5Kr content in the chimney effluent. Two types of purging nro- cedures were tested: continuous purging with clean air injected at the bottom of the tank, and pressure cycling purging (repeated pressurization and depressurization through a single access hole). Results indicated that continuous purging is superior to pressure cycling, and that this can be accomplished with a single access hole by using concentric inlet and exhpust tubing. Larger scale experiments are recommended.

(NSA: 22: 21228).

Crater, M.W., Placak, O.K.

' OFF-SITE STJHVELLANC3 FOR PROJECT STERLING.

USA. CFSTI. AD-669844. Dec. 3, 1966. 46p.

Abstract: The information and data presented were com- piled to summarize the activities conducted by the Off- Site Radiological Safety Organization relative to project .Sterling. Tiie activities prior to .the shot, during the active test period, and immediately post-shot are discussed.

(NSA: 23: 481). l«0) Davis, S.N. SOME HYDROGEOLOGIC FACTORS' IN WATER CONTAMINATION BY NUCLEAR CRATERING. California, Palto Alto, Hazelton-Nuclear Sciende Corp., HNS-1229-49. July 20, 1964. 32p. around Abstract: Study of patterns of groundwater flow/craters and" undrained canals indicates that a nuclear excavation could serve as a source of continuing contamination to Contd.. - 69 —

regional groundwater supplies. If the crater is abovt the water table, infiltrption of rainwater nay carry contaminants into underlying aquifers. If the dot jnati-ui is below the water table, the crater or canal will intercept a portion of the water flowing thrjurh the aquifer and contaminate it. Generally, this contaminated, water flowing from the crater would occupy only the urjper portion of the aquifer. In low permeability r-">cks in an arid region, radiocontaminants would tend to concentrate in the bottom of -the crater rather than move iniio the auiferfc In this location they could form a direct physical hazard. Accurate evaluation of cratering detonations will require additional information on the watur-bearing characteristics of the material close to the crater or char-rul, as well as information on the rates of leaching of radi,— nuclides from the blocky rubble. . :

(NSA: 19 s 6091) . ...

161) Dickey, D.D.

EFFECTS OP THE GKOlfS NUCLEAR-.EX?LOSIQtf U10H ROOK SALT, AS MEASURED BY ACOUSTICAL METHODS.

U.S. Geol, Surv. "Profess. Papers, No. 501, 1961. " • • B108-11.: Abstract: An att'mpt was made to measure, by acoustical methods, changes in physical properties of rock salt at the gnome site, New Mexico, which were caused by the detonation of nuclear device. Longitudinal and shear velocities of rock in place were measured before and after the explosion. Postexplosiou velocities were slower, owing to fracturing of the rocK, for a distance of more than 200 feet from the shot point. Various elastic con- stants were calculated "~r the rock salt before and after the blast, using the measured velocities.

(NSA: IS: 39523). REPORT OF OFF-SHE SURVEILLANCE FOR PROJECT SHOAL 0F OCTOBER 26, 1963. Las Vegas, Hev. Southwestern Radiological Health Lab. VTJF-1009. Sept. 1, 1964. 31p. Abstract: Project Shoal., which took place at a location near Fallon, Nevada on October 26, 1963 at 1000 PDT, was Contd. - 70 - an underground nuclear de-t nation conducted as a part of the Vela Program of the Departitknt of Defence. The Off-Site Radiological Safety Program of the U.S.- x-ablic Health Service's Southwestern Radiological Health La- boratory monitorad the Public area surrounding the site and collected and analyzed several hundred water, milk, "and air samples before and for several weeks after the event. Analysis of these samples indicated that the radioactive material from the Shoal event was completely contained* During post-shot drilling operations1 an intermittent release of gaseous material containing fresh fission products occurred, but was not detected ,on a:.r samplers located in populated areas or in milk and v»ter samples taken since that time-. ' •

(NSA: 19: 697). 163) Hamburger, .Richard. . . , SAIEEY WITH NUCLEAR 3XPL0SIVES. S.Afr. Mining Eng. J., 78: Sept. 8, 1967. 2129-30; Abstract: Problems of reducing hazards of release of radioactivity into the environment in the Plowshare. ^P.ro- gram are discussed, with emphasis on the possible.use of nuclear explosives in the construction of a sea-level canal. There are 3 major problems which must be considered in determining the feasibility of excavating"!."* sea-level canal with nuclear explosives incLuding whether nuclear excavation can be used in such a manner as to result in an acceptable engineering product whether it can be done safely, and whether.it is economical. Safety feasibility analysis must include the identi- fication of those effects of the nuclear explosion which might be hazards: the assessment of these effects to determine- if they do present possible unacceptable hazards to man end his environment; ways to avoid or control those effects which might present possible hazards; and an estimation of the operational costs associated with these measures. In determining safety feasibility,' : an evaluation must be made to show, that the design of the project is such that the safety definitions given can be fulfilled. This requires consideration of meteorology, geology, seismology, hydrology, structural response to ground motion, acoustic waves, radiation, and the biological and ecological systems. Various organizations given responsibilities for evaluation of such "factors are enumerated.

(NSA: 22: 10421). Contd.. - 71 - 164) Harlan Zodtner, OPERATIONS AND SAFETY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A EXCAVATION PROJECT* . California Univ., Livermore, Lav/rence Radiation Lab. UCRL--7632. C6WF-37&-4) . ' " Abstract: A description is given »f the operation and safety problems involved in a possible project for cutting through the Bristol Mountains in California for a highway and a railroad (Carryall Project), imon^ the items discussed are shot time safety and control, "~fall- fut, radioactivity decay, close-in and long-range air blast, ground shock, and dust, roc]r.q, and ejectaVA " proposed time schedule of about 5ye years is given for Carryall Project. (NSA: 18: 12290). 165) Hi^ins, G.H. . : . ' COMPARATIVE RADIOACTIVITIES PROM NUCLEAR EXCAVATION. v J. C#nstr. Div., Proc. Amer* Soc. Civil 3ng., 93!: March 1967. 1-9-. Abstract: Some technological, economic, and safety problems associated with the use of nuclear detonations for excavation are examined, with emphasis on canal con- . struction. Hazards of nuclear excavation arise from radiation, airblasty and seismic shock. Of these, radioactivity is 'the most often stressed, but it may ulti- mately be the least important. An estimate of the radiation hazard is made lrr comparing the levels of natural radioactivity in dust with the artifieal radio-; activity thst would be introduced into the environment * by nuclear excavation. For a 100 kt excavation, the total natural activity in the dust cloud would be 13 Ci. The activity-in the 115,000,000 ton of dust cloud from the proposed Transisthmian Oanal project would be 10,000 Ci, A table summarizes the comparison-of natural radioactivities from excavation are 8 to 15 times greater than those in the average natural background. When the radioactive dust falls back to earth, it is widely, dispersed, so that at ranges of several miles the- surface inch of soil will contain «nly one part in several hundred of the fallout dust. Therefore, the average concentra- " ' Contd... - 72 -

tion of radioactivities will be increased by only a few percent, at most. (NSA: 21S 45276). 166) Jacobs, D.G., Struzness, E.G., Kelly, M.J. FIRST QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT OK THE THEORETICAL SAEEDY EVALUATION OP CONSUMER PRODUCTS WtO-I PROJECT . ... GASBUGGY. *, Term, Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-TM-2427.Feb.1969.17p. Abstract; A theoretical safety evaluation, undertaken^to determine the radiation hazards to various population" groups that would use'natural gas and other by-products from the Gasbuggy cavity is described. Descriptions are given of the scopes input data required and procedures to be used in making the safety evaluation. (USA: 23: 29474). . . ; 16?) John, H. ISTHMIAN CANAL-THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS OP NUCLEAR E2CA- ViTION. .'••*" Nucl. News, 8: No.5, May 1965. 14-17. Abstract: Nuclear excavation of a sea-level Isthmian Canal would be accompanied by three potential hazards: radioactivity airblast, and ground shock. The nature of the hazards, safety standards selected, and measures taken to meet the standards are outlined. (NSA: 19: 28477). 168) Kase, K.R., Greenhouse, N.A., Silver, W.J., Iorman,G.R. PROJECT GASBUGGY OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES . California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence RadiatiSn Lab. : UORL-71356. Jan. 10, 1969. CONP-690103-2, 21p. Abstract: Project Gasbuggy. the first nuclear detonation with potential commercial application in the Plowshare Program, is discussed. The radiological hazards evaluation and safety program is described. The Gasbuggy Contd... - 73 - operation was a success in that the gp.s flow from the well was substantially increased following detonation. The health physics program associated with G-.ebuggy was also successful, in that no significant radiation exposure occurred and radioactivity release were well- documented end controlled. !?• radioactive material in excess of established MPC levels wap released to the uncontrolled environment. The field experience provided operational experience in a remote location under adverse weather conditions which will aid in determining equipment requirements for future operations.

(NSA: 23: 15998). 169) Kelly, M.J., Rohwer, P.S., Jacobs, D.G., Bowman, C.R. SECOND QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT ON THE THEORETICAL EVALUATION OP CONSUMER PRODUCTS PROM PROJECT GASBUGGY. ORNL-TM-2513. Mar. 1969.

Abstract:A hypothetical radiation exposure situation was created for the nonrprocessed-gas users (farm taps etc.) located between the Gasbuggy site and the gas- processing plant at Blanco. It was assumed that trunk L was reconnected, at tjae point of the physical cut which presently exists and that the Gasbuggy well was connected to the gas-gathering system.. The pipeline dilution factors and the hypothetical dwellings described are used in a preliminary evaluation of one of the potential ex-s- posure situations-the radiation does commitment resulting from inhalation of tritiated water vapor (HTO) present in the combustion product of a home-heating system .burning tritium-contaminated- gas.

(NSA: 23: 35707). 170) McClendon, L. ON-SIIE RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REPORT. Project SULKY. Mercury, (Nev.), Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Comp. PNE-717 P. July 1965. Abstract: A nuclear cratering experiment .in hard rock,- executed as a part of the program for the development of nuclear excavation, is described. The purposes of the experiment were, (l) to determine the distribution Contd... - 74 - of radioactivity produced at a greater scaled depth than Danny Boy, which would provide basic input for the design of follow-on larger yield experiments in a similar medium: (2) to determine the concentration of certain radionuclides airborne at various distances: and (3) to produce crater mechanics information at a greater scaled depth than Danny Boy. Appropriate precautions were taken to protect, individuals from unnecessary exposure to radiation. Remote radiation measurements were taken during and after the event by a telemetry system, and monitors with portable instruments surveyed the route into ground zero before other planned entries were made. The following; measurements were .taken, and recorded: telemetry and portable instrument measurements of gamma dose- rates, radionuclide 'concent-rations in air, and alpha source, toxic gas, and explosive mixture concentrations. (NSA: 20: 3696C)• Mehas, T.C., Tappan, J .T. PROJECT STERLING. ON-SITB HEALTH AHD SAFETY REPORT. Las Vegas, Nev. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Oo.,Inc, VUF-1038. Peb. 1967. 21p. ** • (Atomindex. 11: 8: 2641)-. 11Z) Bordyke, M.D. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632 (p.1-5). CONF-378-1. Abstract: A brief discussion is given of the present state of nuclear excavation technology and of" cratering concepts. The safety hazards of nuclear excavation (fallout, air blast, and ground shock) are.also discussed. (D-L-C). (HSA: 18: 12287). 173) Nordyke, M.D. • . _ . - PRINCIPLES OP NUCLEI EXCAVATION. Univ. of California, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab.

Contd, - 75 -

UCHL-14171. May 25, 1965. 31p.

Abstract: 3asic cratering concepts arid the p a jg ufc of nuclear excavation technology ^rs described. The .~e- neral nature of th<_ safety hazards -,ssociated with nuclear excavation are c-lso discussed, and specific applications of nuclear excavation techniques to a larsre-se' L construction project are briefly outlined. It was concluded that nuclear explosions are capable of making craters that are suitable for many lar=-e-soalc- const- ruction projects and thr.t, with appropriate safeguards and studies, they can be used safely. Nuclear excavation costs in hard rock ~re estimated to bt competitive with conventional excavation in 10-kt ranje, rapidly decreasing to a few cents per cubic yard in the megaton range.

174) flordyke, M.D., Williamson, M.M. THE SEDAN EVENT.

California Univ., Livermore, Corps of Engineers and Lawrence Radiation Lab. PftE-242 P. Apr. 1965. 114p. Abstract: Project Sedan was a 100-kt nuci:«r cratering experiment conducted in 1962 to study cratering effects and the safety problems of such cratering detonations. Comparison of the crater dimensions with past experience shows that nuclear cretering explosions with optimum depth of burst result in craters with radii 10 to 20 percent smaller than equivalent-yield chemical explosions and with depths about the same. A dust cloud 50 percent larger than predicted was produced, and nearly five times mere radioactivity than predicted came down in the local fallout. Close-in air blrct measurements indicated peak overpressures four to five* timeu larger than expected, bu- close in air-blast impulses, impulse transmission factors, and long-range air-blast .signals were in agreement with predictions. Ground shock from Sedan fell well below the prediction functions; the earth motions were influenced by the Yu- cca fault. Mass distribution and e.jecta studies were made which predicts the distribution for the 1.5 kt Scooter explosion within a factor of 1.5 to 2.0. Secon- dary craters were produced in the area around the Sedan crater. Observed surface motion agrees very well with predictions.

(USA: 19: 36586). Contd... - 76 -

175) PLOWSHARE: STRUGGLING TO LIVE.' Scienee News. 97, 4: 1970. Jan., 89-90. . " Abstract: Project Plowshare, the Atomic Energy Commi- ssions peaceful nuclear engineering problem is only 13 years old- Problems ranging from technology to money to psychology are holding up the process of implementing the process to industrial and other uses. The major problem is the residual radioactivity which engineers are finding difficult to remove from the gas oil or the area sorrounding nuclear blasts. Another problem is the seismic shock that is inherent in nuclear engineering which is caused by thet blast. Many other problems are also discussed briefly.

176) Power, D.V. A SURVEY OP COMPLAINTS OP SEISMIC-RELATED DiiMAGE TO SURFACE STRUCTURES FOLLOWING PHE SALMON UNDERGROUND DETONATION. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 56: Dec. 1966. 14/3-28. Abstract: Following the 5-kt Salmon underground nuclear experiment in Mississippi, many unexpected complaints of damage were received from residents living 15 to 40 km distant. The claimed damage was mostly cracks in plaster, Stucco, and masonry, Ground motion at these ranges was within the predicted safe limits, with peak surface- particle velocities roughly an order of magnitude below the 5 to 10 cm/sec level previously accepted as the thre- sh»ld for damage. It is shown that a 5 cm/sec damage criteria need to be formulated that take into consideration geology, frequency spectrum, and other factors in addition to surface face particle velocity. The claimed da- mages was similar to that normally found in Mississippi homes and attributed to poor foundation soils. The triggering the Salmon detonation of naturally occuring se- ttlement .cracks is suspected, bat the physics of the process- is not yet fully understood. (NSA: 21: 19789). 177) Radclifee, T.J. _ •' NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS IN COKE PLANT AND BLAST FURNACE Contd... -77-

OPERATIONS.

Rev. Metal Lit. 21: No. 9, 1964.

Abstract: An illustration of the fu..den->rital principle of nuclear gagin.-:: and typical examples of nucl-ar development applications in coke plants arid blast furnace operations are given. Included are coke plant alignment gaging, conveyor automation, telemetering, bulk density control, blast furnace stock level paging, and nuclear moisture measurement. Plant radiation safety procedures are summarized.

(USA: 18: 43746).

178) SAFEEY IHVGLVIiiC- D'TONAIIOM OP NTJCLEAR DEVICT2-S.

Mercury, ITev., Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Go. Inc., Management Engineering Dept., NVO-28. May 1966. 141p.

Abstract: Long-range safety studies necessary to improve prediction capabilities a;:d maintain pace with an active testing program are described. The day-tc-day detonation safety activities necessary to support the testing program are described to the extent required to give an overall, though limited, version of event-related safety . actions and procedures. The activities of the A3G labo- ratories designing and testing the nuclear devices are not described. (NSA: 20: 39149).

179) Shoemyen, J. AG RESEARCHERS TAKE PART' IN HUGLEAR EXCAVATION STUDY.

Sunshine State Agr. Res. Rep., 12: July 1967.'6-9.

Abstract.: A program is outlined for studying the possible hazards due to the intro«:!uc -.ion of rrdicisotopes into food chains as a r- suit of using nuclear explosives for canal excavation in Panama'. The five major . ethnic groups which inhabit the study area are described in terms of their distinctive agricultural systems which differ as to the type and "manner of land use, and which-, in turn, affect the uptake of radioactive fallout by man's" food" plants. Plans for environmental monitoring, for tracing the transport of radio- Contd, - 78 -

isotopes in food ch?ins, and for assessing the bio- Logical effects on man are mentioned. (USA: £3: 24336). 130) Thalgott, R.H.

OPERA! IOLULL SAFETY ASPECTS OP PROJECT GA3BUGGY.

Las Vegas, Nevada Operations Office (ABC). PN7.-G-12. (nd). 6p.

Abstract: .nil rroects of the Gr^tug^ experiment which might affect the nofety of the nubile were studied very carefully. Every precaution was taken to assure that there would be rid accident, but that if an accident did occur plans were prepared for control so that there would be no undue fc.azp.rd to anyone. The procedures were effective and the G'ssbuggy device w?,s detonated with no injury and a minimum of inconvenience to the population.

(MSA: 23: 491).

181) Ward, D.O. PRSSHOT AND POST SHOT SAFETY SURVEY OP OIL AND GAS FACI- LITIES, EAXTERVILLE FIELD, MISSISSIPPI: STERLING EVENT. Okla, Barti-.sville, Bureau of Mines,BartlesviLie Re- search C^nt-.r. VTJF-1041. June 1967. 78p. Abstract: A survey was mr.de tc evaluate :my physical changes in oil end ras wells resulting f™om the deto- . nation of the Sterling event. Structures within a 5- mile radius of ground z&ro were examined and photographed. Other selected structures witMn a 6-mile radius vitro examined and photographed. The preshot and postshot survey indicates that no damage occurred to any oil or gas well or related facilities. (HSA: 22: 25559). 18E) WEATHER AND RADIOLOGICAL SURVSILLANGB. Project HANDCAR. Final Report. PNE-807 F. llov. IS, 1965. 53p.

Contd. - 79 -

Abstract: Project Handcar, a contained 10-kt nuclear explosion in dolomite, was dyton?ted at a de:t;h of 402 in on Hovember 5, 1964. Results are pres&ht-d of weather and surface radiation protection ?md of off- site .jid cn-site surveillance. lio radiation exposure resulted.

(HSA: 2C: 1982).

185) Whipplc., G.H.

SOME LONG-TERM ENVIROIIisGHT^L HEALTH ASPECTS OF THE ENC-INTERIM G- APPLICATIONS OP ITOCL.EAR EXPLOSIVES.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCID-15251. June 7, 1967. 13p.

Abstract: The release of tritium, 85Kr and 14C to the environment by underground nuclear explosions has been considered as an equilibrium situation and compared to the release of tritium ."md ^Kr by nuclear power reactors-. A portion of the world environment has been taken as the United states share. The three radioisotopes are presumed to reach the environment and equili- brate throughout it in periods shorter than their half- lives. Out of respect for multiple undertakings thet will release radioactive material, for multiple radioisotopes from each undertaking, and for the impossi- . bility of measuring public exposures, estimates have been based on 1/100 of the public maximum permissible concentrations and daily intakes (equivalent to 0.005 >. rem per year) for each isotope for each type of undertaking. On these bases, it is estimated that for the United Statesj nuclear power generation is limited- by 85Kr to 100,000 MW(e"), and nuclear detonations are limited by 14c tp 170 Mt per year. Corresponding limit concentrations in natural gas released by nuclear explosions are tritium 5 x 10~8 ji Ci/cc.

(USA: .22: 12463).

184) Zodtner, H. OPERATIONS AHD SAEBTY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A 1JU- CLEAR EXCAVATION PROJECT.

Galifornia Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7652 (p.17-20). CONP-378-4. Contd... - 80 - Abstract: A description is given of the operation and safety problems involved in a possible project for cutting through the Bristol Mountains in California for a highway and a. railroad (Carryall Project). Among the items discussed are shot time safety and control, fallout, radioactivity decay, close-in and long-range air blast, ground shock, and dust, rocks, and ejecta. A proposed time schedule of about 5 1/6 years is given for Carryall Project. (USA: IS: 12290). " '

17. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS " 185) Arnold, W.A., Crouse, D.J., (Comps) . CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCIEAR EXPLOSION (CANE). Progress Report, January 1- March 31, 1968. Term. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-TM-2198. Apr. 10, 1968. 13p. Abstract: A new sample of underground test shot rubble was received for use in blending with copper ore to stimulate nuclear broken ore. The gross gamma activity of the rubble was about 104Cs. Tritium min-1-g-<1, attri- butable mainly to 106Ru, 125Sb, and 137Cs. Tritium contamination of Green River oil shale and of the oil retorted from the shale increased with time of exposure of the shale to water vapor containing tritiated water in a sealed flask at 85°C. The amount of contamination was lower when the triti^ted water, constant in quan- - tity, was diluted with additional light water. The thermal stability of americium oxide preparations has been examined up to 1600°C in air, oxygen and in vacuum. The final products were confirmed by x-ray analysis to be AmOg. ine dioxide decomposed slightly above 1400° C. Weight changes below 600°C. These are tentatively as- cribed to decomposition.'-of nitrate and carbonate contaminants. • . (NSA: 22: 23186).

Contd., - 81 -

186) Arnold, W.D., Blake, C.A., Grouse, D.J.

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCJ&JI EXPLOSIONS (CAHS). Progress Report, October 1 - Decombvr 31, 1967. Term. Oak Aid re National Lab. 0RNL-T?.i-2119. Peb- 2, 1968. 12p.

Abstract: A column leaching test confirmed previous results which showed that most of the tritium (s.s tri- tiat-ed water) would be washed readily from nuclear- broken copper ore. The tritium concentration of copper ore leach liquors containing radionuclid^s which inter- fere with direct liquid scintillation counting was accrately determined by distilling part of the sample and measuring the tritium concentration of the disti- llate. When tritium-contaminated shale oil was distilled, tritium was found in all of the distiMate fractions. Nont of the tritium was removed from the crude oil by contacting it with solid drying agents or with water.

(NSA: 22: 16733).

18?) Arnold, W^D., Blake, C.A., Crouse, D.J. (Goraps) . '

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSION (CANE) Progress Report, April 1 - June .v>0, 1968.

Term. Oak Rids;e National Lab. ORNL-TM-2298. July 24, 1968. 19p.

Abstract: About,50 percent of the 90Sr, 35 percent of 125 the !06RU> ona 12 percent of both 3b and L37 Cs were dissolved at pH 1 when a now sample of test shot chimeny rubble was leached with oynthetic copper ore liquors. At pH£ the amount of °°Sr dissolved vrs cVbout the- same ' •at pHi but dissolution of 106Ru, 125Sb, and 137Ce decreased to 30, 2, snd 4 percent respectively. At pH ?, 6, the radioactively of the leach solution WT.S one percent of that at pH 1, and too low to permit analyses for the individual radionuclides. In batch distribution tests, 137Cs wos strongly adsorbed and 90Sr, 106Ru, ^nd 125sb were weakly adsorbed from the leach solutions onto copper ore tailings. As in previous tests, 106Ru was the principal radionuclide contaminating cooper cemented from the solutions. The tritium contamination of Green Contd.. - 82 -

River oil sh.?le and of the oil.retorted frora the shnle increased linearly with increasing temperature in the shale-tritiated wnter va ior system r>nd with increasing tritium concentration in the water added to the reaction flask. Ihe tritium concentration of the retorted .oil increased 20 to 25 percent when the shnle exposure "time to tritinted water vapor at 85 decree G. was increased from 8 to 25 drys. More than 85 percent of tho tritium was renoved from contaminated shale (*tnd also from the oil subsequently produced from th1 t sh-.le) by treating the shale in a sealed flask -it 85 de-^roG G. with water vapor. The naphtha fraction from contaminated oil was examined in a gas chroma to graph equipped with a radioactivity monitor. Tritium was present in ee.ch of the major component per:ic groups.

(NSA: 22: 45208).

188) Arnold, W.D., Crouse, D.J.

CHEMICAL APPLIGiiTIOlTS OP lHJOuEaR EXPLOSIONS ( :;Jp!) . Prorress Report, Jily 1 - September 30, 1968.

Tenn. Oak Rid.re National Gab,, ORHL-TM-2399. Oct. 29, 1968. ,15p......

Abstract: Tho tritium contamination of oil retorted from Green River oil shale- which had been exposed to tritiated v/ater vapor at 85 degree 0. in a scaled flask increased with increasing shale particle size. Up -fcQ 84 per cent of the tritium was removed from a column of contaminated shale by passing wat^r-saturated air through tht column at 95 degree 0.

A: 23: 6236).

189) Arnold, W.D., Grouse, D.J. (Oomps).

CHEMICAL APPLIGATIOHS 0? HUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS (CA1IE) . Progress .Report, October 1 - December 31, 1968.

Tenn. Oak Rid^e National Lab., D3HL-TM-2502. Feb. 12, 1969. 16p.

Abstract: Uranium v/as weakly adsorbed from synthetic copper ore leach liquors on Saiiord copper ore tailings. A small amount of the uranium deposited on the sheet ironused to precipitate copper from the liquor, but it did not contaminate the cement copper product. Al-

Gontd,.. most 92 per cent of the tritium vr.c removed from contaminated oil sh^le by trt^.tinf it for 15 rip.yt. at • 200 degree 0 with moist r.ir. About 70 pv.-rcr-nt of the tritium was removed from the shale in the first day. Tritium penetrated to the center of a 2o rrri shell's cube in 25 days of ( xposure at 85 degree 0. to tritiated watft? vapor. V/hon contaminated sh'le w::.s r\r,ortcd, tho tritium concentration w?s approximately constant in the oil fractions collected throughout the run.

(USA: 23: 21840).

19C) Arnold, W.D., Grouse, D.J. (Comps).

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OP iHIGLEAR EXPLOSIONS (CAIIE) , Progress Report for January 1 - March 31, 1969.

Tenn. Oak Ridre National Lab. OH35L-TM-2567. Apr. 24, 1969. 16p.

Abstract: In studies of the- effects of nuclear explosives on copper ore processing, the 106Ru contamination of the cement copper product decreased v-'ith increase in the copper concentration in the leach liquor • nd v/ith decrease in the amount' of excess iron us<-d for cementation. Contamination of oil shale or retorted oil with tritium was not ri^nificantly higher after 106 days exposure of the rhr-le to tritiated v/ater vapor at 85 degree 0 than afttr 29.days oxpesure. The efficiency with which tritium was removed from the contaminated shale with moist air at 200 r\<-^rr^ "I also was not affected by this change in expotjar^ time. Only small amounts of tritium were removed from contaminated oil samples by heating under reflux for 2x hr with Witor, 0.1 N NaOH, or 0.1 N H2S:"*4. 'Jho design of the apparatus for analysis of natural ?.a.s samples was completed and the necessary equipment and supplies were ordered. Fabri- cation of the support rack and vacuum syscen w s started.

(USA: 23: 26329).

191) Blake, G.A., Crouse, D.J. (Comps).

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCfiEAR EXPtiOSIONS (GiJE). Progress Report, January 1 - March 31, 1967.

Tenn. Oak Ridre National La±u OHNL-TM-1886. -June. 2, 1967. 17p. Contd... - 84 -

Abstract; In studies of variables affecting "~06 Ra con_ tamination of cement copper, little chan.;e in the r.^iount of contamination was observed with change in agitation rate during cementation. Attempts to preferentially dis- soive lO^Ru from cement copper w-^re not successful. Of eleven radionuciiclcs tested only ^Zr-Nb, 59Ft^ ^^ HOAg were extracted significantly by the copper -extra- ctant, LIX-64. Since the concentrations of these radioisotopes in the leach liquor are expected to be very low, solvent extraction of copper with LIX-6-i should produce solution essentially free of raiionuclides. Con- tacting hot shale oil with radioactive debris from an underground test shot contaminated the oil. with radionuclides. 'The principal contaminant was l^Ru. Th*j measured rate of tritium-hydrogen exchange in v/evfc^r vapor- methane- systems in a 1-liter glass vessel at room reo- perature and ataospheric pressure is 2.3 x 10~8 HTO *TnCi/liter--day when the tritium concentration is -in the range of 10 to 50 mCi/liter. A study is being m.-id-e of the thermal stability of various actinide compounds which might be of interest in transplutonium :elament production with thermonucler-r devices. Thermogravimf.tric and differential chermal analysis equipment has been installed in a glove-box facility. Operability of the equipment has been demonstrated successfully in studies on europium and plutonium oxides.

(HSA: 21: 30560). 19E) Blake, C.A., Grouse, D.J.

CHEMICAL APPLICiiTIONS OP NTJOLEAR EXPLOSION (GhHS) . Progress Reoort, April 1 - June 30, 1967.

Tenn. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORIJL-TM-1952. Aug. 3, • 1967. 16p.

Abstract: During the dissolution of lo^Ru-contaminated cement copper in sulfuric acid, about 2/3 of the ruthenium dissolved in the acid solution and the other 1/3 remained in the .insoluble sludge. About 0.3 percent of the soluble 'ruthenium deposited with-13 percent of ttie copper in the electrowinning of copper from this solution. More than 80 percent of-the ruthenium was "removed from the electrolyte solution by oxidation at 80 degree C with sodium persulfate. After shale oil had been heated with debris from a recent underground test shot, it was found to-be conta-

Contd... minated with radionuclides, principally ?5Zr-iv>} wl 103Ru. The contamination of th'.- oil incr- - ced with increased heating temperr turc-s. (USA: 21: 36183).

193) Blake, C.A., Brown, K.3., Crouc^, D.J.

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF WTJGIiC/iR BZPLOoIOIs'S .( ^ANS) . Progress Report, July 1 - September 30, 19^5.

Tenn, Oak Rid. e National Lab. 0317L-I&I-1275. Sops. 30, 1965. 19p. " ;

Abstract: Studies w*.'« continu-. '. on th*j ponsiilt bu- havior of radicnuclidos th,t would be pr s ..nt- ±rr copper recovery procy.ses as p r-.sult of using nucloar explosives for breaking th.,- ore. Mr.asurcnent of the distribution of various r dionucLi-ies be-v/v.--n acidic leach liquor and the ore solids showed the ion exchange capacity of the ore would be highly import-nt in mini- mizing the amounts of certain radionuclidos (Ts, Zr- Wb, etc.) taken into the Liaeh liquor. In br-itch ceraaa- tion tests significant fractions of thfj rutheniun said 95zr-Nb and of ctrtain isotopes thnt coul'i b-j forned by neutron activction cen-ntcd with, the cooper. In batch and column Leaching tes*~s, only very cr; 11 :mountc of radionuclides were dissolved from test shot debris under flowsheet leaching conditions. Of th-- fission products, rutheniua appeared to be the aost troublesome with respect to contamination of ui-.c- copp-:r cementation concentrate.

(NSA: 20: 469).

194) Blake, C.A., Brown, K.B., Grouse. D.J.

'CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS 0? NU3ESAR EXPLOSIONS (d;JS) . Progress Report, October 1 - December L-.1, 1965.

Tenn. Oak Bid e National Lab. ORNL-TiiI-1394. Jan. 21, 1966. 21pT Abstract; Developments are reported for studies on: distribution ond possible fate of radionuclides formed during the use of nuclear devices to aid in the recovery of copper ore deposits; measurement of rates Gontd... - 86 -

o£ exchange cf tritium and hydrogen in vv -,ter -md natural g?s under conditions which will -.id the feasibility studies of tL'. ctinuL-ticn of g^f- producrfcion. from wells by nuclear explosives (Project G^-sbu)

(NSA: 20: 14662). 196) Blalce, O.ix., Brown, K.B., Tiv>use, L».J. • •

CHEMICAL APPLIOAIIOKS OF iHGZZAR EXPLOSIONS (C! Progress Report, April 1 - June 30, 1966. :"•. Tenn. Oak Rid^e National Lab., ORNL-TM-1582. July 29, 1966. 14p.

Abstract: Stuiier. were continue! on the possible behavior of radionuciides th- t would be present in ;he usual copper recovery process as ^ result of usinL: nuclear explosives for breaking the ore. More than 20 .ixch?jigt-rs tested were found to be inefficient in renoving ruthenium from a synthetic leach liquor. Preliminnry tests ff the recently proposed solvent cxtration px'ocess for treating copper ore showed thr-t copper v7?.c efficiently extracted fron a synthetic liquor with LIX-64-,. tritium and hydrogen exchange between tritiated water and methane is linear with tin- and o'.-curs at the rate of 0.6 x 10-4 nO/litor-day in a i-li^er flank containing methance at approximately X atmosphere and -50 nO tritium in triti^todwater. A |2-g gold target supported in a 3 .y2-in -dJain copper cone v/r-s fired in the jet sampler test setup at Prankforri Arsenal. There wrs £ood recovery of the copper at the receiver, but the tests . . indicate thnt lack of uniioraity in thickness and irre- gularity of ;:h^pc- in the gold plating prevented proper focusing of the jet. iidditional cone-t-ar^'-t asemblies are beinj; made with high precision.

(NSA: 20: 41067).

196) Blake,- C.A., Brown, K.B., Crouse, D.J. (Gomps) .

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OP JIUCLEaH EXPLOSION (CAK&) . Progress Report, October 1 - December 31, 1966,

i. Oak Ridge National Kal., ORNL-TM-1775. -Feb. 21, 1967. 14p.

1 Abstract: The amount of ^6JIU contamination in cement copper products increased by a factor of about 2.5

Contd... - 67 -

when the initv 1 ruthenium concentration In the copper leach liquor vv & do.iDH.rl. rhelo t'Ru in the ueb'.nf copper also inere- sed with increase in pH an:; temperature. Green River oiL shr-le h-is been rct.-rted successfully in the laboratory unit. The cil distilled at shale tenperrtures between 300 de^r--o and 350 derree G and the yield w-^s about tho STJUC r:.s obtained Vy th_ Pisher ssaay. In runs v/here the sh^lc- vr s noisttned with tritinted w;-ttr, less thrji 0.5 perc nt of the- tri tium w^s foond in -che w?.ti_r-scrubbed.~ oil produce.. Tri- tium p.n.i hydroren exchen.-e bttween triti?tel w.'ite-r ar.'i methance is linear v;ith respect to tine ajid- occurs at the rate of 0.7 x 10-8 ^Oi/liter-day in * littr finsr: containing me thane o at approximritfjly 1 91 no s'-.he re and 20 mCi tritiun in triti-\t ;-d v/

(NSAr 21: 1-7747) .

197) Blake, C.A., Brown, K.P., Grouse. D.J. CHEMIOAD jiPPuIC^T-I03S OP rnJCIf,'iH EXPLOS I0i;3

Term. Oak RidTe NstionaL Lab. 0Hl!L-TM-168S. Hov. 9, 1966. 20p. ' Abstract: Studies v/f.re continued on the ^o^sibie behavior of r-xdionuelides that would be prudent In a copper recovery process r-s a rsult of usin.j nuclear explosives for breaking the ore.

In producing transplutonium ..leraenta through the use cf thermonuclear d"vices, the them?.! stability and high temperature reactions of cctinide compounds are of interest. To study the thermal b. havior of these materials, ':•. con' in^d thermob-lance and difft:r._>i- feial thermal analyser unit has been constructed.in a glove box system.

(KSA: 21: 6094).

198) Blanco, R.E. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, CHEMICAL BBV3LCPM3HT SECTION B, QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT, OOTOBER-Dt.CE- ftiBER, 1961. .

Tonn. Oak Ridfce National Lab. OHHL-TM-177. May 18, 1962. 92p. Contd... - 88 - iibstract: Developments are reported on graphic fuels, carbide fuels, B and BeO fueld, chloride volatility- processes, solvent extraction, vicor glass adorption, Zirflex process demonstration, elimination of Si in the Darex process, corrosion studies, activity coefficients of HNO3, foam separation, high-p.nd low-level w^ste treatment, fission product recovery by ion exch-'-ngc resins, and chemical applications of nuclear explosions. (NSA: 16: 20537). 199) Blanco, R.E. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, QUARTERLY* PROGRESS REPORT FOR CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT SECTION B, DECEMBER 1962. Tenn. Oak Ridge ilftional Lab. 0Ri;L-EM-545. Sept. 4, 1963, 82p. Abstract; Progress is reported on developments in the hydrolysis of carbon-unaiun systems, processing of breeder reactor fuels, protactinium absorption studies, corrosion .studies, disposal of high-and low-level wastes, fission product recovery by ion exchange methods, foam separation mechanisms in waste processing, thermodynamics of solvent extrection processes, and chemical applications of nuclear explosions. (USA: 17: 35618). 200) Brown, K.B., Blake, C.A. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OP NUCLIIAR EXPLOSIONS (CANE-}'; Progress Report for January 1-June 30, 1965. Tenn. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-TM-1191. July 20, 1965. 17p. Abstract: Studies v/ero strrted on the possible behavior of radionuclides that will be present in copper recovery processes as a result of using nuclear explosives for breaking the ore. In preliniinr.ry calculations and laboratory tests, consideration was given to the possible movement of rsdionuclides in the environment, a guesstimate as to the level of build-up of radioactive materials in the leach liquor, and possible contamination of the copper product. A laboratory study cf the kinetics of exchange of tritium for hydrogen in water and methane was initiated since'this

Contd... - 83 -

exchange requires considervtiori in oh-- i"o-.-.sibiLiuy study of the- ct invention jf -r.s _:tv^-ist i -.-- frcn r,h. weLls by nuclear -jxp1. •siv-. 3. Tos^s • -c >,...-rly c;n- plete of jot s^-Tpi-jr "lexhod for rscv^rir, .ipcinuns irradiated ne^r -, nucV-r .literati _, AT: x:-jriju-ntaL program was st-i-t-.t no ir.v.sti^Dto the th^mr.i s* ability of various actinid-- coripoun--.s. A Lit; rr-varo survey was 3 Tar ted to -1 ^ermine whether the- PL:v. :v r>. program could n^sist *Kc ain^rals Lndustrj- of th-i Appalachi^j-t r-: >;ion. Lit-rrpture t»rv-ys h-v. • Is-- b --:i started tc assess the possible chemical -_rvt oh^rnical engineering rrcbl«ms :.sso?i-ted with thi.. ust. :f nuclear explosives t:-- (1) Fdri in r--.cov-.ry :i .,il iron shales and (2) exploit j;-:.oi;hc.ra^l heat through st' am generation.

(NSA: 19: 40706).

201) CHEMICAL APPLICA! 10-.3 OF ilUCLEAR SXPEiOSIOxiS.

Term. Oak Rid-o National Lab. 0KiiL-£993(p.204-6).

Abstract: In crd.:r to evaluate tho rer^z ions of tritia-i under the conrtitions ••.-xpr-ctod from nuolv:pr explosions contained ir rock ^ Lit, chemical r-- net ions of hydro^c-n with the impurities fcunrl in rock salt vv.re studied. Calcium sulff-to ic reduced co the sulfid. by hydro,-en, whereas raa^ncciun sulfa^c is reduced to tht oxide. Ihe- re act ions proc^C'' ?t readily necsurnbl«.- r?.tcs in tho 700 to 900"de^r.• *. 0 r.->n.-;t. The race was lower by a factor of i.P; to 1.7 v/hon th<_ calcium sulfece vw£ dissolved in liquid sodium chluri-"-. Tritium Lzch::!^ed between water -nd nolocLiLir hydrogen flowing over caiciura sulfate to the extent of about & per cent BX 700 degrocO when the r?.tio of Hg: HTO was 20. The degree of ioni- zation and enthalpy of irgon, hydrogen and nitrogen were calculated for tempt-.r^tures upto 20,000 decree K.

• (NSA: 14: 25450).

2Ofi) CHEMICAL JJPPJJIO^TIOKS OF IHJCLELJI EXPLOSIONS.

Tenn. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORHL-3830, pp 271-4.

Abstract: Research and development on selected arsas in the Plowshare program are reported. Emphasis is plactd on chemical and metallurgical aspects. Infor- mation is included on Project Coach, focusing ele- ctrophoresis for sep^xation of heavy elements, deve— Contd.... - 90 -

lopm;nt of hypervelccity jet sacplers, production of chemicals us in,? nuclear explosives, Project Osbug.ry, and Plowshare applications in Cu and M£ nininr.

(USA: 20: 9093).

203) CHEMICAL APPLICUT.I0IJ3 OF i-nJOuEAft ^JXPLOSlOl.S.

Term. Oak Ridge National Lab. 0RNL-4145,pp 23^-9 . ffc Abstract: Production of cement copper by nuclear fracturing of a copper ore body, in-aitu Loaching, and recovery of copper from solution by cementation on scrap iron is considered. Simulation of natural ^s wells, recovery of oil from shsle, and development of hyporvelocity jot samplers usin^ nuol^-.r explosions are discussed.

(USA: 21: 45273) .

204) CHEMIOAL iiEPLKiiTIONS OF IIUOLEAR EXPLOSIONS.

Tenn. Oak Rid^c National Lab. ORNL-3945,pp 189-94.

Abstract: Developments are reported for studies on: •distribution pnd possible fate of rr-dionuclid.es formed during the use of nuclear devices to aid in the recovery of copper from ore d-nosits; potential for production of narnt'-sium from olivine; measurement of the rate of exchange of tritium and hydrogen in wrtc-r ana natural gas under conditions that wj bo -ncountorcd in the stimulation of- gr-s production fron v/tlls by nuclear explosives; distribution and possible fete of radionuclid.es formed during the use of nucle-:-r devices . to rid in the recovery of oil from shales; snd hyper- velocity jet sampling as ". means cf removin.-i, a specimen after irradiation in tlae neutron flux of a detonation, but ahesd of the detonation shock wave. (NSA: 20: 45570).

20») Cohen, P., Dupuis, M., Pica, J.M.

THE IIUOLEAR EXPLOSITO, A P0TEHTL1L ASSET FOR CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.

Energ.• Nucl. (ppris), 10: May 1968. 224-30.

Contd... - 91 - Abstract: Underground nucl.'.:'.r exp Los, ions rel'. -O in surroundings u i're' -, =«.mo'int of •.ncci-^r, r.-sulc-ing-in-a- rise of temper--cure »nd prer^surt. Ur^. r t • •. ?>i new conditions chenicR.1 r--acti ins t~ice pVoc, ler:din:-, particularly, to gaseous prompts. The French nuclt -x st-sts in granite were considered to try TO establish • n.tr.oi allowing determin.-• i?n of tlr- qunntit' tive -net qualitative compositic. of tm fcsultin • giscouc-. nixtar o. The me.thod wrs oxtrrpolntoi t: oil sh- b s. Th^ radioactivity level is briefly censidcrod.

(USA: 22: 35960).

208) Lewis, A,E, ;

CHEMICAL MEIING OH' PRBL'-RY COPPER ORZS BY -733 0? KU- TECHKOLOG-Y.

California Univ., Livtrnorr, Lq.v;roncc R..diction h^n. . UORL-72159. 22 Dec. 1969. 00NF-7G0101-4. lOp.

Abstract • Chenical mining' of primp.ry copper ores, with nuclear explosi^os to br;ak th« ore ^jid in-sttu hydrostatic pressure to p.cceler--te dissolution of;pria*ry•' ore minerals, m^.y be fcr-siolc. A contaiiiud aucleir explosion well below thi- wpcer table would be u."?ed to provide a m?.ss of broken ore in a flooded chimney. The hydrostatic pressure in the chimney should, increase the solubility of oxygen in a wat-_r-sulfi;ric ^,cid system enough to ^llow primary corpt-r nin* rals. such as chalcopyrite anrl bo mite to be dissolved 'in ^i\ acceptably short ti-.ie. Circulation :md collection would be accomplisi .d thxMu^;h drill hoi s. This mf-ihod should be especially r-urpiic^ble to the deep portions of pcr- ohyry copper deposits tb:t arc not economical to mine by present techniques.

.(NSA: 24: 16729) .

V. EXQy-V^EION •

20?) Harrison, M.A.

EXCAVATION WTTE HUCLBAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermore, iawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5676(p-20-8) . Contd... - 92 -

Abstract: It is conc-.u^ed thvt the only w-y to realize economy when exc;--v.tin< with nucle-r axpl -aives is to blow the earth completely out of the hole .-jid lenve a crater* This is economical because it is relatively epsy to put a nuclear explosive in pl'-ce ••'•P.O. Che cost of nuclear explosives is low per unit of energy released* The formation nf crrters by pnst nuclear detonations is described. The difference in cr -cers created by shallow and dneply buried shots is discussed. Pro- blems associated-v/ith the use of nuclear explosives are reviewed.

(NSA: 14: 22702). 208) Hi££ins, G,H.

ARTIFICIAL AND li;,IU3AL HADIO.-i.GT WHY. IN ^HhEAR EX- OAVATIOW, Univ-, of California, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCEL-14191 (Eev.l). June 2, 1965. 19p.

Abstractt Nuclear excavation technology is briefly reviewed. Areas discussed are scaling laws, canal excavation, costs, nnd safety. The radioactivity resulting from nuclear- excavation of a sea-level Isthnipji canal is estimated and compared with natural background radiation,

(NSAj 20| 33436).

200) Jones, GeE,S.

SOME COMMENTS ON CRATERING. Suffieli Special Publi- cation 22, . .

Canada, Suffield Experimental station, 3JP-11816 . Apr. 16, 1962. 28p.

Abstract; A discussion of large-scale craters is presented, dealing particularly with some aspects of the scaling problem. Techniques used to investigate certain types of crater, and the" uncertainty in raersureraent and definition is stressed. Attention is directed main-- ly to craters produced by conventional explosives, but the discussion also includes comments on nuclear craters and high velocity impacts.

(NSAI 16: 25503). Contd.... - 93 -

210) Knox, J.3. .

UUCLEAR BXCAV..CI01.': rnsoftY ,.,.D .

Trans, *mer. l^cL. Soc, II: 536. iiov. 1968.

(USA: 23: 2455) .

211) Knox, J.B.

NUCLEAR EXCAV-J!IOI\: I.-I3C3Y ._.!> ATTLIGAiIOilS.

Nucl., Appl. Techncl., ?; Sept. 1969, 189-31. Abstract; Recent and si--nif icint technical oor.tribu- ticns to nucle°r cratc.-rin.-- technology are suEnsrized. These include; ~i better understand in of the effects of improved explosive design on radioactivity in fallout patterns; methods-for predicting close-in (Tonma exposure patterns and extended time nirborne isct.ipic concentrations; new information on seismic rropi.g-tion nnd bln- st effects; rnd data on crr-.tc rin-_: mechanics. Bxporimen- tal data "verc; obtained fron Plowshare Project events • such as the hi^h on-jr^y explosion Scooter, ^:LCI the nuclear explosions D^jony Eo; , Sulky, Cabrirlet, and Bu^gy. The specific crp'erin.r fj^plic-'tiony discur^ud inc Ludo: aggregate production; retries for in situ lepchin^r of nep-r-surf-^ce ore deposits; harbor exesvetion, and overburden rtraovp.l for ninin^. The nuclear effects-.associated with nuclear exdv^tion Df a h-rbor. of useful size is presented in li-jht of recent st'i-iies of fallout effects, radiodine deposition, «ir bl-st, r:id seismic notion, PJ.V\ provide7 s a- basis for evaluating the-,c effects in otner nuclepr cratering anolicrtions. Future applied research necess'try for - Ivpjicing the st;"te of Plowshrre y is' outlined.

• (IT3A: 23: 49983) .

?-l2) Knox, J.B.

JJEOHMICAL PROBLEMS A1JD FUTURE GiLiTERIKG ESPERIMSSTS.

California Univ., Livermowre, Lawrence Radi.ation rjab. UGRL-71491. 19 Max. 1969. 34p.

(Atomindex. 11: 18: 7081). Oontd... - 94 -

213) Kurtz, M.K., Christopher, W.G., Day, W.C. _(SH .:.&).

PROJECT .PRE-GOiJDOLA I. Technical Director'?. Suronmry Report. Final Report. Port Belvoir, VA. Array Engineer Nuclear 'Crattriivj Group. PNB-1102. 12 Jan. 1968. 141p. (P). . .

(Atomindex. 11: 3: 779).

214) Kurtz, M.K. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION RESEARCH.

Mil. Ertg., 60: 527-32. Sept- Oct. 1968. Abstract: Data retained from laboratory and field experiments and project feasibility studies in nuclerj excavation research are cited. The evidence indicates that nuclear explosives can be used in the construction of navicable, channels•, harbors, reservoirs, dams, underground storage facilities, and in rock quarrying. The advantage of nuclear excavation over conventional methods is economy of both money end time. The fracture development and application of civil nuclear explosives will depend largely upon the interest shown by the engineering profession.

(NSA: 23: 24339).

215) Michaud, L.

UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. STUDY OP THE CAVITY.

Prance, Commissariat A L'ener^ie Atcmique, Centre ^'•etudes Nucleaires. CEA-R-3594. 1968. lip.

(Atomindex. 11: G: 2642).

216) Myers, B.

SUMMARY REPORT-PROJECT ROWBOAT.

Univ. of California, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-12118. Oct. 5, 1964. 123p.

Abstract: Rowboat was a high-explosive row-char~e cratering experiment in dese-rt allu-viuia. It-s purpose was to study the effects of depth of burial and charge

Contd... - 95 -

. separation on crater dimensions. Ihb L-xporimer.t utilized 278-lb chords placed in a row ;jid b.;ric:i :it equal depths caad with equal separations. (NSA: 19: 18095).

217) Nordyke,' M.D.

; OHATERING EXPERIENCE WITH OHEMICACI AIID Rf0LE.lR EXPLO- . SIVES. California Univ. j Live more, Lawrence Reidi-^ti^n Lab. UCRL-7793. 1963. 001^-470-8. 38p. (NSA: 23752) .. 218) Nordyke, M.D. NUCLEAR EXQXVAT ION: A PR0C-R33S RSP0R1}. Trans. Amer. Hucl. See, 9: 311. June 1966. (NSA: 20: .33442). 219) Nordyke, M.D. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION. A progress Report. California Univ., Livermore, Lav/rencc Radiation Lab. UCRL-12248-T(Rev. l) . 00NF-6.60606-6. 5p.. Abstract: A review is presented of developments in investigations of nucUar explosives applications in industry. Applications relating to excavation, mining, and isqtope .production are being investi^-ited. Infor- mation is included on L^ngle-charge crater ing row-chvrrr^ cratering, and costs of nucle?r devic&s. ' (NSA: 20: ."3435) . 220) Nordyke, M.D. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7658. Feb. 10, 1964. OONP-461-l". 24p. Abstract: Large scale excavation is perhaps the nost Gontd... - 96 -

obvious and straightforward use of nuclear explosives. The size of the excavation depends :~n several factors, such as the explosive yield, medium, and depth of burst. Considero-ble knowledge has bc-en obtained ov<. r the last several years on the craterin,^ effect of chemical and nuclear explosives in r, variety o,f media. Fur* ho 3? it has been shown that several explosives, spaced about a single crater radius apart and dotonatei simultaneously, will produce a uniform channel with a width and depth approximately equ-^1 to single crater dimensions. Such a channel nay be ased for applications such as waterways and railroad and high-way cuts. Burial of the nuclear explosive e.t such a depth that almost maximum dimensions are obtained results in trapping over 90 percent of the radioactivity underground. This entrapment, when combined with the use of nuclear explosives- in which a very small fraction of the ener.^y cones from fission processes, allows nuclear excavation to be ubed in remote areas with'complete radiological safety. Presently published costs for nuclear excava-tion indicate that the unit cost of excavation decreases with increasing depth of excavation. In general, nuo-lear excavation is economical for depths greater than about 100 ft. It is anticipated that future technological development and mass production of nuclear explosives will substantially reduce present published device costs.

(NSA: 18: 17971).

221) Nordyke, M.D., Oirceo, L.J.

PROGRESS IB NUCbFAR EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGY.

California Univ., Live morn, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-12248. Dec. 12, 1964. CONP-650102-1. 28p. Abstract: A theoretical model of explosive craterin^; is being; deveL -?d, based on a hydro-elastic plastic model and a late-phase gas acceleration model. Results to date- are very encouraging and indicate an ability to duplicate both observed surface motions and empirical crater dimension curves for alluvium. Nuclear excavation costs in hard rock are estimated to be competitive with conventional excavation in the 10-kiloton range, . rapidly decreasing to a few cents per cubic yard in the megaton range. Advancement in the development of low- fission thermonuclear oxplosives in the near future is expected to-reduce radioactivity levels 100-fold below

Contd... 1962 Sedan levels.

(NSA: 19: 9295).

222) Nordyke, M.D., ed. • PROCEED DIGS 0? CHS GE0PHY8I0/JG LABORATORY LA'A:3ANC3 RADIATIOB LABORATORY GKATERI3G SYMPOSIUM, VJ^SHIHGrO-; D. G. March 28-19, 1961. California Univ. Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Las. UCRL-6438 (Pts. I end II). Oct. 1961. 475p. Abstract: Procuf-.-linjs of a symposium attended by scientists who are interested In explosion craters "iid those interested in terrestrial and lunar mi teor craters are reported. Included are papers containing information and data o. meteor and explosion craters, cratering theory, and throw-out calculations.

(NSA: 16: 6260) . 223) Nordyke, M.E. NUCEEAR EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632. CONF-378-1. p. 1-5. • • . Abstract: A brief discussion is ;^iven of the present state of nuclear excavation technolo.gr and of cratering concepts. The safety hazards of nuclear excavation (fallout, air blast, paid ^coun.l ..nock) are also discussed. (USA: 18: 12287)...... 224) NUCLEAR CRATERING EXPERIMEIIZ . iS.Afr. Mining.Eng. J., 193. ferch 2i, 1967.

Abstract: Since the Plowshare program was .established in 1957, 16 nucle-ar field experiments and extensive laboratory research have been conducted and data derived from numerous nuclear tests conducted .for other purposes. Prom this work an understanding of the basic phenomena of underground nuclear explosions is evolv- ing. When a nuclear explosion occurs deep underground

lontd.., - 98 -

in hard rock it produces a large amount of broken r::-k, but does not break tho surface. Y/hsn the .,-xplvsion occurs at a lessor -l--;pth a crater is forrr:d in th> surface. The basic effects of t>:plosi::is in a variety of geologic media and 'ind^r n v°.ri ty of conditions,' and how these effects can be put to use-, are oeinT studied. Results indicate that nuclear explosives ni?ht bo used for large-scale projects such as constructing hrrbers, water reservoirs, ship canals,' and highway r,rd railroad passes through mountain ranges. Another potential application, the use of nuclear explosives to di..-- s soa-levc-L canal, is being investigated. Project Cabriolet, a recent step in this development program, is discussed. The information obtained from this experiment wi-l-l-"bs ussd in developing the understanding of how craters ere formed. In tarn, this understanding is expected to result in increcseri confidence in predicting the characteristics of craters in oth-.r typ.vs of rock and froa larger explosions. Data from field '_xperinerrus, such as Cabriolet, combined with the most advanced knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of rocks and explosion phenomena, provide the input to complex computer process. Thus, this catering experiment will improve the computer calculations, and, hence, the overall description of the craterin;- phenomenon.

(NSAi 21: 36192). •

225) Placak, O.K.

FINAL OPJ'-SITE1 SEPOKI] OP THE PROJECT 8EDiJr 3VENT . 6 JULY 1962.

Las Vegas, N«v. Public Health Service. P1IS-2OO-P, 12 Dec. 1962. 35p.

(Atomindex. 11: 12: 4532).

226) PROJECT PRE-SCHOOwTER II. Technical Director's Report.

California, Livermore, Army Engineer Nuclear Crater- ing Group. PNE-507. Dec. 1965. 129p.

Abstract: Project Pre-Schooner II was a chemical explosive single-char^re craterinjj experiment conducted as a correlation detonation for the proposed Plowshare 100-kt Schooner nuclear cratering experiment. The primary purpose of this experiment was to improve the

Contd... - 99 -

knowledge of cratorin;; in a hard, dry r:ck ^sid uo provide infomr-tion which can bt ur.i'l in zh>. v-^plaei;— ment design of th. Schooner -.vor.t ••u-vi in ~ho ^.--sessnc- of the operational Sc.fc-ry aspects JT that •.•/LT^. Pre- Schooner II consisted of a 100-ton liquid explosive: r. trometh?.ne, cbr.i-v;-; or.pl?c£.d in a spheric-1 cavity • t - depth of 71 ft in the rhyoiitic rock fom^ticn : f th<'- Bruneau Canyon region in southwestern Idahi.

(NSA: 21: 6095).

227) Rappleyea, O.ii.

CRAIER, EJECTA, AIID AIRBluiST Sl'TJDES FROM ?DT3 HIGE- BXPLOSIVE CHARGES HI A HORIZONTAL SQUAR? .J

N.Mexico, Sandia Corp., S0-.-;R-66-460. April 1967. 158p. Abstract; Fifteen shots, c-ach consisting of five 64- pound spherical charges of cast Tin? buriod et depths of 6, 8, or 10 feet, were detonated in dry-Lake piaya at the TonpaJh Test Ran.f'..-, Charges were arranged in a horizontal square array with the fifth charge in the niddle ?nd with spacing on the sidt.- of the square ranging from 8 to 18 feet. One shot using five 'ft-pound cha- ges end one usin^ five 256-poand charges were fired ax the 3-TEic cube root scaled burial depths ^n' spacin./s as one of the shots using a 64-pound charge. Orat.r dimensions, air blast, e^ecta areal distribuxion, and' permanent displacement of ±he_ground sur.'ac^ were measurod. The apparent crater volume for oho five 64-ro.und .charges detonated at the sariG depth. The apparent crater radius from five 64-pound charges was 1.5 times that fron .-•. single 320-pound charge, Peak overpressurjs wore -:s nach as 1/10 those for a single 320-pound charge at the same burial depth. A distincti/e ejecta pattern showed four mounds formed along the flast sides of the square containing amounts' of eject a that varie'd with' depth" of •burst. Permanent ground motion wr-s irregular but showed a net inward radial motion in many.

(USA: 21: 28121).

228) Rougeron, P.M.CM.

IMPROVEMENTS SUBTERRANEAN OTCLEJJI EXPLOSIONS.

French Patent 1,194,164. May 5", 1959". Ocntd. - 100 -

Abstract: It is surest*-. :1 to lot a non-military nucloar explosion take pb-ce in an evacuate:; subterranean sp-oe, created by di/j;in£" or by a preliminary exp'-:.si'in. It is stated that due tc th>- evacuation, ler.3 nuclear ener;.ry is mechanically wasted in the form of shock waves. Thus, the thermal out-put of fchu explosion is increased whereas subterranean destruction is decreased.

(1TSA: 14: 21211).

229) SYMPOSIUM ON MJJLEAR SXO«V.,riON ABRIDGMENTS.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence R-diation Lab. UCRL-7632. Jan. 1964. 26p. ' .

Abstract: Abridgments presented of five papers which were presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of Che Hirth- way Rest-arch Boar'% Washington, B.C., or. Jan. 13'to 17, 1964. 'T-wc of the papers deal with general aspects of nuclear excavations, while the other threes are concerned with Caxryall Project-.

(KSA: 18: 12286).

230) Tewes, H.A. RESULTS OP THE CABRIOLET EXCAVATION EXPERIMENT.

Trans. Amer. iTucl. Soc, 11: Nov. 1968. G0iI?-6&1101. 536-7.

(HSA: 23: 2443).

231) Toman, John,

PROJECT BUGGY: A HUG GEAR-ROW EXGAVATIOH EXPERIMENT . Trans. Amer, Wucl. Soc., 11: llov, 1968. GOWP-681101. 537-6.

(USA: 23: 2444).

232) Toman. John. SUMMARY OP RESULTS OP ORATERING EXPERIMENT!S. Galifornia Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Rsdiation Lab. UGRL-71456. 2 Apr. 1969. 45p. (Atomindex. 11: 18: 7091). Gontd... •r 101 - 253) Vortman, L.J.

CRATER FORMED BY DSTC'.iuT ING A ROT OF ^PL'. 1C-EC BEI'E-Th A RIDGB.

if. Mexico, Sandia Corp., SO-HR-68—i49, 9ep>;. 1968. 39p. (Atomindex. 11: 7:'2276). 234) Vortman, L.J. . . NUCLEAR EXCAVAT IOii.

N.Mexico, Sandia Labs. SC-DC-69-1716. Mir. 19&3. GONF-690312-2. Abstract: The projects ^iux£&sted for possible nuclc ar excavations during the past 12 to 15 y.ars art listed and briefly described, Progress i- c-.eh is reviewed, and the information needs of nuclear excavations are examined. No usable nuclear excavation h?s been accomplished, but understanding cf explosive excavation techniques has incroaserl enormously. (NSA: 23: 21843). Vortman, L.J.

A SMALL-SCALE INV3STIGATION OF EXCAVATIONN V/xIH ROWS OF EXPLOSIONS. II.Mexico, Sandia Corp., SG-RR-65-303. Sept. 1965. 77p. Abstract: Rowa of 8-pound spherical charges of TNT buried 3 feet deep and spe^^d 4 feet apart were firod in parallel configurations. The VPJiations in relative cratering effectiveness of explosives are described .as a function of spacing between rows for both simultaneous pnd sequential detonation of.tln rows. The intent was to model at sraall scale the similar use of nuclear explosives for excavation of overburden from ore bodies to permit open-pit mining. Results indicate that wide craters can be excavated more effectively by parallel row charges fired sequentially than if the rows are fired simultaneously. The data imply that some combinations of closer spacin^s and deeper burial depths than those tested co'ild increase the efficiency Gontd. - 102 - - of multiple rows to approach and even exceed thvfc of single rows. (USA: 19: 46470).

V.A.AGGREGATE PHOS'JOJIOiJ AND QUARRY H.'G

236) Cireco, L.J., . . ENGINEERING PROPER! ISS AlJD APPLI :AT IONS 0? .IIU0LPA3. 2X- GAVATIONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UORL-7657, 3 Feb. 1964. 47p.

Abstract: The use of nuclear excavation for engineering projects depends not only on the size of the excavation, but also on the .properties of the material in and ar-und the excavation. In a nuclear excavation several general zones are evident. Among thess are tne true and apparent crater, crater fall-back and lip throw-out material, ground upheaval, and the rupture ?nd r>l-"\stic zonee. The properties of the material in these auncs are dependent on original medium characteristics end the effects of the detonation. The hyperbolic shape of a crater lends itself to good slope stability. The problem of slope stability in soils or highly weathered rock will be more acute than in competent rock. The condition of the rupture zone, the amount of surch -v,:e on the crater lip, and ground shock from later detonations impose additional problems to slope stability evaluation. The fall-back material will obtain a certain amount of dynamic compaction as a result of the material falling from heights of several hundred feet. Further foundation stability, if necessary, can be accomplished by stsiidard techniques. Several applications of nuclear explosives in the highway engineering field appear feasible. They*include; (l) excavation of roadway cuts; (S) aggregate production; open pit mining; (3) drainage diversion, or interception by craters; (4) landslide removal, encouragement, or- stabilization. The feasibility of using large yield explosions for engineering projects has been demonstrated in the Soviet Union. Over the last twenty years, many large-yield conventional explosives have been used for excavation, mining, and dam construction.

' ' Contd.„. - 105 - 237) Curry, R.L.

INVESTIGATION OF £:' • FEASIBILITY OF MA:TUFACTT:ti:iO AGGREGATE BY :IUOL£AR METHODS . '

Vicksburg. (Miss.K Waterways Experiment .Ctstion. Np-14065. Apr. 1954. 45p.

Abstract: Preshot and oostshot samples of basalt from the Danny Boy crater area v/sre tested for physical properties to determine feasibility of nuclenr manufact- uring of aggregate for construction purposes. It was established thet for this event at least 20 percent of the as-is ejecta could be useful as concrete aggregate with only sieving, z th^t with a snail amount of secondary crushing more could be made available. "Based on this limited s^udy, farther studies cf other nuclear events in various types of rock ere recommended.

(NSA: 1R: 316^9) .

238) Day, W.C. . CORPS OF ENGINEERS NUCLEAR CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH PRO- GRAM.

Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 11, 1968; 538. International Conference on the Constructive Uses of Atomic Energy, Washington", D.C., Nov. 196B. 10-15. 239) Demidyuk, G.P.

ACCOMPLISHMENT OF EXPLOSION WORKS IN QUARRIES,

California Univ.. Berkeley, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-Trans-827(L). 196? 133p. (Translated from Russian).

240). Hansen,'S.M., Toman, J.

AGGREGATE PRODUCTION WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-12180. Nov. 20, 1964. 34p.

Abstract^ Breaking rock for the manufacture of crushed sto:ne aggregate is one possible use of nuclear explosions. A family of curves is given for the tonnage of broken rock as a function of yield and depth of burst. Experimental results of the Pre-Schooner Charlie, Nep- Contd... - 104 -

tune, and Danny Boy events are discussed. Enwinturing considerations rui'i site selection for aggregate production are discussed. Finally, costs, and safety considerations are p;iven.

(NSA: 19: 9294).

241) Hansen, S»M., Toman, J. AGGREGATE PRODUCTION WITH KUC^iR EXPLOSIVES.

California Univ., Livcrmore, Dawrence R-vliation Lab. UCRL-12180 (Rev. 2). May 12, 1965. 36p. Abstract: The application of underground nuclear explosions to break rock for the manufacture of crushed stone aggregate is considered. Data from several chemical and nuclear explosions i.is. ruck are given. Engineering considerations, costs, and safety considerations are discussed. It is concluded that this application is feasible.

(NSA: 19: 36587). • •

248) Hansen, S.M., Toman, J.

ROOK BREAKING T^KES A GIANT STEP INTO THE SPACE AGE.

Rock Prod., 68: June 1965. 52-9.

Abstract: Use of nuclear oxplosions for rock breaking to form an 'instant quarry1 is discussed. Gross effects from underground nuclear explosions Ft various depth's of burial are summarized. Tonnage of rock broken as a function of yield and depth of burst is shown. Some results from the Pre-Schooner Gharile, Neptune, Danny Boy, and Sulky experiments are presented. Frag- ment size distribution of broken rock was evaluated. Site selection, quarry layout, explosive emplacement, and costs of using nuclear explosives p-re- considered. Shock and seismic effects and radioactivity release are discussed.

(NSA: 20: 36974).

843) Hughes, B.C.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS HUCTEAR EXPLOSIVES STUDIES FOR

Contd.. - 105 -

CIVIL CONSTRUE 10;,'. TR0H..n..[. AiPORT HO. ft.

Army Engineering Craterim-: Group, Livemore, Califor- nia. NP-17717. Oct, 19o6.~36p.

Abstract: This report disouesrs the major activities being undertaken un^er the Corps of Snrin-?rs res^nrch program pertaining to nuclear explosives studies far civil construction. This program, which was initiated in 1962, supports the joint .7orxjs of Engineers - Ato- mic Energy Commission research nrogram to develop the teohnolOfTy required tc use nuclear explosives, in conjunction with the construction of lar;o-sc;le civil projects. The US iirmy Engineer Nuccpr Craterin^ Group ?N0G), located at the Lawrence Pndiaticn Laboratory (liRL) in Livermore, California, is responsible- for the technical direction and execution of this dorps of Engineers research r.nd development effort. The primary NCG projram activities include: (l) execution of hi.dia of interest and to siJ>rve as calibration experiments for large-scale nuclear experiments; (2) participation in and joint plannLn,7; of AEC nucl-.-ar exevatien experiments; (3) development of pertinent flfita on the engineering characteristics and physical properties of nuclear craters; (4) development of civil works nuclear construction technoio;^y; 15) accomplishment of engineering studies to identify and solve engineering end construction problems involved in the use of nucUar explosives in construction of Civil works projects; end (6) execution of joint CE/AEC Civil V/orks nucUrr construction experiments. NOG has executed five major HE crste.rin<- experiments to 'ate. The-e experiments have nrovidtd significant empirical data for use in the design of nuclear excavation experiments -is weLl .-is in the development of cra.tering code calculation techniques. The results of the NCG engineering feasibility studies program to date have indicated that the following four nuclear civil construction applications have significant potential for accomplishment: (l) nuclear quarrying to produce rockfiil or a^gre^ate; (2) nuclear ejecta dam constuction; (3) nuclear harbor construction; and (4) nuclear canal excavation. The nuclear quarry concept has been identified as the most immediate application of present technology.

Contd... - 106 -

244) Jaske, R.I.- • LARGE-SCALE QUARRY BLASTING OK THE HANFORD RESERVATION.

General Electric Co., Richland, Wash. Hanford Atomic Products Operation. H.v-79614. 15 Jan. 1964. 68p.

Abstract: Two lsrge-scele quarry blasts were conducted to produce crushed feed rock at a site central to the Hanford plutonium production areas. The blasts (3650 and 21000 1b of NH4NO3) were 20000 ft from the nearest reactor. Seismic and acoustic measurements were made to confirm predictive techniques and to measure the oscillator response characteristic of critical reactor facilities. No detectable damage to plant facilities occurred. Correlations of the measurements with predictive techniques had led to inprovc-d techniques.

245) Pokrovskii, G.

CONSTRUCT IVE EXP "JOS I01I-CHINA.

California Univ., Livermore, UCRL-TRANS-358(L). 2p.

A descritpion of a large explosion in China for the construction of quarries is presented.

246) Polatty, J.M., Houston, H.J., Stone, R.L., Banks, D.O.

INVESTIGATION OF MANUFACTURE 01? AGGREGATE AND RIPRAP BY NUCLEAR MEANS.

Vicksburg, (Miss.), Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, PNE-5003. Feb. 1965. 78p. •

Abstract: The objectives of the work reported were to investigate the feasibility of producing aggregate and riprap by nuclear moans and to verify and suppliment size distribution data obtained by a phoxogrid method. This was accomplished by determining the size distribution, density, absorption, abrasion resistance, shape characteristic, rock types, and degrees of new fractures of material from 16 piles of ejecta from a trench excavated into the lip of the DANNY BOY crater.

dontd.•. - 107 - Particle size v/ere estimated by cnrapsxisons with the 1-foot grid spacing. Results of tests indicate that approximately 10 percent of the ejecta could be used for concrete "j^reâte after proper separation without seconôry crashing. Physical tests and geologic examinations confirm th^b this ejects would be acc- sptablc as concrete a^-gre.-.-ate. Thirteen percent of the ejecta was in the size range needed for riprap. Fracturing of t-he ejecta. ws minor, and the dense particles would make good riprap. All ejecta could be used with moderate sizing for jetty stone. The photogrid method indicated that the material was coarser than shown.by mechanical separation, though. a direct comparison may not be valid in tnis case since different îreas of the deposit may neve been analyzed. However, because of the speed and low cost of the photogrid method, farther study is warr.^r.jed. • (USA: 19: 40709).

V. B. QAHALS

247) Baldonado, O.C., Perla, H.F. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF NUCIEAR OPERATIONS iX)R THE SEA LEVEL GiliL.h. Holmes and Narvcr, Inc., Los Angeles, CJalif. HIS-20- 213. Nov. 1956. 95p. Abstract: Computer sinalation techniques using the General Purpose simulation System (GPSS/360) were used to simulate nuclear detonations programs for the Interoceanic Canal project whereby the effects of . several firing constraints on the schedule were investigated. One constraint investigated was the effect of different- weather restriction categories due to air blast and fallout. The effect of increasing the number of emplacement and stemming crews also was investigated. The effect of varying the reentry period after deto-_ nating a row charge, or salvo, was assessed. Detonation programs were simulated for proposed Route 17 A and Route 25R. The study demonstrated the method for using Contd.•, - 108 - computer simulation so that a schedule and its associated constraints can be assessed, for feasibility.

(USA: 24: 6541). 248) CANAL CONSTRUCTION Hi CENTRAL AMERICA:/! BIOLOGICAL CATASTROPHE. .'

Vo0t, Hans-Heinrich iisturwiss. Runrlsch; 22: May 1969. 209-10. (In German). Abstract: The feasibility of construction of sea level canals in Central Amerieal by use o.f nuclear explosives was discussed briefly. In the ppst 25 years 30 different possible routes have been suggested for canals in the area between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Colombia. Of those 5 appej%red to be suitable for construction by use of nuclear explosives. These included Tehuantepel (Mexico), Nicara^^aa-Costa Rica, San Bias and -Sasardi Morti in Panama, and Atr?:to-Truando in Colombia. The possible use c,f nuclear explosives raised the question of radioactive cmtainin.-.tion of the c-tmosphere and the oceans, even though dilution effects soon would decrease the possibilities of accute contamination of the surrounding arers. The possibilities of serious biolo- gial effects frca canal construction by nuclear explo- sivts was discussed in general terms. (NSA: 24: 9545). 249) Carlson. H..H. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION OP A SEA-L2VEL ISTHMIAN CANAL. A DISCUSSION. J.VTatwajs Harb. Div. Am. Soc. Civ.Enrs. 91, W773. 1965. 148-51.

Abstract: Mention is made of a Congressional Act (Pub- lie Law 88-109, 88th Congress, Session 2701, dated 22 September 19B4) which authorizes a commission to study the best means of constructing a new canal. A comparison of costs given by Vortman with those reported in the 1960 study shows a 10 percent rise in costs for four of the five possible routes using nuclear explosives. Another comparison given is one of yield and number of devices for the 19^0 versus Vortman'? paper-

Contd../ - 10;-) -

When 1/3.4 crater scaling is used, total yield requirements are significantly less than for the" 1960 study. Conversely, qu^rtr r-root crater scaling requires yields than the 1960. Other factors which could influonee cost df.ta are rr.entione-d.

250) Oauthen, L.J., Korvr, J.^.f !!:rdyke, M.D., ?r-:st-n, R.G,, Reed, J .'.V., Virtnan, L.J.

ISTHMIAN CAN^L STUDIES, 1964. ANNEX III. APPENDIX 1. MCLOSURS G. SAFETY BVALUAI ION FOR AIR BLAST , GROUMD SHOOK, THRCWOUT AilD DUST.

PNE-2003. Sept. 1.96-i. 3-ip.

Abstract: The-- nature of each of the hazards is rat- lined, t!Iose-in end intermediate-and long-raii'e r.ir blast are considered. Conp-risons :.re made of predicted air blr.st and ground shock levels with danpge criteria. Throwout and dust frcn craterinj: -;xol?sions are analysed.

(NSA: 20: 1965).

261) CRITICAL 3^iTr.RIKG EXPERIIC:!? F..CES PO.csrBLS CA:.;OS- JJLAT IOIJ.

Nucl. In.last ry 14, 12. 1967. 39-iO.

252) Dyraent, Rnbart. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION: NOW FEASIBLE METHOD.

Constructor, 50: July 1"58. 19-53.

Abstract: It is estiracced th?t nuclear excavation would penait construction of a sea level canal to replace the Panama Canal in one-fifth the time and at one-quarter the expense of excavr.tinn by convention?! mc?jis. Nu- clear explosives could be used to overcome sonie of the formidable earth-moving problems involved if the proposed canal was constructed ?.t sea level. However a major question th^t must be resolved is whether or not any of the several canal routes woall allow atomic excavation under the nuclear test ban treaty. Of many possible transisthmian routes which have been

Contd.. - 110 - studied, 5 ho.ve been investigate! in detail in reLa- tion to use of nuclear explosives. Feasibility studies indicate that digging a sea-level canal with nuclear explosives is practical anl can be conducted safely. In'addition, the canal would be larger than one dug by conventional mozxis; thus, it should be more useful, less vulnerable, oni should require less maintenance. Furthermore, such a canal du£ by nuclear excavation methods w.iuli cost only a fraction of the cost to dig one by conventional methods. G;jsts of excavation over- the 5 routes ranged from 620 to 2270 million dollars. The model project Uu^out in which 5 charges of chen:i,cal high explosives buried in a • row were det:>n"ted simultaneously at the Nevsia Test Site is described. The explosives were detoncted to form a channel in hr.rd rock es part of th^ Plowshare- Pro gram.

(IISAJ 22: 48974) . 353) Finney, J.W. A SECOND CANAL. New Republic 150, 13. 1964. 21-24. Abs:^act: A brief history of the problems involved in peaceful uses of nuclear explosions is given v/ith emphasis upon plans for "building a new canal. A tabulation of the five sites under consideraticn with the length of the canal to be dug, maximum elevation, and estimeted costs for nuclear and convention.?! explosives are presented. The ncei for futher crater in,} mx- periments to develop excavation technolo^ find the possible modification of the nuclear test ban treaty is mentioned. 254) Gaiton, L. A HEW CANAL-DUG BY ATOM BOMBS. ' N.Y. Times Magazine Sect., Sect. VI. 20 Sept. 1964,24. 255) Graves,"E. KTJCLEAR EXCAVATION OF A SEA-IEVEL, ISTHMIAN CANAL. Corps, of Engineers. (U.S.A). T3D-7695(p.321-34).

Oontd.., - Ill -

Abstract: The feasibility of di,..tin.; . .LP.-UVCL, Isth- mian canal by nucl"-r exrilosi' r-.z Icyi.nds on j-jv..-ral major factors. One ic Kne ?v€.il^bility 'f s..i~atlt-:, alternative sites. Anot'.v r id; tr.^ •... iLiiy zo n^jct stfe- blo excavations of rjr.-nu " •- .size ny n.c-^ns of larg.- explosions. A third is the ability to contr 1 th>: roten- tial safety hasaris. Still -in th~r is t;h. tiru , ^ff'.r4;, . equipment, and Q-vt_rials rtquired f:ir th-~ nuclear fir the nucle'-ir excnvati'jn an.'; najor conventi.-n-.il construction nucessary to conplr.t.= -in oper-.-ti!^: int--r-oceanic waterway. Integration of tneso frotors into an r,v, r;.Ll plan leads to an -•.ss^zzn^nr: of fersibiLity in t.rms cf sa.f^-'ty, time schen;!.,, and •. s^in-ito.i. cot-,1 cjsts.

(USA: 13: 35674) .

256) Graves, S,, Holmes, ?.."., Moriiyicfc, M.D., L-wis, L.J. Williamson, M.M.

ISIHSIIAN CANAL STUDIES, 1964. AslflBX III. AVEST-rDIX I. HUCLEAR EXCAVATION PLAN.

P])EE-2000. Sept. 1964. 67p.

Abstract: A pi.-MI f--r ninj nucl^-^r vyr.Losi :is to 'Oi-r the channel for «v: Isthr-ian s--a--li- v«,l ':^.sl is /.escrib- ed for two alt*-'rn~-.tiv r>ut>.p: S^surai-i-iorti .(Route 17) and Atrato-Truii-/"• n (R~ute ».?>) . L'nis pir-n b-.-gins ?;iT;h the concept cf i.uobj^r oxo°/-.t i.-n 'u.1 th>- i- sign of the nuclear excl ri-ns. ?h-. h-.jar'^us cT-_-cr;& :f the explosions aa^ ^ -ur control r. :L:cu"s.i. ?hc- nucle'-.r operations arc J. scrl": ci j r-n.l th*- c^at is ustirr.-tcd. The development or •._rr: r.Tuir-.i ;«. i"jrc the excavation can be undertak i. ir; i GU:J (NSA: 20: 1983).

257) Graves, E., Wr\7, ,V.R., Pierce, 3.B.

SCOPE OP CSHMICCi ^XPLQSITE CiLul"r)RINC- 3XPSRIM3HT . Project PBE-BUGGY.

California Univ., Livc-rmore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PEE-3000. May 5, 1963. &2p. Abstract: A general description is ^iven of th.r Pre- Buggy chemical explosive experinents. These experiments consisted of a series of sirircle-and multiple- Oontd... - 112 -

charge- detonations designer) to refine our knowle:! of channel size as a function of charge spacing, and to obtaine data on veritiiv of explosion products fron; a row of sphericrl ohorges det-n ter] in alluvium. A 1 basic series of six 3in.-le-charf.;e detonations anr four multiple-char :e detonations of five- charges in a row was executed in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site from November 1962 tlirou^h February 1963- S?ch ch-rge contained 1,000 pounds "of :iit rone thane with a Lai4(J tracer. Preliminary examination of the results indicates th:t: ((l) ) When charges were spaced at. 1.0 sin^le-chr r^-o cra- tetrr :adius:aus,, the channel deptpth widtidth were l-:r,:ur than the diameter ^nd A-^pth of a sin.jle-.tharge cratur. (2) Small increeEOs in spacing resulted in considerable reduction of channel depth and a smaller ro-lucti:n in width. (3) The channel shape at cpacin^s of 1..3 single- charge crater radii w?s v>:ry uneven. (4) 'When th*. rati^ of the deptb-of-bur.-jt to d^ ;)th-of-crater W"L" ribout two, the venting of explosion r-r: -ucta •'roa a row-charge detonation was less than fr";m sin.-lc-chc-rge detonationa.

(NSA: 17: 34068) .

J258) Hughes, B.C. NiTCGE.\R EXOi.V-TIOii D^SIGl: OF A TRAITS ISTHMIAN

Trans. Amer. Tr.icl. Soc, 11: 539. fiov. 196S.

(NSA: 23: 2447).

£59) Hughes, B.O.

ilUCCiBAR EXC..7 ri OF .. IVRAtlSISTHi-lIiJ:! SE/.-IfiVEL

Oalifomia, uiverm-ire, Arcy Engineer Nuclear Grmp. NCG-TR-6. OctoLiur 196f. 64p.

Abstract: The I'e-r.aibility of, and moot suitable route for construction of a sea-level canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceane by conventional or nucl:.-:r excavation methods is investigated. Determining factors of th« estiE'-ted cost 01 construction .-re given* I\Tu- clear methods 'for construction of a sea-level canal through the Dcrien Re,, ion of Penpjna and the At rat o-

Gcntd... Truando region •;' northwest Toliunbia :-.ve cxanin^ . T^e safety aspects .i" •.iFj.ia-; lunl.rr r. thods to construct o transisthmicLu se->-le-vi.l canal o > bo consid red inciudt seismic proposition, o.irl;l-.:- ac.^istic:- J. »V.;1TC phenomena, and radioactivity ^ L ane- Th-- results af studies indicate th-t the pet :nt ..ally

(NSA: 23; 13894).

J60) Hughes, B.C.

HUCLEAR EX0AVAT1OI; DESSIGI, O'c1 .. TiL'-NS- 1STH:lI^li SEA- IEVEL CANAL.

Nucl. Appl. -ruohnol.., 7: Stpt. 1969. 305-S7. Abstract: Iw. up-to-(U:.t:' an^-lvsis of th r>_'plic--tion of nuclear excavr.t i•-n tfcchnol'.;-:y t •:• the lesi n of ^ c P.- level can?.l corni^ctin^. the Atlantic raid Pacific Oce;-.ns is presented. Considirrti^n is --iven t? uc-e of nucLtar metiiods in the constructi_n of a sea-level cr:nal through the Darien region of Panama (R-«ut£- 17) end. the At rat o- Truando region of northwest Goloabia (3^'ite 25.) .

(NSA: 23: 49986)..

151) Kurd John.

ISTHMIAN SEA-IETSL. CIJU.li.

Hud. Mews, 8: Mo. 4, Apr. 1965. H2-7. Gontd. - 114 -

Abstract! The routes fnci excavrvfcionr b-..:i>i propose f"1":" the sea-level cmrd are discussed, with cvnside-r-ntion of the canal specifications ?.nd the technology of nuclear eraBering.

(lISAi 19* 20091).

262) ISTHMIAH CANAL. STUDI3S, 1964* Ali'.EX III. CONSTRUCTION OP AH ISTHMIAN SEA-'JEVEL C.JMAL 3Y rTUC CJE.-.R METHODS, 196 4e Livermore, Arr-y Engineer Nuclear Ordering Group PitE-1999. 22?. Abstract: A joint r>tudy w-s made of the cost, safety and oth^r factors involved in construct ;ng a csnp.L at tv/o routes: Sasarrli-Morti in the Darien Region of Panama and Atrr-to-Drunndo in Northern Colombia. Deve- lopments ma^t in the last four years are incorporated in the study together with the scientific and engineering data on the two routes. The nsjar problems wh\Lch require further investi>?ntion r-.rt- irlrmtified.

(MSA: 20: 471).

263) ISTHMIAN CAriAli SIULIES, 1964. A,fITBX III. APPENDIX I. HJCLOSUEE A. EXCAVATION WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS.

California, Livormore, Arrr/ 3nr:inoorhip- imclear Cat- ering Group. PKE-2001. Sept. 1964. 119p.

Abstract; The ^iusi,rn of the nucL^p.r explosions required •fco excavate the- chaiTnel for the Isthmian sea-level canal is described for two alternative routes Sasardi- Morti (Route 17) and Atrato-Truando (Route 25) . The. size and number of the nuclear devices, the dimensions and engineering properties of the carters, detonation programs, nir1 omplacer-ent drilling are coiisidered in detail. It is coricludcd the Route 17 would require _ 294 devices with a total yield of 165.4 Mt. in 14 separate detonations, while Route 25 se^iarate detonations.

(KSA: 20: 1984).

S64) ISTHMIAN CAilAL STUDIES, 1964. HMTSD III. APPEJJDIX I. INCLOSTJHB D. KUCLEAR OPERiLT ION':.

Oontd... - 115 -

Las Ve;-as, N- v---la Operations Office (i.EC) . PlIE-SOO-i. Sept, 1964. 55p.

Abstract; Thi, nucLe :.r opurv.t;i.):is ox- .jr-n is rr.de up of the activities required tj yriplactr. and fire the nuclear explosives, conduct the rjr-ifety projrrms, and pr - vide operational direction find m-an-jj/ement. The ule- ments of the nuclear orv-^r' tions aro~ ram include ?ro- ject management, 'aer^ti^ns co-ordi *vtion and 'TcO- control, oxplocivos security, nuclear tx -L-sivts n:x-r- ations, meteorolo;^/, rr,.iiolo.ric-^l safoty and t0r.rt.p5- trial "bioenvir jnraciit'al prograjn,' m^rin-; bioonvir;n- mental prograr, air bl-ist prediction, ar.d s^is-T.ic effects. Each of the elementr. is described, f-nd -lost esti mates are givon.

(NSA: 20; 1986) .

265) ISTHMIAN GJU^L STUDIES, 1964. A^il-iBX III. APPENDIX 2,- INOLOSUEE L. OK SITE SURVEY PROGRAM.

Panama Canal Go., P.alboa Hei hts (Oonal Zone-). PHE-2006. Sept. 1964. 25p.

Abstract: A cl^scripti.^p n is ^^rive- n of an Oii-si^e survey program signed to obtain information for -"He ptudy of the constructi ;n of a c-a-lovel canal aljiir Routes 17 and 25 by nuclear nethocis. Tcpojre.;>hy, ;;:-rbv, hydro- graphy, meteorolo/jy, hydrolo.«y, seismic effects, p.^^u- lation, ecology economic resources, -^nd camps are c^n- sldc-red. Estimates of the :.-??.t of -m-sice surveys aro included. (USA: 20: 473) .

266) ISTHMIAN CiJIAL STUDIES, 1J64. Ai-^"EX III. AIPE..DIX 2. GENERAL COlISTRuOT ION PLafJi'.

Paxiana Canal Oo., Balboa H eights (Canal Z.^neK PNE-2005. Sept. 1964. 77p.

Abstract: A discussion is presented of the general construction required in the nuclear exc^"ration of the canal on two proposed routes, Sasardi-Morti (Route 17) and Atrato-Truando (Rjute 25) . The general nature and scope of the project are described, and the additional site information needed are ,riven. The Contd - 116 -

concept and. general features of the corm-ntimal construction plan are giv-.n. Typical scht-dulv.s and cost estimates arc presented for the ccnstructi.-n along- "i«ach route.

(NSA: 20: -172)*

267) Johnson, G.TC.

EXCAVATING WITH '.-iUCLFAR EXPLOSIVES.

Discovery, 25: Ho. II. IIov. 1964. 16-21.

Abstract: The theory of cratering, the mechanics of explosions, cost, and safety for excavating with nuclear explosives are discussed. The possibility of a new 'Panama Canal' usin^; nuclear explosives is considered.

(NSA: 19: 4278). fc68) Johnson, G.W.

THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM-HISTORY AHD GOALS.

California Univ., Livo-rmore, Lawrence R&uiation Lab. TID-7695 (p.3-6) .

Abstract: A brief discussion is given of the background of the Plcwshrre Program. The use of nuclear explosives to excavate a canal was first considered after the Suez crisis, and in .1957, a group w- s formed to study possible en ineerinr usres of nuclear explosives. The results of Rainier aiil Gn:mi events are discussed briefly« (KSA: 13: 35669).

269) Miller, A.C. '

TO BUILD A BIGGER DITCH.

U.S. ilav. Inst., Proc., Sept. 1967. 27-34.

Abstract: The feasibility of using nuclear explosions to build a new sea-level canal in Central America' or Colombia connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is discussed. This canal would eliminate traffic jams in world commerce that have built up on the present Panama

Contd... - 117 - Canal. Ill-, no-;'1 for the mw coial ir •i3cu^s-_i. ? ^li- tical, economic, an-1, y.cial aspoctc :•: th v-.n-currs sre described. V-ri^uc routes JTrr t*-.c n-v/ •?-.>.-:1 -.re discussed rnJ the ecirvnic E-clvant- s f e~-.cn c;.m;:"r-:i Tue advantages ^n-1 disa'Jvant" -es -TI usin.• -nuolt-?.r explosives to biili the crjir-l pre Mutlin.:1,. (KSA: 22: 1-2932) . 870) Perla, H.F., Tierney, M.P.

GONVEHTIOilAL EXCAVATION BY HYDRAULIC KING M3IH0DS FOR THE n^ER0CE/j;i3 CAHAL. Los Angeles, Californir., Holmes "jad II-Tvor, Inc.. HN-20-205. May 1969. 34p. (Atomindex. 11: 27: 11522).-

271) SEIOHE iiHD TSUKAMI EPFZ-GTS FROM IJUCiZ1;^ SXC./ZA^IC:: OF AM INTR0CEA1IIG CAiTAD. California, S^nfr-mciscJ, Associ-tes 3-search Div. NVO-99-24. Feb. 1968. 4?i). •Includes Appendix by R.L. Wit.rel. Abstract: Potent i"l l^na.et from v/ct-r-w^v,. 3, includin,-- seiches '--rid tounanis wnich ai.~ht u ^n'.r.tc-i by proposed hucL'T lixc.vrtion in the Irthnais ^1" P^-naria, is investigated. The history ^f th re.;ion sh^ws =1 r-.;i::tivc freedom from earth-quake-gen^rat-. d v;:-vcs.-Pre^licted -round motien for tho Panama Canal nrca will pr'.bably c^'iS''. only negligible wave heights in the 0an?l. IlacL-j-ir ox- cav.?tion intersecting th-"- shoreline raay .-entrnte r7:s of damaging proportl:ns. ^».dditio:ial studies are recommended, (KSA: 22: 30736). 272) Talley, W.K. ELAT : DEAD S3A WATERWAY. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 11: Nov. 1968. 542-3.

CHSA: 23: 2452). Contd... - 113 -

273) Toman, J. PROJECT BU/,GY: A lilH'jS.-R ROW EXCAVATION HXPERIMSHT .

Nucl. Appl. Teehnol., 7: Sept. 1969. 2-13-52.

Abstract :The Bu_rry .xporinr-nt d-. nonstrat-:d th't unitr widely varying froclogic conditions, a relatively uniform channel was produced which «.t larger yields w:uii be v/cll suited for oanals, harbors or highway outs. The dimensions obtained in the Bu^^y row crater are belie-ved to be primarily flue to the crater:n- choraetristi.es cf the Chukar Mesa Brsalt Formation, and shaull.not be considered typical for row crater applicati-ns. Saturate- rcc> which is likely to be encountered r-t most locations E.way frcn the Nevada T-.st Site is expected t) increase the crr.t-'ring efficiency of nuclerr explosives ^jid It?.! t: larger row dimousi ms. im advance in nucle?j? excavation technology has been th'. d^velopnint of craterj.nf code calculations on the basis of in-situ geophysical messurements cni high-pressure test data on rock specimens. This capability was critical to the success of the Bugfi-y experiment as there v/trc no calibration sin.-rle- ch^xge craters (either nuclear or high explosives! on which to bane the r-v/ crater 'iesign. The low values obtained for the n;>und velociti :s indicate that formation of a row crater would have b-. en marginal at a deeper depth of burst.

(MSAi 23: 49983). 274) Vortman, L.J.

CONSTRUCTION OF A SEA-LEVEL TRANSISIHMLUI 2AMAL USING HUOLEAR EXPLOSIVES.

H. Mexico, Sandia Lab., SC-4929 (H3).Peb. 196-i. 77p.

Abstract: This report is bpsed: (l) on information developed in earlier high explosive experiments which determined the optinuia spacing and burial depth.of charges in a row to produce a channel uniformly wide and deep, and (2) on the Sedan and Danny Boy experiments, which provided data on dimensions cf nuclear craters in both soil and basalt roclc. This information h-:s been combined with the 1947 route surveys of the Panama Canal Company, and estimates, have been made not oaT,y of the number

Contd.., ana yield zf nucl IT cxpi-piv c r-;-cuir\-2 t^ a Tr?2isi^thr.i--J: C--.ini -with nucLe'^xrA ^iv-s, but C.LSJ of the ers* :f ~hc expl~siv_s ~ri^ zh- o:st r: th-jir cmplacen'jnt.

Depending ;n the route Involved, the use- of nuclear oxpl.sizes '-•'-Ti ru'luos exDrvatin c st by --s ;..ioh as 90 percent and the total trust by nearly 65*" v-- re^nt.

(KSA: 16: 16161).

875) Vortm^ii, L.J.

EXCAVATION~0P L SEA-IEVEL SHIP CA!.'AI».

N. Mexico, Sruidin Corp. U0RL-5676(p.71-63) .

•tibstrc.c:: An inve. tir-ti^ri w^s mile 3f the possibility :f employing n.u?le-r -.xplosiv.s to cj.istruct n sea-LoT-.l ship CJIÎ in the civinity ?f th-: Isthmus of Panruna. A survey of the topography :>f possible-r*>ut^s resulted in uhe sel-ctioi: of i;hc Caledni?. Bajr (Sasrrd i-Morti) r..'-.itc. This site is ai: rut 110 rr.il-: s -jr\st of tht pr-is^nt ean?-l in an unpopulated ^re--., ^nd the route f".ll.'.vs v?.lley bottoms r-r.': v-Auld require only .-. niniûn f excr-.v-.tizn. Pundan-ntsl concepts .-)vernin.-- the use of ?v;ol. r .xr.lo- sives in can-1 censtructi n are- r-rvirwr a. D = tn. ire tabulated on spr-.cinc nnd yield of the nucK-.r e:cpl--sives. Cost estimrtes ire presented for s c»j"rl 60C ft wid'_ "_:»: 60 ft Ae-^p. It is e-sînrtod thit th: c,£t of -.xcrvating- a channel by nuclear n^ns is ib .ut 15 percent :f conventional cos^s.

(HSA: 14: S2706) .

276) Vortnrn, "L.J.

HUC3EAE EXCAV/JIIOH OP A SSA-I3V3L ISTHMIiJi OAlfAL.

Am. Soo. Civil Bngrs., 90: 5o. WW4. 2Jov. 196i. 27-54.

Abstract: A study was nade of the application of.nuclear excav?.tion techniques tc the construction of i sea level transisthmian c?nal primarily to evaluate present (i964) capability and to isolate area in. which further iafor- mction is required. Data en high-exolosive (H3) and nuclear cratering events are combined with the 1947 Route-

C">nt-i. - 120 - Surveys n^vio ry the Pr.riani?. Ojinal Oornpr-jny *;.•> c.-.tiD-. "e the number and yield jf the nuci< ?jr device needed to excavate ^ oan--U. ^l:n." nine routes. Estinrt^s wero als. developed for "h-j -vst of such excfv/Tfci :n. Ph^ study surc-ested th-1 nuclonr oxc'.v: tion is pronisincr ^n& of feres th-' foc 3itility of sutstpntipl savinKS. Howev. r, it was also conciuied thn.t considerable exptrimentr-ti.on is nec^ss^ry before the tschriiqucs sre perfected. (USA: 19: 22455). 277) Vortnan, L.J.

IWi YEARS OF 3RAI3RIHC- RBSEARGK : A JffiVIEW. Trans. Aner. Kucl. Soc, 11: Uov. 1968. 538-9. COKP-681101. A: 23: 2446). 278) Walterscheid, D.C. HUCESAH EXGAV:.T ION. Ind. Res., 54-9. January 1966. Abstract: The.use of nuclear explosives for excavation of v. new sea-level C2nr=l in Central America is considered. Of the two routes studies, it was concluded that approximately 194 nuclear devices will be needed to excavate the Panamanian route, with 14 separate detonations over a 2-yr period. Thirteen of the det'jn tions each will have a yield of about 10 megatons'; the remaining one will bo 35 megatons. The portion of the Columbia .route excavated with nuclear explosives requires 262 nuclear devices with a total yield of 270.9 megrtons. Twentyone detonations could take place over a 3-yr period. An em- pirioal scaling law for comparing explosives of different yields was derived. Economic comparison with conventional methods ere .included.

(USA: 20: 31336).

C ont1... - 121 -

V. C.

£79) Agareva, 3.N.

TECHNICAL PROJECT OF BLAST FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OP ^'-\S BOYPAZY DAM 03 THE RIVER VAKH5H .

California Univ., Livernore, Lawrence Raiip-tion Lat. UCRL-^rans-10188. 13p. (English translation fror. Russian).

Abstract: Cost analysis, explosion plans, and expectel results from a project to create a reservoir for irri- gating the Yavanskaya and Obi-Kukskaya valleys r-.re discussed. Two charges of explosives located on thr: right bank of the Vakhsh River on either side of the dan axis are to be used to blast out dense stratified limestone from the steep ri^ht bank of the river t;~ form a cioL-el rock-fille.l dam 55m high.

280) Carlson, R.H. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AHD LANDSLIDE DAMS. N.Mexico, Saniia Corp., SC-4403(RR) Apr. i960. 93P, Abstract: Th;, possibility of c instructing a rockfill dam by triggering r> rockslide with nuclear explosives is explored. Seismic forces created by a leeply buriel nuclear-explosive charge c -uld initiate th. slilo, T the direct ene.rgy of nuclera: explosives could be used to fracture the rock wi Ich would meie up the sliH^ mass. Problems discussed include spillway constroictio>n5 see- page control, and those problems unique to" the utilization of nuclear explosives. Destruction of undesirable natural slide dams is also considered. Appendixes cover desirable locations for.a slide dam, descriptions of naturally created slide dams, and. a Russian techniques for creat Lag slide dams by direct high-explosive blasting. A cost comparison is made for a slide dam constructed by use of conventional and nuclear techniques. It is concluded that slide dams could be successfully created by means of nuclear explosives.

Contd... - 122 - 281) Vortman, L.J. . A SMALL-SCALE IK VEST IG^PION OP THE POSSIBILITY OP CON- STRUCTING LOW-RELIEF EARTH-FILL DAMS US DIG NUCLEAR EX- PLOSIVES. N, Mexico, Sandia Corp. SC-RR-65-41. Feb. 1965. 35p. Abstract: The experiment described herein has shown that the concept of low dams produced by ballistic collision of ejecta from simultaneous detonation of properly spaced parallel rows of charges is a feasible one. Row of 3-lb charges were buried 3 ft deep with 4-ft spacing between charges. When two such rows of charges were piec- ed parallel and 17.5 ft apart, the maximum height of the dam was achieved. The spacing of 17.5 ft between rows corresponds to 4.7 times the crater radius of one 8-lb charge at the burial depth which maximises the single- charge crater. The extrapolation of these results t~j larger explosions ?jid ^he use of nuclear explosives is discussed.

288) White, S. BUILDHiG A DAM WITH A BANG. Hew Scientx 40, 623. 1968. 355-9.

283) Young, G.A., SLIDE-DAM CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYING NUOEEAR EXPLOSIVES. N. Mexico, Sandia Corp., SC-478l(RR). May 1963. 8lp. Abstract: The construction of slide dams through the use of nucleax explosives, one of the use of nuclear explosives being considered in the Plowshare Program, was examined. Requirements were established for nuclear slide-dam construction based upon experience with conventional dams. The information to be required from experimental studies was determined. The characteristics of conventional earth and rock-fill dams were examined along with the characteristics of natural landslide dams. This examination led to the conclusion that,, on the basis

Contd., of present kmwk-'.oe, fav.mr-i' !-• si-... JT- b~' level • ed by nacu-rj m*. n.-is, th u^h n t in th<- rtrst cc ^n?r.ica manner.

284) Young, G.A. STUDY OP THE MECHANICS OP SuIDE DAMS 7/ITH SAIID MODELS. Michigan Technologic:-1 Univ., Hought^n. SC-RR-67-24. Apr. 1967. 107 u. Abstract: Results of experimental laboratory work per formed to study the effects of vnlley air! sli-ie geometry on model dsjn profiles are ^resented. S.'-'ne consideration was also given t~ the physical '^r~perties of the glide materials. TWD idealized experimental models were used.

V. D. HARBOURS 285) Bacigalupi, CM. EXCAVATION OP A H/.RBOUR (PROJECT).

California Unly..,. Livermore,. Lawrence Radiation Lab. UOBE-5676. 1959 May, 14. 4p.

Abstract: Project Ch^ric* will be the first full-scale experimental excavation oy the use of multiple nuclear explosives simultaneously detonated. The major objective of the experiment is to obtain cratering and effects informrtion that can be applied to future excavation work. The chariot site is located on the" north-west cost of Alaska between Point Hope end Kotzebue and. is approximately 110 miles north of the Arctic Circle. The precise location is called Ogotoruk Creek. Preli- minary planning an1, field studies are described.

0 - 121 - 286) COLLET ION REPORT, PROJECT CHARIOT-PH/ SE I. OPERATION PLOWSHARE. Holmes and Narver, Inc., Los Angeles, California, AECU-4039, HH-111-942. 1958. 53p. Acstract: Prelimin'ry surveys and site investigations nre reported for a project that would demonstrate the application of a nuclear bl=st to produce a harbour. The project has as a final g->al the excavation of a •hrrbour on the north-west coast of Alaska, a short distance south of Point Hope* The harbour was planned to be approximately 1000 yd wide and 2000 yi long, with a 400-yd channel leading t~> the Chuckchu; Sea.

287) COMPLETION REPORT, PROJECT CHARIOT-PHASE II* PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Hokmes and Narver, Inc.,- Los Angeles, Celifornia, TID-5928. 1959-1960. 66p. Abstract: Project Chariot of Plowshare Operation was blished to decunstr^te the practicability of cratering a deep-water harbour -Jid port facilities by means of nucloar detonations, and to collect scientific information fundamental to future applications. The site chosen was • in the Cape Thompson area in ncrth-western Alaska. Act- ivities are described in establishing a camp capable of supporting 75 men, c mstructi n of an airstrip and access roads, and providing transportation -it the site and transportation for p-.-rsonnel and materials, from Kotzebue to the site. Two cores were drillo' tc depths of 598 and 1172 ft, respectively. A thermister cable v/as installed and velocity and thermal logging accomplished. ..Camp facilities are illustrated photographically.

288) Houser, F.N., Eckel, E.B. POSSIBLE ENGINEERING USES OF SUBSIDENCE INDUCED BY CON- TAINED UNDERGROUND NUCGEAR EXPLOSIONS. U.S.- geol. Surv. prof. Pap. No, 450-C (1962) C17-18. Abstract: Nearly circular depressions have been formed in the level floor of Yucca Flats, Nevada Test Site, Contd., - 125 - by subsidence over the sitt-s of several of th^ recent underground nuclear tests. Possible applicati ins are discussed of this method of crR.tcri.ng depressi3ns, or sinks, in the creation :f harbours or for the preconsolidation of alluvium of construction sites far heavy buildings. Mechanisms involved in creation *f the sinks-arc discussed. It is pointed out that this method is free of radioactive debris arid can be used much closer to populated regions than w:s previously thought possible.

289) Isaacs, J.D. EXPLOSIVELY CHEATED HARBOURS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. and Sanfrancisco Operations Office (AEC). TID-7695. p335- 54 of 'Proceeding of the third Plowshare Symposium En- gineering with Nuclear Explosives. Apr. 21-23 1964. Abstract: The characteristics of natural explosively or volcanic ally created' herb ours are compared with the co- mmon estuarine harbours. It is held that such harbours are immune to many of the iLls afflicting estuarine harbours. Some unique harbours of other origins are also discussed. Harbour-imposed limitations on ocean-going vessels are considered, and the implications of df.eper harbours to transportation are discussed. The rationale and plans for a resurvey of the Bikini Crater -aid en- virons are presented.

290) Kachadoorian, R. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. BEARING ON ILifflOUR SITE SELECTION ALONG THE GULP 0^ ALASKA FROM POINT YffllTSHED TO CAPE YAKATAGA, ALASKA. " "- " Geological Survey, Washington, D.C, TEI-642. Dec. 1959, 32p. Abstract: An analysis of the known geologic factors in the point Whit shed -Cape Yskataga area, Alaska, indicates that the most suitable location for a harbour to be excavated by 'nuclear-device techniques is a section of coastline from Point Martin to the town •.f Katalla. Three sites selected in the Point Martin- Contd... - 126 - Katalla area are indicated. Site 1 at P;int Martin in underlain by terrace gravel overlying sedimentary recks of Tertiary age. The site is protected from jouth-c-'st storms but not from south-west storms. Longshore transport of sediments is to the west during high tides end either lacking or to the erst during low tides. The 60ft offshore contour is wihtin 1. .5 miles of the site and the 30-ft offshore contour is within 0.4 mile. Site 2 r?± Palm Point is underlain by beach gravel, terrace gravel, and muskeg deposits the.t overlie Tertisry sedimentary rocks. The site is nrotected from south-west sterns but exposed to south-east storms, which are the major ones in the , Point Whitshed-Cape Yakataga area. The be^c'h at this site is being eroded actively nnd the sediments are carried offshore by waves that break at right angles t~ the beach. The 60-ft offshore contour li-s within 2 miles of the site area; the 30-ft offshore contour'is within 0.3 mile. Site 3 at the town of KataLla is underlain by beach and terrace deposits overlying Tertiary sedimentary rocks. This site offers better protection thrn either of the other two from-' south-east snd south-west storms. Longshore transport along a spit east of the site h"s filled the Ka;alla River cha- ' nnel to within 3 ft of the surface to mean low tide. Dre- dging requirements at this site would be much greater than at sites 1 and 2. The 60-ft offshore contour is within 3.5 miles of Katalla and the 30-ft contour within 1 mile.

291) Libby, W.F. TOWARD PEACEFUL USES OP TS2 J.TOM. P.159-68 of 'Science, and Resources Prospects and Appli- cations of Technological Advanced,Jbhn Hofkin's Press.'59. Abstract: A general discussion is presented on the uses of nuclear explosions' including harbour' rnd canal construction, electric power generation from trapped heat, and radioisotope production; *

29E) Merritt, M.L. • • ••. EARTH MOVING BY NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. N. Mexico, Sandia Corp,, SOTM-78-59 (51), March 1959, 14p.

Contd.. - 127 -

Presented at a meeting of the R.:c]:y Mountain Section, American Society for T^-st-Materials, Salt link* City, 6 Mar. 1959.

Aost r3 c t:Nuclep.r explosives promise to open new fields in peacetime earthmoving projects in s^ite of their undesirable side effects. Residual fall-out and long- range blast problems can be c-ntroilrd by careful oh ic. of meteorology at time of burst. Nuclear fxplosivos have energy concentrations and rates of energy release many times those of chemical explosives. Studies have been made of the feasibility and costs of using nuclear explosives for excavating harbours, digging canals, breaking rock for fill material, and excavating sedi- mentation basins.

893) NUCLEAR BLAST FOR W. k. HARBOUR.

Aust. Civil Eng., 10: March 1969. 34-5. Abstract: The U.S. Government has agreed to participate in a study of the technical and economic feasibility of using nuclear explosives to excavate a new deep water h:\rbour at Gape Keraudren on the northwest coast of Australia, to serve a number of iron-ore projects in the count (3-oldworthy-Nimin^arra area. The site h?s the advantages likely to be affected by seismic shock. It is estimated that five nuclear explosions of 200 kt «ach, fired simultaneously are required to -,>r.iuce -i harbour 6,000 ft long, l,?00 to 1,600 ft wide and 300 to 400 ft deep. This will accommodate ships of up to aporoximately 150,000 dwt. The decision to conduct the feasibility stu*Ly resulted fr ;m a survey, under- trken by a team of the U.S.A.E.C's Plowshare program at one invitation of the Australian Atomic Energy Co- mmission.. Other possible projects investigated by the team include creation of water storages and completely ; contained underground explosions for mining purposes.

(NSA: 23: 49978).

Contd. - 128 -

T.E. HIGHWAYS AMD RAILWAYS

294) APPLICATION OP THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM OP NUCLEAR EX- CAY AT ION ON EXPERIMENTATION TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, B.C. PNE-3003. Apr. 1966. 14p. Abstract: Results obtained from experiments on excavation "by nuclear explosions in the Nevada Test Site were evaluated. It was concluded that additional tests be carried out, with particular emphasis given to highway applications. The objectives of blasting for highway construction and current status of nuclear excavation research are also discussed. Radiation hazards • associated with the application are briefly mentioned.

(NSA: 20: 29370). 295) ATOMIC BLAST EXCAVATION MAY SHORTEN DESERT RAILWAY AND HIGHWAY ROUTES. SW. Bldr Gontr. 142, 2 (1964) 51-3. Abstract: A technical feasibility study recommending further evaluation of the practicability, safety and costs of opening a railway pass in the Bristol Moun- tains in California using nuclear explosives has been submitted to the AEG, the Atcheson, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and California State Highway Department by personnel of these organizations. It is visualized that 68,000,000 ft° of earth, would be removed creating a cut 2 miles long ranging in depth from 100 tc more than 350 ft and having a bottom width of 325 ft..Tho study called Project Carryall would permit double track rail- • way and eventually eight lanes of highway. Costs would be 21^722,000 dollars by conventional methods or 13, 765,000 dollars for nuclear excavation exclusive of 23 nuclear explosive charges required. Air bl>'st and ground shock will not be a problem. 296) Beeder, R.H. AN APPLICATION OP NUCLEAR EXCAVATION TO RAILROAD USE.

Contd.. - 129 - Bull. Am. Rly Sngng Ass. 67 (1966) 742-7. Abstract: Project Carryall, a study to investigate economic feasibility of us in/ nuclt x excavation t< cut a channel, 2 miles long, thrmgh the Bristol Mountains in California to relocate a 78-oila segment cf double- track railroad is described. The study~ conducted by railway, highway, and government engineers, concluded that project Carryall was technically and economically feasible. It was estimated that the use of nuclear explosions to excavate the channel would save about 8,000,000 dollars over the cost of a route location by conventional construction methods.

297) Blackwell, P.L. IMPACT OP NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY ON HIGHWAY ESGDTSBRING. American Society for Test ins Materials, Philadelphia, Peb. 1963, CONF-433-2. 12p. Abstract: Nuclear methods of testing, measuring, and evaluating materials for the constructicn and maintenance of highways are discussed. Methods for material layer moisture content and density analyses, thickness gauges, tracer techniques for wear determination, non- destructive testing methods, radioisotopes for self- luminous highway signs, the use. of nuclear explosives., •: radiography, and laser cutting and weldinr techniques are considered. 298) A BLAST ASKED FOR ROUTE EXCAVATION. Engng News Rec. 171 (19 Dec. 1963).52. Abstract: A brief description is given of a. proposal of the State cf California and the Santa Pe Tel±rcrsA to the AEG to use nuclear explosives to make a huge cut to carry highway and railway tracks through the Bristol Mountains in southern California. Costs are estimated, at 20 million dollars versus 12 million dollars'for nuclear explosives. The project has been given the name of Project Carryall. 299) Circeo, L.J. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OP NUCLEAR EX- CAVATIONS. Contd,. - 130 - California Univ., Li^rmore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632. Jan. 1964. CONP-378-2. Abstract: A discussion is given of the effects of the properties of the material in and around the excavation on the nuclear excavation techniques used. The different zones of the excavation (throw-out, fall-back, true and apparent crater, etc.) arc- described. Potential applications in highway engineering and other fields are outlined, and Russian experience with chemical .explosions is described. 800) Dashkov, A.N. FORMATION OP AN EXCAVATION BY A 1009 t THROW-OUT BLAST. California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-Trans-10138. lip. (English translation from Russian) Abstract: A 1009-t throw-out blast was used to excavate an earth cut for a railway. The planning and blasting technique are described. The results are evaluatedin terms of cost, safety, and how closely by the desired excavation contour and volume were achieved. This large- scale throw-out blast demonstrated the high efficiency of producing excavations by blasting. SOI) Pry, J.G«, Stane, R.A., Crutchfield, W.H. PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDIES IN A NUCLEAR EXCi-VAT ION- PROJECT CARRYAL. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632. Jan. 1964. CONP-378-3. Abstract; A feasibility study w^s conducted on the use of nuclear explosions to cut through the Bristol Moun- tains for the realignment of a Santa Pe railroad and a California highway (Interstate 40). The proposed cut would be about 11,000 ft long with a maximum depth of about 350 ft, and in a tentative design this cut would be made by detonation of a row of 22 nuclear explosives with a total yield of 1730 kt. Additional site investigations are needed.

Contd... - 131 -

308) HUCEBAR BXCAVA?ION. 1963. 5 Reports. National Academy of Sciences-National Research G;uncil, Washington, D.C. January 13-17, 1964. 30NP-378. 53p. Abstract i Five papers on nuclear excav.tin prt^entci at the 43rd Annual Meetin^ of the Highway Research B ard of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council are preeentei. Topics covered include: nuclear excavation technology, engineering properties rnA. applications of nuclear reactions, Project Carryall, operations an^! safety problems ?ssociafced with a nuclear excavation project, and construction and feaiibiLity r.r^?- ciated with nuclear excavation. I0S) Prentice, H.C. APPLICATION OF MCLEAR EXPV SITES FOR A MOUNTAIN PASS HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Rrdiation Lab. TID-7695, Abstract: A fe^sibiLity stuiy was made of the nuclear excavation of a rnck cut through the Bristol Mountain in California (Pr ject Carrynll). This cut would bo about 2 miles Ion with a m&xieum depth of about 340 ft, and would require s. row of 22 nucl:ar aeviccs with a total yield of 1730 let to remove a volume ci 68 million yd^. The preliminary ani safety stu'.ics that would be needed are discussed. An additional 100-kt crater is proposed to intercept run-off from a large ir£inr>_re area. The cost of the nuclear excavation is compared with that of conventional excavation. It is concluded that Project Carryall is technically - id economically feasible.

304) Pre.ntice, H.C'.-, Peterson, S.J. CONSTCRCTION AND FEASIBILITY ASSOCIATED WITH MJCISAR EXCAVATION. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632. Jan. 1964. CONF-378-6. . Abstract; The construction activities which would be conducted after the Carryall excavation are described briefly. It is suggested that an additional single Contd... - 132 - nuclt-pr crater be made to take c?_re of the drainr./e problem at tht east end of the proposed cut. Costs of the nuclrar excavation are estimated and compared with those of conventional excavation. It is concluded that Carryall Project is technically feasible, but that planned Plowshare excavation projects (buggy, Schooner, and Galley) should be conducted in-advance.

305) Zodtner, H.

OPERATIONS AHD SAEBTY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A NU- EXCAVATION PROJECT. California Univ., Livermcre, Lav/rence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7632. Jan. 1964. CONF-378-4. Abstract: A description is f:iven of the operation and safety problems involved in a possible project for cutting through the Bristol Mountains in California for a highway and a railroad (Carryall Project). Among the items discussed are shot time safety md. control, fall-out, radioactivity decay, close-in and long-range air blast, ground shock, and 'lust, rocks, and ejecta. A proposed time schedule of about BV2 yr is given for Carryall Project.

7. f. PHENOMENOLOGY

306) Ahlers, S.B.

THROWOUT STUDY OF AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATION. Project 1.5 (of) PROJECT DANNY BOY. Final Report. Chicago, III., Armour Research Foundation. POR-1814. Sept. 1962. 158p.

Abstract: Project 1.5 if Operation Dannay Boy is concerned with measurement of the throwout from an underground nuclear detonation. A series of 1,145 objects were placed at pre-det^rmined locations prior to the shot. Objects were placed on the surface, at a shallow-burial depths (1 foot deep), and in available drill holes in Contd... - 133 - the crater zone.

Placement of buried objects was selected to ccv« r, as adequately as the availability of drill-holes rifcr- mitted, the entire estimated crater contour. All Ideal objects,were serialized and/or color-coded with initial locations recorded. Terminal locations of the emplaced objects were measured after the test area became rad- safe. About 18 per cent of surface and" shallow-buried objects and 4 percent of deep-buried objects were recovered. Since, only visual inspection was used to locate ^"bjacts, these percentages arc- excellent. Various prfcoo^tp-fci -r.3 ox the measured dsts are included along with discussions of the results. Trajectory analys.es were carried out as a means of presenting tlu se results. Initial velocities were assumed to be radial from the point of burst in the trajectory analyses.

A particularly significant observation is that the throwout is not symmetrical. (NSA: 19: 46468). 307) Allen, J. RADIOACTIVE PELLET TRAJECTORY STUDY. California Univ., Livennore. Lawrence Radiatim Lab. PNE-218 F. Apr. 1965. 36p. (Project SEDAN). Abstract: An attempt was made to investigate the manner ' in which earth is ejected ballistically from a nuclear cratering experiment. Eighty-el~ht radioactive pellets (6OCo) were buried at known locations and depths prior to the event. After detonation, a vehicle-mounted gaoma scanner was used to survey the predicted angle cf ejection and the northwest quadrant from ground sero. No pr.eshot planted 60(j0 SOUrces were recovered. (NSA: 19: 34297) . 308) ANALYSIS OP SHOAL DATA ON GROUND MOTION AND CONTAIN- < MENT, SAFETY PROGRAM. Final Report. Beers (Rsland F.), Inc., Alexandria, Va. WF-1013. Sept. 21, 1964. 117p. ... Contd.., - 134 - Abstract: Predictions and evaluations >f pr.-und motion and containment were made f^r the 12.5-kt shoal event. A comprehensive ground motion instrumentation program was designed. This program include^ four linear instrument arrays radiating north-east, northwest, southeast, and southwest with a total of 21 stations. Eight additional stations were emplaced t*t points of interest. Of the 29 stations, 21 were on hprdro^k and eight were alluvium. Analysis of the seismic records included corrections for instrument response and derivation of non-re- | corded motions by differentiation or integration. It was determined that peak motions on alluvium were greater than- on hardrock by a factor of 2.1 for acceleration, 3.7 for displacement, and 3.4 for velocity. The rate_ of attenuation indicated that peak motions on alluvium were not due to surface waves. The prediction equations for acceleration and displacement were found to represent reasonable upper limits of motion. The objective of the containment evaluati n was to assure that appropriate measures had teen taken to preclude unacceptable venting of radioactive isotopes to the atmosphere. Con- sideration was given to possible venting both at the time of the explosion snd later when the cavity collapsed and a chimney form&d. The adequacy of stemming of all man-mnde openings PS well as the effect of geologic hazards such as faults or fissures were evaluated in the containment analysis. The possibility of a secondary expl-.sion due to water entering the cavity was also examined. It was concluded that Sho^l would be contained to the same degree as Hardhat and that the stemming plan was adequate. The prediction of containment was substantiated by the test results. United post-shot exploration allows the following comparisons: cavity radius-24.7 meters predicted, 2.56 *0.6 meters observed; Chisney height-110 meters predicted, 108 meters observed; depth of spallint:-122 meters predicted, 120 + meters indicated j radius of spalling-914 meters predicted, 794 meters observed.

(USA: 19: 7718). 3OP*) Ash, -J.B., Sichlcr, T.V.

A THEORY OF CRATSRIJTG FOR WJWTPI& HUCI3AR UtfDER- GHOOHD EXPLOSIONS. Final Report. Chicago.III. in Research. Inet.* HP-15107. Apr.29, •LS7D4. lulp. Contd... - 135 -

Abstract: Thr the pair of simultaneous explosions. Quantitative theoretical results have been computed for two simultaneously detonr.ted identical bursts. The results indicate that an enhancement in the total earth volume removal is attainable when a single explosive is divided intc two individual equal explosives. Als~, it is indicated th<=t f-.r any given depth of burial and total yield an optimum separation distance exists f?r maximum enhancement. The effects upon the earth removal efficiency of nonsimultansity have also been computed and compared with simultaneous explosions.

(NSA: 19: 36585).

310) Ballard, R.F., Triandafilidis, G.2. A VIBRATORY TECHNIQUE FOR DELINEATING SUBSURFACE FRA- CTURE ZONES RESUI/TING FROM BED ON. T IONS.

N. Mexico, Albuquerque. Proceedings of International Symposium on 7/ave Propagation ani"Dynamic Properties of Earth Materials held on August 23-25,- 1967.

Abstract: Site investigations were conducted at two locations, the sites of the DUGOUT and CHARLIE events, 8-t the Nevada Test Site, for the purposes of evaluating the Dynamic in situ .echnique as a means detonations. Sliear-wave velocities at the location of the DUGOUT event were determined by vibration tests. From the vibration data, it was possible to maice a cross- sectional contoured plot of* shear-wave velocities which showed the extent ~f subsurface disturbances. Vibration traverses were also run at the CHARLIE site; thepe data were used in mapping the limits of the blast-induced fractures, and in this case actually defined the true crater limits. These results confirmed the feasibility of the dynamic in situ technique as a means of defining the subsurfa.ee zonal conditions in Contd.. - 136 - the immediate vicinity of craters resulting from high- yield detonations. The study also showed the adapata- bility of the equipment for this use. (USA: 23: 9588). 311) Banks, D.C. SELECTED METHODS POR ANALYSING THE STABILITY OP CRATER SLOPES. Final Report. Army 'Enrineer Waterways Experiment Station,- Vicksburg, (Miss.)T AD-67399?. July 1968. 67p. Abstract: The results of a study to select methods for analysing the stability of crater slopes are presented. Information is friven on the nature of in;)Ut required, sue:. as crater geometry, unit weights, shear strength, and see- page pressures. The selected methods are discussed in detail., and examples of their application are presented. All methods presented ar.-.: the Bishop method of slices for circular slip surfaces; the extension'of Bishop's method to composite failure surfaces as proposed by Janbu and Nonveiller, and the seed and Sultan method of wedges. These methods were selected as representative of thf best available limiting equilibrium procedures. (NSA: 23: 17634). 318) Benin^, R.G., Kurtz, M.F.. THE FORM/IT ION OP A GRATER AS OBSERVED IN A SERIES OP LABOR/.!0RY-3CALE CRATERING EXPERIMENTS. .-.._ . ... Army Engineer Nuclear Craterin/? Group. Livermore, Cali- fornia, EHB-5011. Sept. 1967. 63p. Abstract: A qualitiatrve description of the formation of a crater is developed on the basis of a series of laboratory-scale craterin - experiments.. The results "of 41 one-pound, single charge cratering detonations in a concrete sand placed under controlled conditions are summarized. The effect of depth, of burst on crater dimensions is illustrated.- The crater formed by a one- pound charge buried" at s depth of burst to depth of apparent crater is similar to that considered desirable for a prototype nuclear ^xcaration. On the basis of Contd..i - 137 - these experiments and a series of ;irm-siz-3, half- space craterint-: experiments conducted behind a Plexi- glas plst-i, a description of the formation of a crater is hypothesized. Suboi^-nce or slui jin? of the cavity walls during the fc.rmp.tion of the crater is shown tc; •play an important p^rt in the format ional process. The importance of this mechanism to the analysis of crater stability is discussed.

(NSA: 22: 8241) . 313) Bishop, J.A., Lowance, F.E. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OP CRATER Affl) LIP. Project -,.2 (of) Operational Jangele. California, Naval Civil Engineering Lab., WT-399. May 1952, Dec. 25, Feb. 1960. 27p. Abstract: A study was made to determine the physical dimensions of the craters and lips resulting from the surface (S) and underground (u) explosions. Soil samples were taken tc establish the characteristics an.'^ properties of the soil within the anticipated U burst crater area. Topographic surveys were mpde before and after the blest of the area surrounding the aero points and the quantities of earth moved v/ere estimated. An attempt wss^mrde to establish the true crater depth resulting from the U burst by measuring the amount of radioactive contamination.obtained from the surface to a depth of two feet. The maximum depth of the U burst crater was 53ft and the width was <->258 ft. The maximum height of the lip above original ground surface was 8ft. The S burst crater wns^l7 ft in depth and the lip • 5 ft above original ground surface.. The width of the crater was.^90 ft. A radioactive gradient, in the soil on the sides and in the bottom of the crater of the U burst was plotted.

(•USA: 14: 21203) . 314) Blume, J.A-. SPECTRAL RESPONSE TO GROUND DISPLACEMENT AT HARRIESBURG, RESULTING 3TR0M NUCLEAR EVENT SALMON. San Francisco, California, Blume and Associates Re- search Div. NVO-99-27. Mar. 1968. 31?. (Atomindex. 11: 15: 5733). Contd... - 138 - 315) Boardman, C.R. SOME CHARACTBRIST ICS OP THE HARDHAT CHIMNEY AND SURROUND- INC- WALL ROCK. California Univ., Livermoro, Lawrence R-dintion Lab. UCRL-50177. Oct. 1966. 16p. Abstract: The Hardhnt event was a 4.9 * 1.5 kt nuclear explosion at a depth of 186.2 meters in granodinrite. Data from three underground drill holes have been analyzed in an effort to further define .chimney characteristics The chimney radius was determine to be 20.3 m nerr shot • point level and 17.7 m near the apical void. The earlier determined cavity raSius of 19.2 m was confirmed. Total chimeny volume is calculated to be 113,860 m3, consisting of 30,800 m3 of void space and 222 million kilograms of rock. Of the total chimney volume, 27 percent is void space. In the rubble column itself, exclusive of the apical void, 22 percent is vid space. The nature of the radioactive melt and its distribution in the puddle suggest th?t the cavity did not collapse until H + 11 hours when an,-audible tumble was heard. The zone of highly crushed rock outside the chimney is calculated to have a void volume of about 2500 m3, roughly 8 percent of the void volume inside the chimney. (NSA: 21: 16036). 316) Boardman, C.R., Rabb, D.D., McArthur, R.D. CONTAINED 1JUCLEAR DETONATIONS IN POUR MEDIA-GEOLOGICAL FACTORS Hi CAVITY AND CHIMNEY FORMATION. California Univ.., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRLr7711. Feb. 4, 1964. CONF-470-2. 30p. Abstract: Underground nuclear tests in tuff, alluvium, rock salt, and granite have yielded data essential to the evaluation of the effects of contained- nuclear' detonations. The data indicate th?t for these mediums the cavity radius is predictable within * 20 percent ; without regard to the physical or chemical properties of the rock in the immediate shot environment. Proper- ties of the chimney of broken rock resulting from collapse of the cavity, on the other hand, were found to be related to the physical properties of the rock Contd... - 139 -

and to preshot structural weaknesses within the rock.

(NSA: 18: 20122) .

317) Boardman, O.K. Meyoj, G.L., Ral-b, D.D.

MACRODEPORMATION RESULT HIG PROM THE HANDCAR EVENT.

California Univ., Livermoret Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50149. Dec. 1, 1966. 54p.

Abstract: The Handcar event was a 12 let nuclear explosion at a depth of 402.3 m in fractured .dolomite. The explosion produced a cavity with a radius of 21.2 + 0.8 m which collapsed within 17 seconds ofter the detonation. The resultant chimney nf broken rock is slightly tilted and extends tv> a height nf 68 m, or 3.2 times the cavity radius above the shot print. A void exists at the chimney apex with a height of 17.4 m and volume greater than. 50 percent of the initial cavity volume. Rubble particles observed on the floor of this cavity range up to 1 m in diameter 82 percent by volume of the observed pr.rticle diameters are in the range of 2*5 to 42.5 pin, The rock below the chimney appears to be highly crushed to a racial distance from shot point of 26-27 m. Also, data from the pressurization of the chimney are interpreted to indicate that the average permeability of the rock "beyond the chimney has been incrersed to a radial distance of 3.5 to 5 cr-vity radii. The -dr temperature in the apical void of the chimney was 34.5°G tlO°C above background) 12 months after the explosion. The first indication of a temperature rise above back-r ground was observed at a radial distance of 113 m above the shot point. The maximum observed radial extent-of increased gamma radiation above background was about 94 m above the shot point. .

(NSA: 21: 14345) . ' .; -.

318) Brode, H.L., Parkin, B.R. CALCULATIONS OP THE BLAST AMD CLOSE-IN ELASTIC RES- PONSE OP THE CAVITY EXPLOSIONS IN THE COW-BOY PROGRAM.

J. Geophys. Res./68: May 1, 1963.2761-89.

•Contd..o - 140 - Abstract: Theoretical calculations of wall pressure and elastic wave radiations from high-explosives detonations in spherical cavities in selt are compared with close-in experimental results icon the Cowboy nrogram. Spherical charges of Pelletol ranging from 20 to 2000 pounds were, detonated in spherical cavities 12 to 30 ft in diameter. The elastic wave and the wall-pressure results were found to be sensitive to the explosive detonrticn details. New ways are suggested for correlating such quantities as explosive and radiated energies; peak values of particle displacement, velocity, acceleration, and radial stress. This correlation procedure can be useful in- scaling peak particle velocities from cavity or uncoupled explosions; it is demonstrated for the Cowboy results.

(NSA: 17: 23521). 319) Burton, R.J. SCOOTER REENTRY OPERA? ION . N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Labs. SC-DR-67-694. Nov. 1968. 57p. Abstract: Scooter, an v.vA<-vground explosion of 500 tons of TNT stacker! in a spherical configuration 125 ft below the surface at Yucca Flat-J was installed for the purpose of studying crater formation. However, following complete underground emplacement of the explosive system, it was learned that faulty detonators had been installed in the booster block. The choice of reentry method, safety considerations, cost, and r.ctual fielr1 operation used to reenter the high explosive sphere and to emplant a new booster block are described in detail-. The reentry method consisted of drilling a 14-in. ID hole to the explosive sphere, lowering a 12 in.aluminum sleeve with a neoprene cushion grocaaet to s? al its contact with the TNT, melting a cavity in the TNT usin^ probe heated by internally circulating high temperature hot water, and emplacing a new booster into the melted cavity. Scooter was successfully detonated with the new booster. The drill/melt method used for Scooter reentry was considered the safest and least expensive reentry aethod.lt caused no unexpected problems, was accomplished as scheduled, and is recommended if similar reentry problems should occur in the future.

(NSA: 23: 15995). Contd... - 141 -

320) Carlson, R.H., Jones, G.D.

DISTRIBUTION OP EJECT A PROM CRATEitlNG EXPLOSIONS IK SOILS.

J. Geophys. Rrrs. 70: Apr. 15, 1965. 1897-1910.

Abstract: A study of the deposition ci eject a from two nuclear and five chemical craterin^ events in alluvial mediums indicates that 80 percent of the ejected material is deposited within a radial distance" of 5.5 cr^/cor radii and 50 percent cf the tots! --.iecte: material is distri'buted within 2 crater radii. The ratio of total- ejected mass to the missing mass as represented by the apparent crater averagerl 0.53 for nuclear craters and 0.74 for chemical craters, chsrre burst -\> T,th havinr little oT no effect. Two. crate ring devices (one nuclear and the other chemical) detonated at the snnt scaled "burst depth but differing in energy relepse by over tw. orders of m^jriitude exhibited mass distributions of ejecta relative to their respective craters which v/ere almost identical. The ratio of tru lip mass to missing mass is inversely proportional to the scaled burst depth, ranging from 0.03 vb lepth to more th^n 0.25 near the surface for both chemical and nuclear charges. The part of the apparent crater due t -.< compaction ;-f the material surrounding the crater appears to be directly proportional to scriled burst 'lepth, but the- absolute value of this quantity is less f-r chemical shots than for nuclear shots.

Gauthen, L.J. SEISMIC ME;. .'JREMBiSTS. Final Report Project Pre-SCHOONER, Nevada Test Site, Peb. 1964.

California Univ., Livermpre, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PHE-504 P. Sept. 1965. 31p. Abstract: Strong notion seismograph stations were operated by the U.Sl C ;ast and Geodetic survey during the four Pre-Schooner cratering experiments conducted in basalt on Buckboard Mesa at the Nevada Test Site. The Durposs of the strong motion experiment was to stu^.y the ground shock resulting from small-scale cratering Contd. - 142 -

detonations in hsxi rock.- Surface acrcwlerati-.n and displacement time histories were recorded for each detonation at selected instrument stptiens. The results indicate that the ground shock resulting from the Pre- Schooner detonations (20 ton high explosive cratering detonations) differed from that observed from larger yield nuclear explosions. The most significant difference was in the attenuation rate of the surface acceleration which w?s hicher for the Pre-Scluoner detonations than has generally "been observed for nuclear detonations. Also, surface displacements for the Pre-Schooner detonations were higher "Chan would "be predicted from previous nuclear surface displacements.

(NSA: 20: 25231). 322) Gharnell, H.L., Zurich, T.M., Holly, D.E.

HTDROLOGIC REDISTRIBUTION OP RADIOMUCLIDES AROUND NUCLEI EXCAVATED SEA-LEVEL CANAlc IN PANAMA AND COLOMBIA. Bio environmental and Radiological-Safety Feasibility studies, Atlantic-Pacific Inter-oceanic Canal.

Palo Alto, California, Is ••t^pes-T-ledyne. "BMI-171-16. Jan. 7," 1969. 70p.

For Battelle Memorial Inst., Oolumtus, Ohio.

Abstract: The effects of hyclrologic processes on the redistribution rf racionuclides around c nuclear-excavated sep.-levtl cpjial were rnalyzed. A model was formulated thvt evaluates these effects in two distinct hydrologic regions: the fallout zone and the canal channel. The n:oroL wss dev-; Loped for application to the two proposed sites in Panama and Colombia.

(NSA: 25.: 11632).

3fiS) Christopher, V7.G., Larnbr, K.I>.

SURPACS MOT105 MEiSOREMBNTS. Project Pre-Schconer II.

California, Livermore, Army Engineer Cratering Group. PliE-513. May 1968. 47p.

Abstract: Project Pre-Schconer II was a small-scale hieh explosive (HE) cratering experiment conducted as a part

Contd... - 143 ,

of a nuclear excavation research iro^ran;. The 3.^.5 ur. nitromethane charge w?s i- tcnate1 ~.n~30 ScDtunb-:r l?'"c in hard, dry rhyolite rock sz a der.'th of 1-urst of 71 it (scaled depth of 142 ft/kt 1/3.4 b^sed -n an ener.^y oaui- valent yield of 94.1 tons). Surface ground'Zero (SGZ) "was located approximately 40 miles southwest -f Bruncau, Idaho. As a result cf this experiment, knowled -e of the surface motion phenomena of a crattring detmati-n w s extended to the rhyolite medium. Gas acceLerati-n a-^errs to have been a much more important crate ring aechanisn in rhyolite than it was in HE craterin.-: i rfnati -ns in either basalt or clay shale.

The pre-Schooner II peak SGZ velocity --.t tine ;.f venting was higher than the peak velocities r^crdei from comparable nuclear or HE detonations in basalt or alluvium. The Pre-Schooner II peak SGZ vtl:-city vr s s r.^ what lower than peak SGZ velocities observed daring cm- parable HE cratering detonations in saturated elay'shale.

(USA: 23: 484) .

334) Christopher, W.G., Lattery, J.2.

SURFACE MOTION MEASUREMENTS. PROJECT. Pre-SCHOOIIER. Final Report.

California , Livermore, Army Engineer lluclear Oratering Group. PNE-506 F. Oct. 1965. 48p. Abstract I Project Pre-Schooner consisted of four 20-tjn nitromethane craterin,^ detonations conducted as part of the nuclear excavation research pr^-ram. The experiment was conducted in February 1964 in the basalt of Buck- board Mesa at the Nevada ^est Site. Hirh speed photographs and target markers were used to measure ground surface motions produced by each of the four detonations. Analysis of the surffce motion data indicated that spalling was the principal crater-producing mechanism. The •three detonations which produced apparent craters did, however, show varying amounts of second >hase surface accelerations. Surface ground zero ^pall velocities ranged from 100 fps for the detonation at a 66-foot burial depth (scaled depth of 236 ft At l/3) to 170 fps for the detonation at a 42-foot burial depth (scaled depth of 150 ft/kt 1/2).

(NSA: 23: 11682) . Contd... -144 - 325) Circeo, L.J. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OP NUCL3AR EXCA- VATIONS. California Univ.. Livenaore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. U0RL-7632(p.6-10). CONP-378-2. Abstract; A discussion is given of the effects of the properties of the material in and around the excavation on the nuclear excavation techniques used. The different zones of the excavation (throwout, fallback, true and apparent crater, etc.) are described. Potential applications in highway engineering and ether fields are outlined, and Russian experience chemical explosions is described. (USA: 18: 12288). 326) Oirceo, L.J. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EX- CAVATIOSS. * California Univ., Livenaore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7657. Feb. 5, 1964. *7p. Abstract: The use of nuclera" excavation for engineering projects depends not only on the size of the excavation, but also en the properties of th€ material in and around the excavation. In a nuclear excavation several general zones are evident. Amon^r these are the true and apparent crater, crater fallback and lip throwout material, ground upheaval and the rupture and plastic zones. The properties of the material in these zones -nre dependent on original medium characteristics and the effects of the detonation. The hyperbolic shape of a crater lends itself to good slope stability. The problem of slope stability in soils or highly weathered rock will be more acute than in competent rock. The condition of the rupture zone, the amount of surcharge on the crater lip, and ground shock from later detonations impose additional problems to slope stability evaluation. The fallback material will obtain a certain amount of dynamic compaction as a result of the material falling from heights of several hundred feet. Further foundation stability, if necessary, can be accomplished by

Contd... - 145 - standard techniques. Sr.-ccral arplicati r.s of nuclear explosives in the hi^hw^y engineer in.--- fi-_ld ap^ar feasible. These include: (l) exeav^ti n : f r>Liway cats; (2) aggregate xr-.ducti :n; -.pon ;.-it mining; (3) drain^.-e' diversion, or intercept i n by craters; (4) ion-islide- removal, encouragement, or stabilizati-n. The- feasi-1 bility of using large yield explosions for en.-inetrin.- prriects has b<-.tn demonstrated in the U.S.S.R. Over the last twenty years, many lar--;e-yield conventional explosives have been used f-;r excavation, mining-, -jid das construction. (NSA; 18: 16162). . 327) Girceo, L.J., Kordyke, M.B.

CHATERIHG EXPE3IEKCE AT THE PACIFIC PROVING GHOUMDS. California Univ., Livenaore, Lawrence Raiiriti/n La1.;. UCRIi-12172, Hov. 10, 1964. 82?. Abstract: A re ort is presented ?n a stuiy conducted to observe the l^ng-term effects f weath. rin^ on- 10 nuclear craters over periods as lonr; ns 12 years. Tho study consisted of 511 investigrti n and resurvcy jf selected craters n Bikini and Sniwetjk Atolls, inclui- ing documentary r.hjto^raphy; hylr-graphic, t ^po^ra^hic, and geologic data; and general engineering :bservati?ns. These data were, c^cp-^red with inf"rr.ati~n collected fr.:••?. previous pertinent reports and studies. ^ suor.ary of all the data from previous and pres-nt studies .is. included. Gratering curves for these surface det nations ??re developed, based primarily m the empirical data.- Crater radius is shown to scale as yl/2-5, siail°rlyto the observed scaling dependence of other fireball phenomena. Crater depth after, water washing w?s shown to - scale as W1/4. The effect of low heights -if burst appears to be relatively minor in determining crater dimensions. Changes in crater topography are noted and investigated. The alternation of shoreline process as a result of nuclear craters is discussed. The comparison of craters formed by surface and subsurface detonations and subsequent phenomena is considered.

(NSA: 35605). Contd... - 146 -

328) Glosmann, P.J. PREDICTION OP CAVITY RADIUS PRODUCED EY Ml UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION. J. Geophys. Res., 74: July 15, 1969. 3935-9.' Abstract! A correlation has "been developed between the cavity produced by a contained underground nuclear explosion and other variables including explosive yield, overburden density, iepth of burial, and the Young's and shear moduli. The relc.tion obtained is rcv-=21. Off 0.306 E0.514 p-0.244u 0.576h-0.161 where rcvis cavity radius in meters, W is yield in kilotons, E and XL are Young's and shear moduli repeatively, in megabars, p is overburden density in grpjns per cubic centimeter, and h is the depth of burial in meters. This equation, based on published results for 46 nuclear events, cal- culates cavity radius for these events with an average urror of 7.8 percent. Some predictions by this method compare reasonably well with those by other methods for media for which there is no previous experience.

(NSA: 23: 40872) . • f~ " 329) Golman, J.M., Planchet, R.P. TIMING AND FIRING. Final Report. Salmon Svent. 7UP-3021. Jan. 1965. 43p. Abstract: Timing and firing services for the Salmon event of the Dribble program are described. In addition to the Salmon event timing and firing services for two high-explosive confirmation experiments conducted under the technical direction of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory are also described. All monitors at the control point indicated that the performance of the timing system was completely satisfactory on both the Salmon event and the two confirmation experiments. Both hardwire and radio signals were transmitted to the experimenters as requested. Instrumentation for the Salmon event include (l) the special mobile control point built for the Dribble Program, (2) a zero site station housed in a wooden structure located in the area adjacent to surface zero, (3) radiotone barrels for use of-experimenters located at positions remote from the control

Contd..^ - 147 - point, and (4) communications nets ssE-n'isl to the transmission of long-ranre, Local and .vorliwide count- down .

(USA: 20: 41T>70) • 330) Davis, L.L. PROJECT PRE-SHOT II—GROUND SHOCK MEASUREMENT S . Final Report. Beera (Roland P.), Inc., Alexandria, VA. PHE-514. Apr. 1966. 61p. (Atomindex- 11: 15: 5737). 331) Day, W.C. CORPS OP ENGINEERS NUCLEAR CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH PRO- GRAM. Nucl. Appl. Teehnol., 7: Sept. 1969. 253-68. Abstract: Since 1962 the Nuclear Craterin^ Gr>up (NCG) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has worked with the USAEC to develop the basic technology necessary for using nuclear crntering in large-scale construction projects. The NCG program activities include, cratering calibration of differing geologic nodia and tast- ing of techniques designed to provide -? desired crater geometry with chemical high explosve dttonations; joint planning of, and technical participation in, ASC nuclear excavation experiments; development of pertinent data on the engineering properties of nuclear craters; development of-civil works nuclear construction technology; accomplishment of engineering studies of nuclear construction feasibility; and execution of joint CE/ASC civil works nuclear consturction experiments. Work to date in each of these activities is summarized and data from cratering experiments in the Plowshare Program, using both chemical high-explosives and nuclear explosives are presented. (NSA: 23: 49984).

Contd... - 148 - 332) Day, W.C., Rohrer, R. CLOUD DEVELOPMENT STUDIES. Project ?re-Schooner-II. PME-511. Feb. 1966. 29p. Abstract: Cloud development data are presented for the Pre-Schooner II high explosive cratering event conducted in a rhyalite medium in southwestern Idaho. Eerly base sur^e radius dimensions are given as a function of time in several directions, and are related to base surge cloud dimensions from past cratering experiments in allyvium and basalt. Measurements of-ba?^ surge height, main cloud radius, and main cloud height are also given. Two new methods of cloud delineation are described: (1) a laserradar technique, and (2) a fluorescent particle tracer technique. (NSA: 20: 36958). 333) de Lalla, O.P. PALANQUIN EVENT: QUANTITATIVE POSTSHOT DIS CLOSE-IN FALLOUT, THROWOUT, AND 3ASE SURGE California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCHL-50631. 5 Aug. 1969. 21p. Abstract: Mass concentration data derived from fallout trays placed in and around the close-in environment of the Palanquin Event are presented and interpreted in terms of the mass distribution patterns. The objective v/as to obtain information relating t,o the mechanisms and rel-tionships controlling the quantitative mass distribution of the debris in the close-in region. The results indicated that the mass distribution (^rams of debris per square foot of land surface) for**the Palanquin Event WPS characterized by several deposition rates depending on the distance from ground zero. (NSA: 24: 6544). 334) Dickey, D.D., McKeown, F.A., Ellis, W,L. SUMMARY OF GEOLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE BOXCAR EVENT, NEVADA TEST SITE. Technical letter: SPECIAL STUDrH"S-65. Denver, Solo. Geologic Survey. TID-24618. July 9,1968.4p.

..,. .. Contd... - 149 - Abstract: A hirh yield under.^rnmi p at the I^Oi sitem formed a sink 1,000 feft in iiam< ter above the explosion point. Frrctures opentd as far ar> 20,000 feet from the explosian arid ock-falls nccuixid as far as 15 miles. Most fractures were coincidental with north-trending- naturally occuring faults. Maximum displacement along a fault wss 3 ft vertically with the downthrown side the same as that on the original fault»

(USA: 23: 13898). 335) Diehl, C.H.H., Jones, G.H.S. A TRACER TECHNIQUE FOR CRATERING STUDIES. J. Geophys. Res. 70: Jan. 15, 1965. 305-9. Abstract: A method is outlined whereby marker cans ^.re used in colored sand columns to measure the ejects and ground movements in the vicinity of a crater from a 20-ton surface burst TNT detonation. It is shown thnt the use of marker cans greatly increases the :l?ta obtained from the s^nd columns, with comparatively little, increase in the cost of the operation. Also, data are obtained in the form of displacement vectors which may be compared with the velocity field predicted by hydro-* dynamic theory.

(NSA: 19: 13564). 333) Dietz, J.P., Hayes, D.B. COMPILATION OP CRATER DATA." II. Mexiuo, Sandia Corp., SC-RR-65-220. July 1965. 160p. Abstract: A compilation of crater dimensions, resulting from high explosive and nuclear Gratering experiments in desert alluvium, Albuquerque alluvium, playa, wet clay and basalt, is presented in both tabular and graphical form.. Both scaled and unsealed crater dime: - sions are included. In this presentation, crater dimensions are scaled by Wl/3, Wl/3.4 and Wl/4. A Scheme of scaling which takes into account the overburden of material is also presented. (NSA: 19: 40711) . ' ", ^ Gontd..• - 150 - 337) Dokuchaev',' M.M., Rodionov, V.N., Romnshov, A.H.

CRATERIBG BLASTS. Moscow, Vzryv na Vybroc, Izdatel'stvo Akademil Nauk USSR. TJCRL-Trans-10420. 1969. 133p. Abstract: Experimental and theoretical laws of the development of underground explosions in a medium of infinite extent and for an explosion close to a free surface are discussed in Part I. In Part II,-the discussion of cratering blasts includes experimental methods, organization and procedures for large test blasts from 80 kg to 1000 tons, a discussion of the stages of ejection and the results, scatter of the ground material the results of measurements of the craters, and the pert played by gravity in the formation of the explosion.

This is translated by A.M.A. Mincer. (NSA: 24: 14110). 338) Eaton III, R. THEORY 0? SHOCK INTERACT I01IS FOR MULTIPLE UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS AND THE RESULTING HYPOTSCIGAL CRATER VOLUMES. Fort Belvoir, Va., Army Engineer Research and Develop- ment Labs. AD-634674. 1965. 9p. Abstract: A cratering theory for single ^.nd multiple explosions was developed. Using computer codes based on cratering and Porzel theories, cratering curves for single explosions of yields of 10 kt were computed. Using available data the theory is well supported. The lowering and shifting of the optimum depth of burst to lower scaled depths is supported by the results of a large number of high explosive (TNT) catering tests. The effect of non-simultaneity of detonation times has also been computed; these computations show that the crater volume decreases with increasing time lags. Code orginally written for vret tuff are being generalized to handle all soil materials. To handle large explosives, the effects of the actual expansion path and the actual motion of the cavity are incorporated in the codes.

(NSA: 21: 1476). Contd... - 151 - 339) Eisler, J.D. NEAR-SURFACE SPALLI1JG FROM A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION IK A SAlff DOME.

Menlo Park, California, Stanford Reserrch Inst. UCR1-13225. 1966. 32p. • Abstract; Although near-surface spallin^ observed on the Salmon nuclear shot resembled that observed on • other shots in'.different environments, the spalling process was more complex because of an artificially filled platform at surface zero. The Salmon maximum spall gap width (0.1 m) in the ticinity of surface zero was roughly 1/6 of that which would be expected without the platform. The radius was 460 m, and the spalled layer thickness was 11.7. m. Measurements established that the near-surface layers had experienced multiple bouncing rather than successive spallation. (NSA: 20: 43462)...... 340) ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION. California Univ., Los Angeles., School of Medicine,Lab. of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology * UCLA-515 (p.81-98). Abstract: Results are summarized for ecological studies an plants and rodents at the Nevada Test Site. Data are included from a study of the effect of chelating agents on the uptr.1r«* of Y91, Ru106, Ce144, and Pn147 by bean planta gravm in a calcareous soil; the characteristics of the fallout pattern of the Shot small Boy, on July 14, 1962;'the characteristics of fallout from a deeply buried nuclear detonation; the close-in e5fect3 of an underground nuclear detonation on vegetation; the effect of root temperature and oxygen supply on the uptake of fission products by plants; the effects of topography and local meteorological conditions on the deposition of fallout; and the use of computers for conversion of radiometric data arising from radiation counting and radiochemical procedures.

(NSA: 17: 35342).

Contd... - 152 -

341) Paure, J. UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE CAVITIES. Prance, Bruyeres-Le-Chp.tel, Commissariat A L'energie Atomique, Centre D8etudes. CEA-R-3776 . 1969. 27p. (Atomindex. 11:27; 11515). 34&) Pisher, P.R. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OP CRATERS. DESCRIPTION OP- CRATER ZONES AND SITE INVESTIGATION METHODS. Report I. Port Belvoir, VA. Army Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group. PNE-5012-1. 20 Pet). 1968. 78p. (Atomindex. 11: 3: 778). 343) Pisher, P.R., Kley, R.J., Jack, H.J. GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS AMD ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OP CRATERS. Project PRE-GONDOLA I. PNE-1103. Pet. 10, 1969, 82p. Abstract: The results of preshot and postshot geologic and engineering properties investigations performed in conjunction with the Project Pre-Gondola I cratering experiment series are presented. The pre-Gondola I series consisted of the detonation of four 20-ton HE charges 'at varying depths of "burst, in highly over- consolidated Bearpaw clay shale at Port Peck, Montana. The unweathered Bear-paw is a massive dark grey ben- tonitic elay shale. Alluvial and galcial overburden materials of significant thickness were found only at the Bravo site. Depth of weathering at the four cratering events sites ranged from 9 to 15 ft. The weathered shale was fragmented near ground surface, becoming blocky with depth. The unweathered shale was moderately jointed. Pree groundwater levels were variable and were significantly influenced by fracture permeability. Detailed surface and subsurface postshot investigations were conducted at the Bravo crater. Surface postshot investigations only were conducted at the other crater sites. Pre-Gon- dola II preshot investigations provided postshot rupture

Contd.. - 153 - zone information at the G-harlie craVr site. The surface of the fallback end ejecxa materials v?tr th-jred markedly over the 7-month period between the detonation date and the initiation of -rcstshot investigate ions. Bulk densities and .bulking factors of eje.cta ani fallback material at the Bravo crater are .given. Sig- nificant permanent subsurface displacements and blast- induced fracturing extended to a distance of 250 ft, at ground surface^ from the Bravo SGZ. Blast-induced fracturing extended to a distance of 400 ft from the Charlie SGZ.-

(NSAs 23: 35356). 344) Flanaean, T.J. PROJECT AIR VENT-CRATES STUDIES. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp. 3C-RR-.64-1704. Apr. 1966. 9Sp. (Atomindex. 11: 15: 5739). 345) Gaines, J.L. TOTAL CLOUD ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. Project Sulky. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiati n Lab. PEE-701 P. May 18, 1965. 34p. Abstract: Gamma radiation detectors in three fixed ground stations and in a helicopt3r were used in an attempt to measure the total radioactivity as a function of time for the dust cloud produced by the Sulky event. Large plastic sc: itillators. i:>hotomultiplier tubes, and crudely collimated lead .aields were the basic components of the detectors. A c onst ant-current, . variable-voltage regulator circuit enabled_ _the_ detectors to operate in very hi-zh as well as in low radiation fields. Because the Sulky event did not crater as expected, there was no large radioactive dust cloud for the detectors to observe. "instead a small dust cloud of relatively low activity was produced, followed immediately by a continuous stream of much more radioactive gas. which flowed from the resulting pile of rubble for a considerable length of time. (USA: 20: 25232). . _ Contd... - 154 - 346) Galbraith, F.W., Barton, M.7. SHOCK SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS. California, Redondo Beach. TRW Space Technology Labs. VUF--24O1. May 21, 1965. 36p. Project 1.7 of Vela Uni- form-Plowshare Program, Project Gnome. Abstract: A total of twelve reed gages were installed to measure displacement shock spectra resulting from the Project Gnome underground nuclear explosion. Seven of the gages were installed on the ground surface at four locations out to a distance- of 5000 ft from surface zero. All of these gages yielded usable records. Four of the gages were installed in the floor of.the Gnome tunnel at two locations. Those at the 1033-foot range were not recovered aft:.r the test. Tli.e one gage located underground at the International Minerals and Chemical corporation (MCC) mine, some nine miles distant, did not record any motion. The plo ted displacement spectra showed the expected results in that displacements and peak accelerations decreased with increasing slant range for the surface gages. The vertical spectra were higher than the corresponding horizontal.radial spectra for the surface gages. For the gages in the Gnome tunnel, the horizontal radial spectrum was higher than the vertical spectrum.

(NSA: 19: 40713). 347) Gajfd, L.M. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS: SOME GEOLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE GMOME SHOT.

Science, 139: Mar. 8, 1963. 911-14. Abstract: The explosion of the Project Gnome device, which had a yield of 3 let and was exploded at a depth of 1200 ft in a thick salt deposit, is described. The .geologic formations above and below and explosion site were described, as they appeared before and after the shot. The shot chamber consisted of a 7 x 7 x 8 ft room with a self-scaling entrance. Drilling studies indicated upward and downward shifting of the overlying and underlying formations respectively. Analysis of formations near the walls of the post-shot cavity (volume

Contd.. - 155 -

25, 000 cubic yards) showed the presence of intrusive- breccia veins composed of bl.nck salt containing minor-Is created by the blast. These veins w-re associated with complex, thrust faulting in the recks adjacent to the shot chamber. The presence of low-burning fragments (wood, rubber etc.) in the intrusions was noted, which fragments indicated that excessive temperature were not reached all through the chamber. (NSA: 17: 14514). 348) GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL, AITD HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OP THE SAM) SPRUJGS RANGE, ?AIRVIEW VALLEY, UiD ?OURHTLE PLAT, CHURCHILL COUNTY, NEVADi. FOR SHOAV EVENT , PROJECT SHADE, VELA UNIFORM PROGRAM, ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION. TID-17224. 1962. 132p. Abstract: To help evaluate the Sand springs Range as a site for the Atomic Energy Commission's proposed 5 kt >' underground nuclear Shoal Event, the University of Ne- vada has completed an exploration program begun late in Novermber 1961. Elements of this program included bulldozer work, engineering control, aerial photography, . preparation of photomosaics and topographic maps, geological mapping at three different scales, mineralogical studies, age determinations, diamond drilling of two test holes in granite, a gravity survey, an aero- magnetic survey, a refraction survey, certain physical tests on the core study of the hydrology of the ..Range and the surrounding alluvium, drilling and study of four hydrological test holes in the alluvium_, and study of hydrological conditions of the two holes in granite. With some reservation because of limited knowledge of alii requirements for the experiment, it was concluded from exploration results and consideration of these safety factors related to geology that the Sand Springs Range is suitable for the Shoal Event. 'The site may be somewhat more complicated by joints, clevage, faults. dikes, and water than was realized when it was selected for more detailed study, but the exploration results_ should not be surprising for an area so active seismically. .

(USA: 17: 3167).

Contd.. - 156 -

349) Ginsburg, I .H. THE PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR BOMBS IK CIVIL Neue Zurcher Stg. No. 170. UCRL-TrcOis-717 (L) . June 29, 1961. 68p. : Abstract: The possible applications of atomic explosions to civil engineering- -problems, particularly massive eva- cuations, are treated" in detail. The projects involved in Operation Plowshare ere discussed. The results obtained in the Ueptiine underground explosion are discussed, and the processes le-Rdin^ to crater formation are elucidated. The possibility of radioactive contaminati'n of the biosphere by underground and air bursts is considered. Prediction of crater dimensions and profiles in atomic explosions is discussed. The safety measure taken in planning of Project Charrot are given.' This paper is tran;3l-ted by M.S. Littie-(lfei^r of California, Lawrence Radiation Lab. Live more).

(NSA: 16: 2838). 350) Hair, J.L. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND COSTS FOR EMPLACEMENT OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN DISTURBED MEDIA. Fort Worth (Tex.), Army Engineer District. NCG-TR-10. Mar. 1969. 77p. Abstract; Methods and preliminary cost estimating procedures considered applicable to nuclear explosive emplacement construction through disturbed zones associated with single, row, and array craters produced by nuclear explosives are described. These shafts would be used primarily for connecting row craters and for emplacement of additional devices to. modify the geometry of existing craters. A secondary purpose would be to provide access to previously buried bu undetonated devices. Projectsbeing considered for construction by nuclear methods include dam construction, canal excavation, harbour construction, and quarrying operations-. Cra- • tering studies conducted tn hard rock, clay shales, and cohesionless, granular materials" such as desert alluvium show that the areas of disturbance in Bnd

Contd.. - 157 - around a crater formed by nucler.r •'••..-. t :n^ti~n nay bt categorized into z^nes according tr. ojecta, fallback, and rupture 2"nies. Recorded dr-ta -f actual reentry into these zones are very Limited. Most of the available information thc-t directly relates t; crater excavations generally pertains to small-diameter' holos (six inches and less) which have- been r t^ry drilled. Techniques utilized for these investigations, together with those documented for drilling in'glreial till, offshore drilling of unconsclidated sediments, and conventional shafting of bad ground, have been evaluated. Many techniques and/or combination of techniques using a multiple of equipment types were studied. Of these, the most applicable for excavation of shafts through crater zones appears to be vriations of big hole rotary drilling and conventional mining. A descripti. n :f th^so nc- thods and the necessary equipment for their employment are listed, Oost analysis for excavating Lar -e-diaaeter bores through disturbed media z nc-s in end near existing craters was surveyed in.an attempt to arrive- at s^rco reasonable method for cost prediction.

(NSA: 23; 33287). : 351) Hagopian, N., Kraaaer, J. • TIMING AND FIRING. Project Gnome, PNE-115 P.'Aug. 1962. 5Bp. Abstract: All monitors at the control pr-int indicate 1 that the performance of the timing system was completely satisfactory on the live run. Basic to the insturinen- tation for the event were the special mobile cntrol point built for the Plr -share Program and ? timing station housed in a transportainer and located in,the area adjacent to surface zero. Both hardwire and radio signals were transmitted to the experimenters.

(NSA: 17: 2665). 358) Hansen, S.M. ' RESUlfllS IROM SEDAN POST SHOT DRILLING. California Ur.iv., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5021?. Dec. 1966. 39?. n Contd... - 158 - Abstract: F~ur holes were drilled near the bottom of the Sedan nuclecr crater e.t the Hevr.da Test Site. Punch- core samples were recovered periodically during the drilling. Density logs, caliper logs, radiation logs, and temperature lo^s were run in the holes. The true crater surface WPS encountered at the depth of 822.4 ft below the preshot surface ground zero (192.4 ft below the point of detonation) in the hole nearest the crater center, and at shallower depths in the remaining three holes. The true crater surface is approximately hemi- spherical in shape. Zones :>f increased density outside the true crater surface. The results indicate that, the bulk of the tritium remaining within the fallback lies above the sliot point with the relative concentration decreasing rapidly and regularly with greater depth. Punch core samples are not sufficient"1;' distinctive to characterize the part of the crater from which they were taken. .A greater amount of disaggregation of cemented alluvium, however, was noted inside the true crater surface. (USA: 21: 30564). 353) Hansen, S.M. GRATER FORMED BY GAS EROSION OP A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION VEHT. Meteoritics; 4: Oct. 1968. 61-87. Abstract: Five craters have Ven formed by nuclear explosions in the U.S. since 1962; data from these experiments have provided a much improved understanding' of the mechanisms of crater formation. A description is given of the crater produced by the Palanquin experiment, and the gas erosional mechanism of crater formation that was observed is discussed. The crater resulting from the Palaquin experiment ( a 4.3 kt nuclear explosion detonated at a depth of 280 ft in the layered trachytic volcanic rocks at the Nevada Test Site) has an unusual co- nical shape and dimensions of 119.1 ft radius and 78.8 ft depth. The crater volume was 46, 800 yd3. The mechanism of crater formation included the following steps: eje^- ction at 450 msec of the upper part of the 36-in-insiHe dia strong steel casing as a smooth plug. This resulted . largely from failure of the grout bonding between the casing and the inside of the 48-in. dia emplacement

Contd... hole. The cusin - was -filled with p^n travel. The up>r portion of the casing n-n-ln'-1 f illoi "with ^tr. gravel; venting of* hi.-hor tt,-mpor-tur».., hi=-,h pressure ,;*s out of the open e?nplac ernent hole eroded the sides and caused a progressive incru-se in th-j size of the vent opening. The vent dia wr-.s 30 ft ?t 525 msec, 90 ft -t 750-rasec, and 210 ft at 1.5 s-ec; f^llb-ck and slumping: ,f adjacent weakened and fractured rock ;>artially filial the true- crater, A rubble nvund hnd been predicted instead of a crater. Experience fmm other underground experiments along with preshet ••jslciilitions Indicate"1 thrt at the scaled depth of burst of Palanquin neither th>. surface spall nor the rrs acceleration from a nucle?r explosi-n is sufficient tc? eject the rubric from the true crater. The craterinr, inectianism of r-r-.s er;si;n of a vent, as observed at Palanquin, is si*Tiificantly different frjm the spalling roechai-:isn dominant nt the Danny By experiment, and the gas m-und acceleration mechariisia dominant at the Sedan experiment.

(USA: 24: 14112). 354) Harlan, R.W.

CRATER STUDIES: CRATER lffiASUR^IvEiJT S. Prgect Pre-Gondola I, Final Report.

California, Livermore, Army Engineer Nuclear Craterin£- Group PBE-1107 (Pfc.l). May 1967. 93p.

Abstract: Project Pre-Gondola I, a series of four 20-t~n high explosive crat£:rin.»: detonations, wp.s conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Nuclear Cratcrin^: ^roup during October and November 1966 in order to determine the cratering characteristics o: the Pre-Gondcln Project site- located about 18 miles south of the town of Glasgow, vally, County, Montana. The essentially flat site medium consisted of uncemented, highly compacted, moderately jointed shale of the Late cretaceous age,- Bearpaw shale formation. The craters produced were both deeper ani^ wider than those previously observed in either alluvium or basalt, but had flatter slopes. For single-charge craters in Bearpaw shale the optimum depth cf burst for both apparent crater depth and radius is about 13C ft/ kt 1/3.4. Pertinent data for the four events are given.

(USA; 22: 8240). ; ' Contd .. <, - 160 -

355) Herrmann, H.G., Wolfskill, L.A.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF EUCLEAR GRATERS. REPORT 5 RESIDUAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF WEAL SHADES . U.S.A., Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Dept. of Civil Engineering. HP-16699. Dec. 1966. 203p.

Abstract: Laboratory studies of the residual shear strength of weak shnles such as might be encountered in construction within the Canal Zone are described. This measurement is proposed an index property to estimate the potential for shales or deeply weathered rocks to lose substantial strength with time. In addition to the residual strength parameter, five other index properties are outlined to form a comprehensive means for exped- iently evaluating potential loss of strength. The residual shear strength is a. constant for any given soil regardless of stress history, and is the lowest 'ultimate' strength. In practice, the laboratory measurements of residual strength can vary simply because of failure to reach this lowest strenrth. The. main effort: in this present research is to develop the equipment and testing procedures to reliably measure residual strength. It was found that the repeated direct shear test, with about 30 repetitions of loading, on mechanically disint- egrated and resedimented samples resulted in an adequate index property test. The results of comprehensive testing of two Canal Zone shales (from the Gucaracha and the Gul- ebra formations), Pierre shale from the Oahe damsite in South Dakota and a kaolinite clay are described.

(NSA: 21: 24125).

356) Hess, W.H., Hordyke, M.D.

THROWOUT CALCULATIONS FOR EXPLOSION CRATERS.

J. Geophys. Research, 66: UOIL-6484. Oct. 1961:. 3405-12.

Abstract: A study of the throwout from an explosion crater was conducted. Analysis of results shows that starting with particles in motion in the crater, the lip build-up is followed until all particles have landed. Working with experimental information from a 500-ton high-explosive explosion, the apparent crater and lip shape and characteristics were- estimated.

Gontd-r.. - 161 -

The calculations arc rough, and the data are preliminary. The size of the crater and £ were changed in rji attempt to see how craters on the moon would look.

(NSA: 16: 409). 357) Heusinkveld, M., Morks, R. SUBSURFACE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS. Project PRE-SCHOONER II. Final Report. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PNE-515. Jan. 1966. 41p. Abstract: Subsurface effects measurements wtre ~ade on the pre-schooner II event, which was an 85-ton nitromethane eratering experiment in southern'Idaho. Meas- urements attempted included subsurface stress, time of arrival of the stress wave, acceleration, subsurface spall phenomena, gas pressure in the expanding detonation cavity, and vertical subsurface motion. The measured subsurface stress were of essentially the same scaled amplitude as earlier results from sulky and Palanquin, but were considerably lower than results from H^ardhat and Shoal. Measured accelerations were higher in scaled amplitude than.the results from Danny Boy, but were lower than'the results from Hardhat. A subsurface- spall was observed 8 meters below the surface 13 msec'after detonation time. Early cavity pressure measurements were obtained, but the instrumentation failed before the time of greatest interest. The vertical subsurface motion experiment was unsucespful. (USA: 20: 35604). " . 358) Higgins, G.H., Butkovich, T.R. EFFECTS OF WATER CONTENT, YIELD, MEDIUM, AND DEPTH OF BURST ON CAVITY BADII. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50203. Feb.. 21, 1967. 26p. Abstract; Cavities produced by nuclear explosions can be accurately described provided that water content, medium density, and, explosive energy are known.

Contd... - 132 -

The c-qurtion R-= 100 .%'-!)"''> V'j{l/*-lj\ -r ij/'h) (Vf) I \ (1/3) d&scrites reraUs "f 46 nucl^rr det -,n"tl:ns in tuff, alluvium, Rait and rr^nite to the accuracy with which the cavity radius and other variables -^n be determined, The adip.hatic expansion coefficient,-} , depends strongly on th: wr«tor content of the ncdiun. There is no inrlic:-ti~ii tlist- c.vvity size •'...•peivls on the strength of the r-;cl: indium in which th-j oxplcsim is detonated,

(KSA: 21: 24130).

359) Hi^gins, G.H. • TECHNICAL PROBLEMS A1:D FUriRS UilDSRGiO IND E EXPERIMENTS*

California Univ., Livennore, Lr.v/rence Hadiati^n Lab. UCRL-71439. March 26, 1969. ^ONF-690406-5. 25p.

Abstract? The Technical problems to be E .lvi'1 in future underground engineering experiments r.rc ."if two kinds: determination of the effects- of the physical and ohoTii:;?! properties of the explosion site on the nucLep.r explo- • sion; and engineerin,1- of the explosive dot ".nntivn system tp provide adequate s.?foty md security, concurrently with minimum total costs par explosion. Th< Bemijjg- pirical equations for exr>losi-"in effects can be trusted only in the r^nge of explosive energy, depth of burst, and rock type for v/jiich there is prior experience. • Effects oaloul-tions breed -in the principles of.con- tinuum mechanics pn:1 measurable ,. oo-.physical properties appear to work in the few test c^scs, such P.S Gestu.v-y, to which they h-^vc b.-en applied. Th: ?e calcul't:ion?l methods must be tested in a variety of sit'i^ti-ns. The relevance of dynamic ryar\ static measurements on Dr.af""n Trail, Bronco, Rulison, Sloop, Ketch oni Pine dale' to proving the methods is discussed. •

(NSAJ 23; 21347).

360) Hull, A.N., Titus, R.-W., Mueller, H.F.

WEATHER AND SURFACE RADIATIOH PREDICTION. Einal fleport.

Las Vegas, (Hev), Weather Bureau. VUF-1008. J^one, 1964. 44p. Project. Shoal.

. Contd..# Abstract: Dhe Weather ind Surf -• jt- K li^ti n I-'rcdicti ~n Unit commenced preliminary weather obe~rv^ti: us ^t the SHOAL Site in Au UFT; 19^2. Sufficient ist^ were crilt-ct- ed to ensure statistical .? '-: nif ice-ncc. 3 •: £!•:•.> r.c in ~ -.n D-30, a complete we'"her m lysis "n\ f~--v casin^"unit wns in oper--ti~.n at the- SHO^L Srce. The v,vr.th--.-r'' foci- lit ies, obserT;.ti:n schedules, Vctnilc-f? nre-shot weather end radiati-n f^rec^sts, r^id their v^rificatirn ?re discussed. (USA: 18; 44281) . 361) Hwang, Li-San, Butler, II.Lee; Divoky, D., Le -!eh?.ute,E.

030ILLATIONS 0? ILJIBOR OP .JSITRARY SIL'IPE IJZQ 7/ DEPTH AND AMGHHKA FIELD EXF3RI^3HTS. Pinal- Report. Ga.lif3r.iia, Pasrc.ena, ^.tr: Icch. Inc., KYO-289-5. Nnva 1969, 212p. • - -I Abstract: Both thj experimental nnd the-rretical w-rk performed to predict the effects of nuclear exv;l\vsi::n- induced water wavt s ^n h.':rb-">rs of Anchit'icr1. island, Alaska, are described. Ihree-ap. onrlices are included} two present'computer programs written f T this study an:l the thir' discusses the rol-tive merits ">f so?lh ra°ds4-studies and computer analyses in uh3 -r^blen if h.^rbTr desic?i. (2ISAJ 24: 9535) . 1 362) Jack, H,A,# Dudley, W. /. SIIE-SELEGPION "Ci7£S?15AriCKS. PHOoECT PRE-GOtlDOLk.

PI3Er1101. Feb. 1^67. -i5p. ' Abstract; Site selection investirr-ti^ns '.re described for Project Pre-3--ndol-~, a U.S. Ar::y Ejwineer Nuclear Oratering Gr^up chemioal explosive crr.terin^: experiment in weak, saturated shale. Ihe investigation was begun in Janurjry 1965 and concluded" in June 1966 with the selection of an area adjacent to the fort Peck Reservoir in n^rthe-st. rn Montana. In addition to an " office study coverin,: the U.S. rnd field, reconnaissance of 14 sites, subsurface invi^stig?.tions with aGCompany- Gontd... - 164 - ing laboratory tests v/ere conducted at the prini?ry site and one alternate site near Sdgemont, South Dakota. A second alternate site was considered at Cedar Ridr:e in Orook County, Wyming, "but no subsurface investigations have been conducted. The medium present at the Port Pech site is the Bearpaw shale, a hi.-jhly compacted, uncemented clay-shale of Cretaue- HIS ere. The Laboratory unconfined compressive strength of the int'et shale is as great as 500 psi, but the in situ field strength is reduced by bentonite seams an' «JI extensive system of jointing end slumping. 'The rnerliur, is saturated, but its permeability is sc low th~t free water "is available to observation wells only where the shalt is,, highly jointed. The sitt provides a variety of terrain condi-- tions which make it. suitable for all phases of the experiment, incLuding a row crater in varying terrain,

(NSA: 21: J4344). 363) James, R»A., Fleming, 3.H. . RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE ISLES. OF HiiDIONUCLIDSS FOR CANAL STUDIES, i. • California Univ., Livcrmore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50050. Sept. 1966. -10p. Abstract: A method is presented for arranging the radionuclides in the order :f decreasing relative significance. In the current absence of sufficient data to do otherwise, it is assumed temporarily that the fraction, k, of each nuclide existing in the environment ingested per day is constant. The value- -f k for each nuclide that gives the maximum allowable'dose su.fertel for the general public by the ICRP thus relative- sig- nificance index in terms of decreasing significance includes (in this order): 90 Sr-90Y, J210Pb + Chain, 137Cs-137m Ba. 106 rtu-106Rh, 18&J, 181W, 144 CE, 4 a 9lY 147pm 22Na 95 flU * ?5l!» R » ^ Zr-95mNb, 155Gu " (SSA: 21: 6496). : 364) Joachin, C.B. CLOSB-BI GROTISD MOTION AND EARPH STRESS. A WBP MEDIUM: 140-TON RCW-CH.'_RGB CSATERIKG EXPERBENT IN VARYING Contd. - 165 - TERRAIN. Project PRS-GOiiBOU. II.

Miss. Vicksburp-. Army-Sn.-ineer 7/'-:terways Experiment Station. PNE-1113. Oct. lb"6e. 74r:. Abstract; Stress, particle velocity, ani acceleration data were obtained fr->m a 140-ton notronothanc- row- charge detonation in a saturated clay-shale. The charge row consisted of two 40-and three 20-ton spheres (first and fourth charges were 40 tons) extending 3 11 W from the Pre-GONDOliA I Chorlie cmter on an 80-foot spa.cin£ (first charge 105 fret from crater center. The primary instrument line (stress end particle.velocity gages) extended S 79 E from the center chcrce (G) with ^aje stations 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400~feet from G7 G?.C?C- .depths were 10 and 50 feet except the 400-foot-station which was gaged at 50 feet only. Acceleration measurements were made on the slopes of the Pre-Gondola I Dalta and Charlie craters and at the Control Point (OP). Peak stress measurements were higher than Pre-Gcndola I data. As the charge-to gage- distance increased, the individual compressional waves from the various charges began to coalesce,'The resulting stresses (coalesced wave) scale using combined charge weights and cube root scaling. . Initial peak horizontal velocity compares well wii^: Pre-Gondola I data. Similpr to stress, velocities resulting from the coalesced shock front scr.le using cube root. A low-amplitude, long-duration acceleration was recorded at the Delta and Charlie Craters. The fractured crater materir-1 filtered out the hi.ii-frequency high- amplitude motions anticipated at the crater slope and lowered the average propagation velocities. CP accelerations comprre we'll with oredictions ba^ei or, competent media. (NSA: 23: 2441). 566) Johnson, G.W. EXCAVATION WITH NTTQT.F.pR EXPIrOSlVES. PROMISE AMD PROBEEMS,

Phys. Today, Nov. 1963. 38-44-* . Abstract! The use of nuclear explosions, to provide a crater or ditch for engineering purposes is-discussed. The sizes and characteristics of the craters, formed were found to depend en the magnitude of the charge, Contd... - 166 - the depth of placement the n'ture of the medium, and the spacing between chrr es. Plowshare events ue~d in these studies are discussed. Problems with radiation release and shock .waves are considered, (NSA: 20: 36372). 366) Knox, J.B., Terhume, R.W. OF EXPLOSION-PRODUCED CATERS. California Univ., Liverraore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRI.-7738. 196?. CONF-470-3. 37p. Abstract: This study develops a simple, two-dimensional numerical-physical mo lei of catering 7hysics fcr hirh- explosive sources in alluvium during the =cr.s acceleration phase of excavation. The model requires imowled.e of the earth's free-surface top-^grp.phy aid motion at the time the 'rss acceleration begins (tG), and the cavity pressure and volume. At tg, the overburden material between the cavity and the free surface is assumed to be a homageneous, incompressible, viscous fluid. Ini- tially (e*g. at tg) the cavity is approximated by two hemispheres: (a) the radius of the lower hemisphere- is calculated from aass conservation of the overburden material. The upper hemispheric surface is sub-divided into elemental surface areas, and mass zones are defined which subtend these elemental surface areas. By applying Kewton's second lav/ with a Ilewt^ninn friction C calibrated on the Scooter event) to each mars element, and by assuming that the cavity gas behaves adiabatically, the cavity evolution, mound development, and the formation of the lip through up-thrust are numerically simulated. With the development of a calibrated, numerical simulntion model of excavation processes during the gas acceleration ph°se, the capability of the model to estimate crater radii and depth for l/2-kt, hi^h-explosive (HE) sources at various emplacement depths is explored. Assum- ing a reasonable angle of repose for alluvium, 45°, crater radii for scaled depths of burst from about 10 to 65 m are predicted. These estimated crater radii compare very favorable with the observed crater radii (Uordyke, 1961) for H.E. in alluvium. Further, the crater depths, for certain types of craters, are also reasonably predicted. The unsolved problems requiring solution for the development of a predictive model for cratering

Gontd... - 167 -

with nuclerr ex_:l :eivcs .. -. ;isvj;: r- 1. (USA: 18: 20123). 367) Knox,J.B. WATER QUA-IPY HJ FLOODS ;;UCIiL\.R GRATERS. California Univ., Livermre, Lawrence Rrvii^ti n L-^. UCRL-50531. Dec. 0 1968. 23?. (Atomindcx. 11: 14: 5306). 368) Leisek, J.F. POSTSHOr GEOLOGIC MVSSTIG PIOUS OF IEF DAN1IY BOY NU- CLEAR CRAfERING EXPERIMENT IN BASALT . California Univ., Live mo re-, Lawrence R^.iiatin Lr.l;. UCRL-7803. Max. 13, 196-t. 31;.. Abstract; In March 1162 r low-yieli nu^lar.r event oit- named Danny Boy was clot ir :;."• in a b^s^lt nfiiuH at the Hevarta Test Site. Tht ex^l:si'n crectei a visible cr?tcr 250 to 280 ft across aivi ;--;pro:--iia?t=ly 90 ft U-cp, with an approximate v^liuno of 52,000 cubic y^ris. Thi" a^-^^rcnt crater (the norti^n of the visible criter t^l-.w -.ritinr;L ground 1^-yeli hos v. rndiuc of 102 t-. 115ft , r -.c^th -.f 64 ft, and volume of -?.; prcxisataly 33,500 oubic yr-.r.s. Because of the rock type, tht o.'cperinient lends itse-lf to practicn.1 ^..plic^ti^n in many niinin.:; "in"; construction situations. This report describes th<- Dainy Boy cr-.tcr geology in some detail.

(HSA: 18: 19866). 369) Lewis, J.G. CRATER MEASUKEiEiUS . Fort Blevoir,(Ya.), Engineer Research And Develo-aaent Labs. WT-1105. July 18, 1953 Decl. July 11, 1961. 76?. Abstract: Vertical shafts of colored sand were ylac^d along one diameter throu.-h gr?ixnd zero on shot 7 t~ ^i a permanent record of the true crater. Measurement of the physical characteristics of the apparent crater Gontd,.. - 168 - and lip, an: th^ true cr-'.ter were ra-dt. I'ho riucl*. T data obtainc- fr~ir. O;;er-ti n Ji^iuJE surface on A underground shots and TSAPOT sh;fc 7 wen: c^r^cl"te;"" with previous hi^h cxnlosive (HS) tost rcsultp. Scaled curves of dinenr.i ns versus

(ISA; 15: 2823) . 370) Lombard, D.B., Power. D.V. QLOSB-IN SHOCK STUDIES. Fin=?l Report. California Univ», Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. MB-104"P. March 22, 1962. 23p. Abstract; Measurements of shock parameters, including particle velocity profile md penk shock pressure, were attempted in the sait close-in t.; the Gnome nuclear explosion. The mep.surenents were tj be compared with results predicted by tne TJlffiO ode. Rciiation-fo^wed film and dainv.rci instruments nullified mopt .f the measurements, but the experience rrained will be valuable in designing instruments ?md techniques for similar experiments in the future. 371) Lutton, R.J. HOBBLE SLOPES AND THEIR 3SLE?y>;GE TO CRAIBR FALLEAOK SLOPES.

^, Miss. Anay Sa^.ineer Waterways Experiment Station. UCG-TR-14. Sept. 16Jr,. Abstract: Natural rock rubble deposits offer useful information on characteristics an.1 behavior of crater Oontd. - 169 -

fallback if their .^on-.r/>hio Ydntories ^o rec v:'isc 1 -nd understood. E 3I-J oh- <^.ct>rir Si :s :f scv^n sl'yjZ" w. posits were considered: t^-ius, c:,llu7i-1 Tv.tU "allu vium, nudflow debris, r • ;k .-..-1 Meiers, nnrains, r' I "n*" fic d debris.

(NSA: 24: 9543),

372) Lutton, R.J., C-irucky, ?.S., Hunt;, -I.-/.

GEOLO.'IO AID) ENGIFEEHING ?30FS2li? H;S Iir/HST- IGAEIOHS . Project Pre-rSchcoru r. PinnL Ru/••.•;rt.

f-, Misr.. Array 3n .ineer W^terwsys 3xp-.-riir-.-nt Station."PNE-5O5 ?. Mojrch 1967. 204. .

Abstract: Tha four Prs-3choonor Mjh explosive cratt-ria, experiments were caducte1. in 'Iry b-Gait .rn.Buck-bo9.rl Mesa, Nevada Test Site. The prt-shot ?jrl ^'ctshpt con-ii- tions w^re investifpted by c ire* b;rii\:, borejh--.li. ohot-~- graphy, geophysical techniques, aerial photoirraphy, -n; exploratory excavations. afct:re-sontitive c-?re"sair.?les were tested in the 1'bjmtory fnr strength properties vzid sj^ccific gravity. The r?ck c -arises ""f vesicular basalt ovtr dense basalt, exch tyne s*ructur'liy modified by layering of vt sides resulting fr:<»n. vise JUS flc-.v of the lava. Two craters, explored 1-y trenchin-;, shewed '•' thrt displaced .-r':and ?urfsc^ boyond the true crater. l:i the subsurf?j.ce l'-:yond the true- crater ^t the Delta Site, z^nes of bl'st fr^cturiiir: and bulkini" were distinr> ushed. Ihf-sc F.j^epr to be nr.dif ifl s '".:.-wh?.t by the stra- tigraphy >if the*b°-salt. The limits of fracturing anJ "bulking by the bl-st ay -r-ar t'- Lie at about 100 ft friin th" zero point.

(ITS-'-: 21: 361S4).

373) iiaclver, B.IT.

ENGUISBRIITG PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR GRATERS. REPORT 4. THE H)AMATI0N AND INHIAu =TABILITY OP SLOPES ON CQ- HESIONLESS MATERIALS. Technical Report No. 5-699.

Vicksburg. Miss. Army Engineer Wr.trrways experiment Station. PN3-5009. Au_. 1967.-: 113p.

Abstract: The engineering properties of nuclear craters Gontd... - 170 - were studied to identify cm,l describe the ;hysical jr.--- pertics th-it wi'.L cr-ntrol the u^e -f a nuclear crater fcr engineering ouroosi-s. One of the prim,, consideration. in the engineering use of a nucUfir crnter is 'she stability of the crp.t'or slopes. Dhe incl motion of a a 1 ••> yj formed by de~positir>n of eon*.sionlosc material is termed tho angle of Ac-.--or it ion. The rca^L:; of r>" oo.-e is dof ined as the maximum possible- inolin'.fci ~n -•£ o. slope of cohesionless aiPteri';\l. Such factors ~s particle size, shape and angularity, ^bructurc- of partiole a/-jrogr.ti^ns, n^~ nncr of deposit!''a, an:1 ^eorr-xtrrj f slopes are discussed with regar-1. t-. thoir relative influ^nco on each of the aforementic-rij'l ''-.nrles. A ff w simple; analytical relations are givon to c.id In understanding "he behavior »f psrticies iuring •loposition ani their stability ;:?a an inclined surfr.ee. Empirical iata from !• oor/tory tests, stockpiles, rook-fill .ifjns, natural slopes, explosion-produced cro.ters, etc., Fre presented and compared. It is c-n.clu/led thc.t an^l^s of deposition for cohesionless rock -\nl s"il materials vary betw-sn 22 and 42 deg, aad :venerally lie between 34 and 37 'leg for angular particles, whereas angles of reposu r^nge between 27 and 47 cle--, vr^. gene-rally lie between 37 nnl 47 deg for rn^rular particles. The initial factor of safety of a slope formed by deposition will probably exceed 1.1 but will be nore than 1\& in raoet cases- (NSA: 21: 33073). 374) Marler, G.V. DESIGN, TESTING, MTD FISH) PUMPING OP GROUT MIXTURES. Vrcksburp:, Miss., Waterways Ex'j^rim^nt St-^ti-n. P0R-182S. July 1962. 16p> Project Daniiy Soy. Abstract; In Project Danny Boy, a nuclepj? device of low yield was detonated in basalt at tho Hevada Tect Site. Pertinent Physical properties of the baoo.lt were determined and a grout mixture with matchinr properties for use in grouting scientific instruments "in (^routed) holes drilled near the shot location wrs developed. 8 deep ord 9 surface holes were grouted. Specimens of the field- mixed grout were cast to determine its physical properties at shot time,. A satisfactory,, punrpable grout was developed. Grouting of the holes was accomplished without difficulty, except that because of extremely cold

Gont'i... - 171 -

weather, it was necessary t^ develop a quick tjtt grout for the surface holes that would set bef;re ttLv- could be properly cured in environmental cnUti.ns simulating thoee of the v ;ut emplsnc-' in tht instil- ment holos. However, it is believed thnt ?t the :i friths st which the instrument canisters were -/laced, the ambient temperature anl humidity PvorDaclKd th.r.u of the laboratory in which the grout mixture v/as developed. Therefore, it is lv lieved that the ennprossive strength of the- grout in the immediate vicinity'of the instruments aoproached that of the basalt, and that the ,:-r-yat- ing operation w-s successful.

(N3A: 19: 34299).

375) MECHANICAL EPFECPS 0? TJiiDERGRCUXD NUC "JTAR EXPbOSIOIv'S, MOSCOW, USSR, 1969.

AEC-tr-7120, lOp.

Abstract; Methods for predicting the rsechaniCc.l effects of cratering and fully-CDntained, or caeoUfT-et, unler- ground nuclear explosions are discussed. The,mechanical effects of a cratering explosion include: the dimensions of the visible crater, distribution of ejecta en the free surface, and seismic effects. The mechsnical, effects of a camouflet explosion include cavity volume, fracture zone size, decree rf rack fracture, compression wave Intensity, and seismic effect. The controlling parameters include the ?. nergy of the-nuelter charge, the depth ?Jid volume ->f the placement cavity, and the physical and chemical charact-. risties of the surrounding mt-lia. further experimental work for veri=? fication of these prediction methods is recTemended.

This is a translation of a Russian Report.

(NSA: 24: 14105).

376) Miskel, J.A.

GHARjiCEERISTIOS OP R/JJI0ACTIVI2Y PRODUCED BY OTCuEi'Jl E3CPL0SIVES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7761. 1961. CONP-470-7. 13p. Contd.,. - 172 - Abstract: The- amounts "ni kinds of radioactivities produced^ by detonation of a nuclear explosive are dependent won the specific desi.~;n of the explosive. The two design extremes artoa pure fiision device., which will produce at out l.i x 10L3 fissions, find therefore about 2.8 x 1O23 fiseion nro-mcts, p^r kiloton of energy released, and a pure thermonuclear levies which would produce no fiesi.n products, but waul? produce approximately 1O~3 atoms of tritium per kiloton. In both cases, interaction '.f escaping neutrons with the materials of the device itself, and wixh the surrounding media, could lead to further rsdiisctivities. The tohrvior and ultimate fate- of tha activities produced by the explosion depend m ths composition of the medium in which, the detonation occurs, the nature of the det'-nation, sni the chemical species involved. Some typical cases rre described.

(HSA: 18: 20124) . • 377) Misket, -J.A. riEIiBASE OP RADIOACTIVITY FROM NUCLEAR CR:".TERIwG EZ- ESRIMENTSi California Univ., Livernore, Lawrence R^diatim Iiav,. UGRL-14778. Lu^. 26, 19C6. OONP-660920-6. 12p. Abstract: TlK use -f nuclear explosives fcr excavation purposes results in the release of radioactivity to the atmosphere. Data -"stained fr m several nuclear cratering experir^n-.s in-licate tnat the fractions of the more volatile species released are relatively insensitive to the crattring ph. nomenology, whereas the fraction of the refractory species released are highly dependent on it. Two different crat* rinc nroce.^ses have been studied experimentally. The hazard evaluation for engineering programs involving nuclear excavation can be divided into two prrtss first, the close-in area which is of interest, with respects to the time-delay of further work on the engineering project; the second the lon.:~rani:e distribution of the radioactive materials with respect to the entry of radiation into the out-side world.

(NSAJ 20: 45833). Oontd... - 17?. - 378) Mork, H.M., l^ars n, K.H., KwaL-ws>cy, ?I.VJ. 7J--H R Paglia, D.E., Rhoa-is, W.A., GuillW, n.B.

PROJECTS 62.oo AHD 62,80. PART I. OEARACTERISPICS 0~ FALLOUT FROM A DEEPLY 3UHI5D NIP LEAR DSPG'i-TION FRO"" 7 TO 70 MILES FROM GROUJH) ZERO. PART II. AERIAL RADIO- METRIC SURVEY. Project SSDA1I. California Univ., Los *.ru-eles, Lab. of Nuclear Medic inl- and Radiation Biology. PKE-225 F. July 1966. ilSp. Abstract: Adequate samples ->f fallout frr-r- the detonation of a nucUar device buried in desert alluvium at 625 ft below ground surface were obtained'to delineate th-: ^st-r part of the fallout pattern from 7 to 70 mil;s fr^ic gr ur^ aero. Phc distribution cf radioactivity per unit area, mass per particle size fraction were detenain«~d. ^.- c-.rre- lation between raiioactivity and mass was fcunri. ?hc- tise of arrival of fallout ani raiiation intensity histories were recorded by field radiation detection instrunen~s. Considerable differences occured in .tiae of arrival of fallout and its duration across the fallout pattern beyond 20 miles frr-jn ~rcntn-.l zer?. Radioactive d^cay of samples from five laterals of the fallout pattern showed negative sl'pes of about 1.4 f-r the. tine interval ITME. H r 48 to H + cDO hours. 3nou.~h sh^ar of the clcud occured to permit a comparison of the isotopic fracti^nation existing above 10,000 ft MSL; bat the data are limited to incomplete results from only five sanples, one iron each lateral, submitted to NBDL. The radlochemical analyses indiCL.i.^1 a distance relationship and prrvided evidence of fractionation that substantiated a .iifferc-r.ee between the fallout debris ir^m two levels of the cloud. The data indicated that typography had a significant influence on the activity per unit mass, the particle size distribution and the fractionation of the fLesion product nuclides. The Aerial Radioiaetric Surveys determined the distribution of Sedan fallout to a distance of more than 200 miles from ground zero. The dose rate contours show the pattern to be psymnecric with a steep gradient west of the midline with si very gradual gradient on the east. *

(NSA: 21: 12546). - 174 -

379) Myers, 3. A. BU3LID: A CODE FOR .UCLTAR COa.SPRWTIOE 0? UNIFORM CHAriiiELS . California Univ., Eiivcrr.orc, Lawrence radiation La":.. UCBL-50523. Nov. 15, 1963. IPp.

Abstract: A descriptiin. is r.r vide-d of zhi. computer code EUCLID, which can. be use1, t > perform calculations for nuclear land chairs, linr. ?his cone assumes a para- tolic cross secti >n fcr the- channel. Various oar?3vtcrs are presented which ere necessary for the construction of a desired usable cha Jiel through either lev«=l or sloping terrain. "Dhe flnw chr-rt lor tht- c.^ie an:t a data sheet are include!.

(HSA: 23: 13901).

380) Nair, K., Otus, M.

STRUCTURAL SL'JaiDITY OF L..RGE 0A7ITIES ?0R PROJECT PAYSITE.

Tulsa, Okla, ?t ::iz and Sci^mn Inc.. July 1968. COHP-680908-1. 40p.

(Atomindsx: ii: 7: 2272).

381) Ilordyke, M.D., Wray, W.

^ /JJD R.J)IO^CTIVITY RSS'JIiCS FROia A 1-7J0LEAR liG DETOri. PIOH E»T B/.SAlffl .

California "Jniv., Liverraore, Lav-rence Radiation Lab. UCHL-6099(Rev. II). Oct. 10, 1963. 37p.

Abstract: A summary of the cratering and radioactivity relesse data from project Danny Boy, a recent 420-ton nuclear craterin,^ detonation in basalt, is presented. The detonation Was at a depth of 33.5 m and produced a crater about 32.5 m in. radius and 19 m deep. Compari- son of the crater results with past- craterinp: experience in basalt rhows that the Danny Boy prater agrees with these data, using Wl/3.4 scaling and an equivalence between chemical and nuclear exnl^sives. Inte- gration of the fallout pattern shows that about 4 percent of the radioactivity produced in the explosion

Contd... - 175 - escaped fr~m the-.crater ani appeer^ =s fa'Lut. ^hu disposition of th- raUrr-ctivity in the crete^ area _ and in the fallout pattern is given. On the basis of the above result.-, it is concluded :aat both the crat^r- ing results and "he radioactivity release results: are well within predictions asde before the- event. "(KSA: 19: 9293). 382) Nordyke, M.D. EXCAVATION BY HUCfiEAR EXPLOSIONS. New Scientist, 15: UCRL-6578 (Rev.). 1962. 36-40. Abstract: The economic advantages of nuclear explosions in evacuation are df-scribed briefly. The experience gathered with nuclear crat;er:Lrv; detonations st the Nevada Test Site is reviewed, and correlations of crater dimensions with yield ex,a ~iven." Tor charges in the region of 1 kiloton, 77 V2-4 scaling best correlates all data. From the graphs, it is shown that a 1-megaton explosive wmld proiuce a crater-2400 ft 'lia and 560 ft deep in rock. Radioactivity release, air blast, and seismic sh;ck are- conaidered. (USA: 17: 829C) . , 383) Nordyke, M.D. ' NUCLEAR CRjiTSRS AIO PRELEnIiLJ?Y THEORY 0? THE MECHANICS OP EXPLOSIVE CR^'.TER J. Geophys. Research, 66: UCRL-6481. October 1961. 3439-59. Abstract: Pour nuclear craters were produced at the' . Nevada Test Site. Ehree were from 1.2 kt nuclear explo sions in desert alluvium, a sand rravel xaix,. and. the fourth was from a 115 ton nuclear explosion beneath the sloping side of a bedded tuff mesa. Comprrison of these craters with high-explosive craters in alluvium shows that, within experimental error, the craters pro duced by subsurface nuclear explosions ere quite comparable with those produced by equal yield chemical explosions. Experimental data from these nuclear and Contd... bhemical /explosive craterin^- programs nnd theoretical machine calculations of the behavior of unicrvrrun-' explosives make it possible -J construct a picture of the major mechanisms that contribute to the formation of explosion craters. Th- se mechanisms include compaction and -— plastic deformation -f the medium immediately surrounding the explosion, spallinr of the surface above the explosion by the tensile wave generate"! at the free surface of the ground, ani acceleration of the fractured material overlying the explosion cavity- by the cases trapped in the cavity, before and during their escape. The r>-le that each mechanism plays changes with the scaled depth of burst of the explosive and to some er- terit with material. The contribution that each makes is outlined for four typical craters representing surface, shallow, optimum, and deep burial depths. For surface burial, plastic deformation and compaction are the prin- ciapl actions; for shallow burial depth, spall is the dominant feature; for optimum depth, gas acceleration becomes the most important mechanisms; and for deep bu- . ^ \rial, subsidence into the cavity produced by plastic deformation and compaction is the major f3ctor. -The differences to be expected between explosion craters and craters resulting fr-ra impr.ct explosions such as those produced by meteors are examined. The'relative contribution of each of these mechanisms'is also estimated for apparent crator depth vs. dooth of burst.

(USA: 16: 411). 384) Hordyke, M.D., Williamson, BUM. THE SEDAN EVEBT. - California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. . ead-*ao*ps of Engineers. PHE-242 P. Apr. 1965. 114p. Abstract: Project Sedan was a 100-kt nuclear cratering experiment conduced in 1962 to study cratcring effects and the safety problems of such cratering detonations. Comparison of the crater dimensions with past experience shows that miclear cratering explosions with optimum depth of burst result in craters with radii 10 to 20 per cent smaller than equivalent-yield chemical explosions and with depths about the same* A dust cloud 50 -per cent larger than predicted was produced, and . nearly five times more radioactivity than predicted

Contd... - 17? -

1 ;oei fr>LLvat. Close-in Sr blast meaaurom nts iniicate-'} p-iP.k cvtrpresfuros four to five tices lergcr :hrvi ^-xpected, • ut elo.^-in air-blsst impulse transmission factors, rrA lin.j-rar.-G -lir-bl'st sirpaals w^.re in r>,-rc jr.ont with pr;.-iicti >ns. Ground shock from Sei^i- foil \>r 11 teL'W the preUcti-n functions; the earth motions •••.• re influenced by the. Yucca fault, Mass distritution and _.itct& stuiies were nrde which predicts the distributi'n for the 0.5-kt Scooter explosion within a factor ef 1.5 tp r..O. 3ec-:n:«ry craters were- produced in the area ar:und the-Sii^i crater. Observed surface motion agrees vr vy v/6ll with predictions.

(NSA: 19: 36586). 335) Hordyke, M.D., Wrgy, W. CHATERIHG AifD aADIOACIIVirv ;TSSULT3 PROM A S TSEKOllLIIOU DJ BASALT. J» Geophys. Res. 69: Feb. 15, 1964. 675-89. • • Abstract: A suna^ ry of the cr^tcrinr ani radioactivity reiease data fr->ra project Danny 3->y, on 0.42-kt nucl'^r cratering det^-nati'n in br.salt, is presented. The detonation was at a iepth "f ^3.5 m °.nd produced a crater about 32,5 a in radius rna 19 m deep. Compel is "n cf the crater dimensions with past cratering results in basalt shows that the Danny 3oy crater agrees with these dita when W1/2 soalin.~ is us^d :m equivalence between chenical ancl nuclear explosives is assum-" i. Integration x the fallout pattern shows tlrt about 4 pc-r cent of the radioactivity prrduced in the expl si:n escaped frrm the crater and appearei as fallout. The disposition of the radioactivity in the crrter area and in the fallout is ;;iven. On the basis of the results, it is concluded that both the crb'tcrinp results and the radioactivity-release results are well within predictions made before the event.

(NSA: 18: 13933). 386) Novak, M.A. PROJECT ZULU II: LABOHAPOSY-SCALE ROW-CHARGE CRAI3RING SERIES. Technical Report Ho. 5. NCG-TS-5. Nov. 1968.126 p. Contd... - 173 - Abstre.ct' Sixteen row-chnr-e crr.t-.ring experiments using 1-pound charges of 0-4 in a c rater in;v medium ?f a carefully controlled, n: ist, compacted ^nd we-re conducted to investigate the f .rneti-n phenomenology and crater geometry of a single, row of explosive charges. The spacing between individual charges within the row, the depth of burst of the charges, °nd the row-connection designs were varied to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the resulting row crater configuration. Row-charge depths of burst (DOB) varied from 1.75 to 2.50 ft and charges spacings varied from 0i7 to 1.2 Rn. Thr enhancement of row crater dimensions (width ana depth) compared to single-charge craters at equivalent depths of burst decreased as ch-r;~;e spacing increased and as :D03:decreased. Single-charge dimensions were approached at spacings greater than 1.2 Ra. ii± DOB's near optimum (i.e., l.?5 feet), the minimum rotic of lip crest height to apparent crater, depth, Hal/Df,, was approximately Q.35 and the minimum ratio of width of apparent lip crest was to width of apparent crp.tsr, W_j_/Da, approximately 1.4, The maximum surface.ground feero (SGZ)•target velocity varied' with DOB according to the relationship, vSGZ=310 (DOB)-2.5. In general, the crater volume per charge was maximized at "a charge spacing of 1.1' Ha. The smoothest row-charge connection was obtained for th?t experiment in which the ratio of the distance from connecting char./e to nearest free surface to.the DOB of the connecting charge (KPS/DOB) was approximately 0.T30, the most irregular row-charge connection was obtained when this ratio was approximately 0.92.

(NSA: 23: 13893). 387) Nugent, R.C., Banks, D.G.. BwGIHEEHING-GEOIiOGIC mVESIIGAlIONS. Project DANNY BOY. Final Report. Vicksburg, Miss, .rmy Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. PHE-5005. Aug. 1966. 104p. Abstract: Preshot and postshot investigations, of the Danny Boy site were made to obtain information on the change in engineering properties of the basalt media- adjacent to the crater .and to determine engineering properties of the importcnt physiographic features of the crater such as ejecta and fallback materials.. Field

Contd... - 181 -

-••" 0.012 cal/cm2 E~C °K. Origin.-. 1 prussuri , -fter the c. re- pletion of cavity ^r:>wth was a^p^rently cvtrburitn pressure. The difference between me ~-mired and calculcte-l pressure after air- ?ut 7 min can be explained -=>;= the result of condensation of the -te?n. Aftr?r condensation begins, the pressure is simply the vnpor oressare of water. The observed pressure is used to c^lculrts the apparent rrte of condensation ^nd the necessary hest- trpnsfer rate. The surface hrat-transfer coefficient after the onset of c miens ?.ti "n. is found to bo about 1 cal/cm2 sec oj^ a v?i_uc_ tilet implies spallinr of the cavity surface.

(KSA: 22: 200).

391) Patterson, D.W.

OTCaEj'Ji DEC0UPLI1TG, PULL AlU) P/JttlAL.

J. Geophys. Res., 71: July 15, 1966. 3427-36.

•abstract: An underground explosion in P. cavity is said to be fully dtc?.vity where the wall motion is elastoplastic, the explosion is ar'-i^ t.~ be partially decoupled. The pressure histories on the walls of cavities in salt of suitable size for decoupling sources <~ra calculated and used in computing the motions of the walls, including the effect of elsstoplastic behavior of salt. Prom the motion of the c-vity walls, seismic displacement potentials are calculated and • comparei with the measured close-in displacement potentials for the Salmon event (5 kt) and the Gnome event (3.1 kt) scaled to 5 kt, both tamped (tightly coupled) nuclear detonations in salt. The close-m decoupling ratios for .-alt thus obtained are 350 for Gr.one data and 200 for Salmon dat-j. The reduced displacement potential based on the Gnome measureiient at 298 m and scaled to the 5-kt size of Salmon value of 300 m; tht Gnome measure-*- ment may liave "been in the inelastic region or it may have been influenced by stronger horizontal propagation due to beddinr planes. Reduced displacement-potentials are also calculated for shots Qf 100-tons, 0.5 kt, and 1 kt, all in a cavity volume for 100-ton decoupling. They are 0. 47, 5.0, and 45 m3 respectively,- as compared

Contd..• . - 182 -

with 80 m3 for a 100-ton fully tamped shot.

(USA: 20: 36964). 392) Patterson, D.W. . THEORY OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSION IN A CAVITY INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF SHOCK AND NONELASTIC EFFECTS ON THE WALL AND COMPARISON WITH TAMPED EXPLOSIONS-PROJECT DRIBBLE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lat. UCRL-7916. June 8, 1964. lOlp. Abstract: Theoretical studies preparatory to Project Dribble underground nuclear explosions are presented. The study is directed tow?.rd determiriiri. the effect of the initial pressure spikes on the "behavior of the cavity wall; Dribble currently includes in its schedule a 5-kt tamped shot, a 199-t tamped shot, and a 100-t shot in a 15-m radius cavity in a Mississippi salt dome. Several computer codes used in the analysis are described.

(MSA: 19: 2473) . 393) Pelsor, G.T. CAVITY FORMATION. California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5675 (p.114-13). Abstract: The process of cavity formation in an underground explosion is traced with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculation. (HSA: 14: 22697). 394) Placak, O.R.

FINAL OFP-SITE REPORT OF THE PROJECT SEDM EVENI JULY 6, 1962. PLOWSHARE PROGRAM. Las Vegas. Nev. Public Health Service, PNE-200 F. Dec. 12, 1962. 85p.

Contd... - 183 - Abstract: The Project Sedan event was conducted QS a part of the Plowshare Program --..t 1000 hcurs on July~5, 1962, in Are?. 10 of the Neva-la Test Site "by the Law-"' rence Radiation Lab. The Sedan nuclear cra.tering experiment resulted in the f"rra?tion of o.' radio ?.et ivc- cloud which drifted northward on a 10 degree bearinc for 40 miles to the vicinity of Queen City Summit,

(NSA: 23: 7654). 395) Porzel, P.B. . . . • . . COMPARISON OP RAINIER RESTILIS WISH rUdU) THEORY FOR BY A SURPAOB BL/.ST . Technical NoteTSo'."62-15. Washinrton, D.O., Institute for Defense Analyses. AD-428216. Apr. 1962. lip. . - Abstract: An appraisal of the results of RitHD Research MftTnprfvnrlnTn RM 2600 is m?de by coFT>?rison with test results from RADilSR, a deep underground explaslon. The'1 standgjcd W V3 scaling is used to scale the RM 2600 theoretical results down to the RAINIER yield, and the crushing radii are then compared. Pressure-distance curves are also compered. It is concluded, that the RM 2600 methods "are hot reliable even for the simple case of a spherical explosion in. soil. " . _ . .. (NSA: 18: 3104A) .

• Contd... - 184 - 396) Prentice, H.G., Peterson, E.J. CONSTRUCTION AUD FEASrBIiilTY ASSOCIATED WITH 3UCL3AR EXCAVATION. California, State Div. of Highways, (Sacrament;), UCRL-7632 (p.21-4). CONF-378-5, Abstract^ The construction activities which would be conducted afi?er the Carryall excavp.ti n arc- described briefly. It. is su posted th?.t an aaditicnal single nuclear crater be "nnde to take care of the drainage problem at the east end of the proposed cut. Costs of the nuclear excavation are estimated and compared with those of conventional excavation. It is c rncluded that Carryall Project is technically feasible, but that planned Plowshare excavation projects (Bujgy, Schooner, and Galley) should be conducted in advance.

39?) PROJECT CHARIOT . A complete Report on the Probable Gains and Risks of the AEC's Plowshare Project in Alaska. Nucl. Inform., 3: ilos. 4, 5, 6, 7, Jmie 1961. 1-20. Abstract; A survey of facts on Project Chariot is presented. The purpose, predictions of fallout, and biological risks are discussed. Cape Thompson an:l its pe- ople, animals marine animals., birds, fish, and plents are described. • (NSAS 18: 3930). 398) Rabb, D.D. BLOCK CAVING, 'HTJCfiFAR STYLE. Mining Eng., tCRL-7608. March 1964. 5p. Abstract; Mining and drilling operations in the chimney of broken rock produced by the Hardhat event proved that the rock could be mined by a modified "block caving withdrawal technique. Rediation levels in the crushed rock were found to be acceptable, and it wes certified that the size of the chimney can be predicted within limits. (NSA: 18: 33710). _ ^ Contd... - 185 -

399) Rawson, u,, Randolph, P., Boardnan, C, "/heeler, 7.

POST-EXPCuSIOII ENVIRONMENT RESULTING FROM IKE SALMON EVENT.

California Univ.. Live more, Lav/rence Raiiation Lrb UCRL-1489 (Rev.2). 1966. 43p.

(USA: 20: 33437).

400) Rawson, D., Randolph, P., Br-ardman, C., Wheoler, V.

J, Geophys. Res., 71: UCRL-14220 (Rev. 1)! July 15, 1966. 35057-21.

(MSA;. 20: 36»70)«

401) Reed, J.W, . .

ACOUSTIC WAVE EFFECTS PROJECT: AIRB LAST PR3/.I0IIQN TECHNIQUES.

W. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Labs, 30-M-69-»332. May 1969, 97p.

Abstract: Atmospheric lens effects can cause stnnr propagation of blast waves to great- listaiices. This problem is revewed and current beet estimates of the pertinent parameters for predicting longr?nge propagations from nuclear craterin.^ explosi-ns .-re ^iven. Definitions are ^iven to concepts of standard explD- sion waves, uriderP;r >und burst transmission factors, row-charge effects, atmospheric focus factors, and damage estimators.

. (NSA: 23: 33284) . . : •

Reed, J.W.

LONG RANGE AIR-BLAST MEASUREMElNrS JIFD IN DBRPRBPAT IONS .

N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp. POR-1809. May 196.2. 36p. Project 1. la (cf) Project Danny Boy.

•abstract: Low-pressure air bl.nst was measured- for Project Danny Boy out to 2,40 Ian, mainly in order to find the attenuation caused -by the hard rjocjL.environment of the shot and to compare results with both Conti... - 186 - • nuclear and-HE shnts in other me'ia. Nine graphs stations were opemtod. Various operational difficulties reduce'! the number of signal correlations points, Alrblast pressures, b.rth close-in end f*r- .ut, were appreciably smaller than expected from experience with underground HE shots. Transmission factors will not be calculated until final raiiochamical yield values for the shot are obtained,

/ (USAI 19; 18173). 403) Reed, J.W. ' ... i MULTIPIE ROW CHARGE BLAST -WAVE OBSERVATIONS AT LOll'G RABGE, Final Report. Pr ject JJUGOUT . 1. Mexico, Albuquerque, 3-n.Ua Corp. PKE-607 ?. March 1966. 28p. Abstract: Air—blest Wave measurements were made at ranges from 4 km t~ 200 kn frm the Plowshare Dugout high-explosives craterin.:: event at the ITevada Test Site* In the Dugout evr^nt, a row of five nitromsthane spheres were arrange:] to create a maximum ditch. Thirteen microbarograph otati ns were operated to determine how much attenuation of the blast wave was ciiasei by. explosives burial* Results showed that distant wave amplitudes ranged from 0.11 to 0. 49 timos as'larie as would have propagation calculations f jr comparison with observations. In general, propagations were stronger iJhan this calculation predicted. Three smaller explosives were burst above ground and one was burst on the ground to check atimsph-ric pr:pagati :n conditions and to cali- brate Dugout waves. Records fr~ra identical above-ground burst, fired in a 5-minute period, showed that blast amplitudes were repeafcable only within a factorcf 0.70 to 1.43.

(NSA: 20: 43561). 404) Rewes, H.A. RSSUIflS OF THE CA3RI0EET EXCAVATION EXPERIMENT. Wucl. Appl. Technol., 7: Sept. 1969. 232-42. Abstract: Project Cabriolet, a nuclear detonation in Contd... hsrc?, Iry (v~>locnir:) rock, Y/--F '.;:.-..uti ' -•; -.. ; -_rt -•' the Plcwohprc Prr rr-'s tor •"'•.v-. '. .r.?, -iz f -.ucLv •!' • -.;- r cevetim techriiau^s. ISxp-'.-rin-ntal \r-r,rx bt-ln ^ -n crater 'level-jpraent rn"- sizrj ,<\ r^ us-.1. :•.; verifv .•••^cen.tlv developed rook ntschp-nics en:>ut- r c: n' urr?" ^?lcl'î :.. tcchntquos rraiinv ? "y-.-xperinent, - reletively saell ssunt ;•." ra \iacti;/ity v?^s rele&j:- to the environn-iii; frva this det "nrî --n in har"?, ^r--" rack. Lese "Cur-ii «iio eqr.lvslcnt if the fi^.î-sn pr 'usts from 10 t.ms of fissin wo; licTipu-nol in .botli f?.ll-- f cut '-ncl clou l frr-n tiic CrLL.ri- let expLrim^rit. j*s rj.re data ere reduce1, ^. better -\. sc^L^zlon- of the- ehc-.ical fraction'tion ^so;rtc'! v;ith thi:-- le vity will be possilli.

(iiSL: 23: 4

405) Richer Is,

GEOLOGIC SVJI)Y 01 JJ", S^D^ SU^hr;.!. OIL-PER. Pr

Mercury, KeY. Oalir. ri.i.^^iiv., Lav/r^nce •.3:-.'1.iati:-n Lab. Er!40 P. Jtuio 1:)S^. 44p.

•abstract: The 100-lCo nuoi •: r expcrin-:nt, Serian, resaltei ia a symmetric:-:*., "j?v.'l.—shf-ps"3. crrter having ^n apparent volume of 6,550,0 '.J c :jio ^nr's, -. liarac-ter 01 1220 it, a. depth of 3£3 ft, rji-ji ^n ":.vc^^ .lip h-.ivht of 4?. ft. The lip v-u?les in hoi vht fr jm i^tn 39 ft rnd consists ran inly >£ pern::-'it:nuly -.ipLiftc •. oHuvium. ^allLuck acc^im-n; for only a fa-«- feet Df th^- t;.:t?il |ip thickness. The- per- manently upliit^.1 alluvium export in the cr=tcr shell is remarkably c :nsLst'jnt in elevAti.;n end continuity. The rubble-like -i^bris the- crr-.ter bottcn ani above the detonation point pr jbauly collaped. RS e unit v/ith ~he rllu- vial material ne.ihtainin^ its ori

(MSi: 19: 565).

406) Rodeesn, H,C, THE PA3IICLE ST.cEISTIGS OP RUBLES P30VJCED 3T UITET^a- - 188 - GEOUiO NUCLEUS EXPLOSIONS. Geophysics, 30: UCRSi-12129. i.u«-. I*5fi5. 616-23. Abstract: Underground nuclear explosi ns produce ca/itios into which the overburden may coll??cc, forming n rubblc- filled chimney. The particle statistics, especially meaii surface-volume diameter, nre important t :• various potential applications of nucl-ar explosives* Ihe ^vailable rubble statistics ?re rethor limited, even with the best data obtained frr-m post-shot •_ :cplor?tion of the Earihat event. Two sets of Hardhat i?.ta are presented: one b-^se.I on photographs cf relatively undisturbed rubble, ani another obis&ined from visual estimates of what would ba obtainc-d by screening. The method of obtaining particle statistics must be consistent with the .interrlad use of the statistics, "because the method of measurement, sach as handling for sieving, affects the siististics. It was long establishes th"t crushing Piid grinding (which occur during chimney collapse) force particle statistics toward the lo^normsl frequency listribution. Both sets of Hardhat data for the lo=-rnormal distribution are in t. satisfactory manner. (USA: 19! 44153).

40?) Hohrer, Ra, Terhune, il.v7.

GROTMD MOTIOH. ?r:ject P/LLANQUIII . ".- California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. P2iE-9OOP(Rev. 1), Aug. 1967. 46p. Abstract; Data concerning the surface moti-n es s function of time for the Palanquin nuclear cratering event are presented. A description of the experimentation pja± the general surf3.ee motion is j=;iven. The 'lata for the surface motion time history are obtained from reading and analyzing, by moans of digital computer, the film from high-speed photography'of surface motion. Graphs of the vertical and horizontal displacement end vertical velocity of individual surface"motion targets vs time are presented. (USA: 21: 41057).

Oontd... - 189 -

408) Rogerc, L.A.

FREE FIELD MOTION NEA* A NUCESiJi SX?IjO3T0i III S-'IVP PROJECT SALMON. ' " *

California Univ., Livernore, Lawre .21 .tp-irtiji La1 UCHL-14463 (Rev.l). Fo> . 1, 195G. 36p.

Abstract: Calculations (SOC Tonputer Co^"; ,f nhoc> pressure, por-ition, velocity, ~-ni s^tt-rial \isplace- inent were made for the Salmon dctonati-n (lesion yi-zlV of 5 kt) based b ^th on resur 3 fron the Siisa*. event (3.1 kt in salt) and physical prop-, rtios nc •=ur.,n.jntc of the material in the shot regim. Comparison of the calculations with exptriirj-nt^ldata gives egrsciEc-nt for •peak pressure -^rrl pe.--k velo?i-y within 20 per oent t '50 per cent ov-.r th- riri.:e c&Lcul^tel (l-500a)_. ?ht_Oc-.I- \ culated time-of-arrival of the shook front wss within \1 per cent to 10 per cent -f the- experimental data. Calculated displp-cencnts *f the salt at 300 n wer» Tfith- 131 25 per cent :?f the exprriracntal 1?.ta, and the ground surface motion tirectly above the shot was rithin 10 percent to 50 per cent .1 the preliminary oxperinental ista. The calculations brsed on physical property measurements from the shot region gone rally :

(MSA: 20: 14663).

09) Hoherer, R.F., Hurdlow, w.R. EHO^OGRAPHIO IJ& ACCEIEPOMSTER ME;."IJRESiSirCS OF TE3 SUR- FACE MOTION Oil ?HE BUGGY CRiiirERDIG SXESRIMe2?r .

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrenee Radiation Lab. PKE-325. Aug. 1969. I31p. Abstract: Surface motion data as a function of tiaeaje presented for the Buggy cratering experiment, in which five nuclear charges in a line were fired simultaneously. The surface motion was measured photographically ajai with accelerometers. In the photographic measurements, ^ , hishspeed motion picture cameras followed the motion Ox arrays of ground taxget flares ov^r the cratcryig zone / Contd... r

j - 190 - and of two falling mass experiments located' near two of the emplacement holes. The results presented consist of graphs of . "placement, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time. Observed velocities of the amount are compared with calculated predictions.

(NSA: 24: 14108). - 410) Rooke, A.D., Davis, L.K. MASS DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS OP CRATER EJECT A AND DUST. Project 1.6 (of) PROJECT DANNY BOY. Final Report Vicksburg. Miss., Waterways Experiments Station. ?0R- 1815. July 1963. 108p. Abstract: An array of tarpaulins was placed in a concentric circular pattern about the ground zero (GZ) of a nuclear device with an intended yield of 470 tons (4.26 x 105Kg). The device was detonated at a depth of 33.5 meters fllO feet) in basalt medium. After the shot, when the residual radioactivity permitted, samples of ejecta and dust thrown from the crater and deposited on the tarpaulins were recovered, weighed, and analyzed for particle size. The nearest samples to GZ were reco- . vered at a radial distance of 94 meters (880 feet). Prom a total of 158 collector stations, 27 samples were recovered. Mass distribution per unit.area and size distribution were tabulated and shown graphically as functions was found to decrease sharply with distance; most of the deposition was from within 150 meters(490 ft) of GZ. Particle size similarly decreased with distance from GZ, the percentage of fines increasing rapidly beyond the 94-meter collector ring. Results of similar experiments are summarized and compared with Danny Boy data by means of dimensionless plots. (NSA: 19: 46469). 411) Sadovskii, M.A., Adushkin, V.V., Rodionov, 7.N. SIMUIiAIION OP LARGE-SCALE CRATERIHG EXPLOSION. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 167: AWRE-TRAHS-54. 1966. 7p. 1253-5. :

3ontd.. - 191 - Abstract: Pornif ti'>n of craters 'nd the displacement of ejected rock were studied in a simulated er&terina- ex- periment conducted in an evacuated cylindrical chamber 500 mm in lir -nd 500 nm in lenrth. A spherical air bu- bble enclosed in e thin rubber envolsp&~wps position- i in dry sand. The envelope ws ruptured.by . (USA: 21: 8492). 41|) Ssmuelson, Y/.J., Hrir, J.L., Fishc-r, P.R. CONSTRUCTION IECHNIQUES AID COS? 5 FOR US3ERGRQUBD 3J- PLACEMENT OF KUCEEAR SXPLOST/SS. . . PME-5004P. Aug. 1965. 217p. Abstract: Equipment, nitttods, ^nd cost thr.t ^.re' cbnsi- dered fersible for constructing under-round emplacements for nuclear explosives such as would be used in nuclear excavation are described. Discussions are included concerning the available methods PTLA technioues being use'3 in "big hole (36-in-dia and larger) drill in •, tunneling, and conventional shafting. ThetechnicaL drta were collected from the literature an5 by personal contacts with Government agencies snd private industries. Cost aii&lyses for big hole drill in- rre inclui^i along with analyses, for tunneling and shafting. Pheso .. ^ costs are believed realistic fo'r~the current period and are considered adequate for making preliminary cost estimates. (NSA: 20: 33434). 411) SAHD SPRINGS RiJIGE, OHDRGHILIa C0U1TTY, NEVADA. MiiPS A»G) PHOTOGRAPHS. TID-17224 (Suppl.). 1962. 12p. Abstract: Geophysical logs end the geologic log of diamond drill hole ECH-D, Sand, Springs Ran_e, are include with the map folio for the geological, geophysical, said - 192 - hydrologica.1 investigations of the Sand Springs Range, fairview Valley, and^Fourmile Plat, Churchill County, Nevada. These were prepared for the Shoal Event.of the Vela Uniform Program. (NSAI 17: 3168). • 414) Saucier, K.L. STEM DESIGN AHL- SHOrCREinE, GROUT, AND CONCRETE SUPPORT. Project Pre-Schooner. Vicksburg., LTiss. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Str.tion. PNE-501 F. Nov. 196-i. 50p. - Abstract: Pr ject Pre-Scbooner. consisted of four 20-tof^ chemical-explosive detonations in hard, dry rock at scaled depths of burst cf 135, 150, 185, *nd 210.-ft/ let1/2*4. The priH-ry purpose of the project was to increase the knov/lc•*• ,~:e of crater iimt-nsi-ns in hrj?d, dry rock as a functi n cf depth of burst -and type of .explosive, A description is :;iven of the following work performed for the prject: (a) the design and placemsflj; of grout mixtures used in grouting satellite holes surrounding each ground aero location, (b) the design and supervision of the placement of a shotcrete mixture used in lining th?: walls of e^ch of the -shot cavities, and (c) the design and supervision of the. placement of a concrete mixture used in stemming the access holes to each of the shit cavities, (HSA: 19: 38788). 4H).Schock, H.iJ., uouis, H., Lilley, E.M.

H OP ACOUSTIC VELOCiriES AND DY1WJIIIJC ELASTIC MODULI Bi\ ROCKS DHDER PRESSURE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrenci Radiation Lab. UCRL-50750. 13 Sept. 1969. 38p. Abstract: A fundamental need of the Plowshare and Whi- tney Test Programs is the capability to predict the effects from the detonation of a buried explosive. To adequately predict theee effects, a reasonable equation- of-state must be obtained. As part of this :program,

Contd... - 193 - acoustic velocities wore measured qnd ^l^ wrs computed. (MSA: 24: 9492). 416) Sherman, W.C., Strohm, W.E.

ENGINEERING PROPERriES 0? EXPEiOSI0NrPR0DUC2D 0H..2SRS. Vicksburg, Miss., Waterways Experiment Station. TID-7695 (p.99-108). Abstract: The study of the engineering properties of nuclerr-explosion-produced craters hrs thus far "been limited primarily to. the Sedan crater in desert aliyvium and the Decnny Boy crater in basalt. Extensive preshjt and postshot field and laboratory investigations hrw beeja made to evaluate the preshot engineering properties of the medi? and ~che chan/res which occur in these properties as a result of th^ explosions. In addition to changes in basic engineering properties, such -s density and shear strength, lnr^e-scale effects such as strata distrotiqn, displacements,and fracturing in the cratered media have b.en investigated. Results of the studies of the Sedan ?nd Danny Boy craters are presented. The n-ture ^n' ch^r'-ict'.ristics of the fallback mrterials 5nd disturbtd m?terials beyond the crater -re presented. Various en^inetrin^; proLle-ms associated with the use of expl-?ion-produced craters are outlined end the limitations imposed on the use ;f.craterint? for excavations tec use of the senrcity of en- piricial data are discussed.

(NSA: 18: 36893). 417) Ghort, N.M. PHB DEFINITION OP TRUE GRADER DIMFWSIONS BY POST SHOT DRILLING. TJT-1834. Mar. 2, 1964. 59p. Project Q^nny Boy. Abstract: The Danny Boy event of March .5, 1962, w-\s a nuclera* craterin^.- explosion of 0, 42-kt yield at a depth of 110 ft in a basalt flow capping 3uckboard Mesa in Area 18, Nevada Test Site. £n Hay-June 1962, three slant holes were drilled frota the northwest side - 194 - of the crater lip base into the vicinity of the shot point for purposes of recovering samples for radiochemical yield determination, assessing' the fracture stete in the inelastic zone, and locating the true crater surface at several point in order to estimate the explosion cavity radius at the time of venting. (USA: 18: 29824). 418) Short, H.M. EFFECTS OF SHOCK PRESSURES FROM A ITUCIuS.'-H EXPLOSION ON MECHANICAL -13L OPTICAL "ROPERTIES OP GBABTODIORUE. J. Geopbys. Res., 71: UCRL-7949. Feb. 15, 1966. 1195-1215. Abstract: The Hardhat shot, fired February 15, 1962, was a 5.9 * 1.0 kt nuclear detonation 186 meters underground in granodiorite at the Nevada Test Site. Post- shot exploration included drilling four holes approximately radially into the cavity region. Core samples . were examined for variations in microfractures, plastic deformation, and physical properties, i.e., strengths, sonic velocities, permeability, as functions of shock pressures in the 2-to 110-kb region over preshot distances of three cavity radii. Cavity radius was 19 meters. A fracture index shows the degree of Microfracturing. Fracturing gradually increases from a preshot index of 3.0 to 7.5 over a 36-meter interval subjected to pressures that reached 50 kb at 18 meters from the shot point. Nearer the cavity the index increases to 16.2 at the 100-kb point. Extension fractures in quartz show- prefer ed orientations close to the cavity but become random farther outward. Quartz grains in granodiorite experiencing peak compressive stresses above 50 kb (estimated) contain two to five sets of parallel planar surface per grain. These appear to develop by plastic ad- justments in intensely shocked rock. Biotite. displays intense kink "banding in granodiorite shocked above 39 kb. These petro-fabric features allow estimates of pressures and interpretation of transient states of stress during the explosion. (NSA: 20: 18856). -. Contd... - 195 - 411; Smith, S.3. EFFECT OF GHOTJHD ivlOTION OF !j'-T>AN CRATE? CLO?~3 FROM A£T UMD" RGROITrlD tfin&EAil EXPCIOSIOH Ei TH3 VICINITY. Alexandria, Vr>., 'rfrvironmintf?l ^esearch Corp HV0-1163-138.-May 1, 1969. 57p. Abstract: Preriicte'l slides fr-rj earthquake ground motions °-nd slides from*ground m-tions crused by underground nuclear detonations are studied on Sedan Crater slopes comprisei of granular material. Measured transient ground replacements were used in calculating downslope displacemenxs instead of developing their-, from acceleration measurements. Slopes in lower portions consisted of fallback material at about a 35° angle; of repose. Walls of the true crater c-.inprised the upper third of the slopes« (NSA: 23: 31444). 480) Springer, D.L. CALCULATIOH OF FIRST-Z0J3E P WAVE AMPLITUDES FOR SALMON EVENT AND FOR DECOUPLED SOURCES. J, Geophys. Res. 71: July 15, 1966. 3459-37. Abstract'• Theoretical calcule.ti ns of the- first half- cycie amplitudes of the P wave ^t 253 t• • 1000 km are made from source functions representing several types of nuclear explosions hi salt. Specifically, they are Gnome sclaed to 5 kt Salmon; the'/etical 25 kt leto- nated in a CPvity built to fully dec vjpLe a -^-kt cavity. The calculations consist of a series of convolutions operators plus the instrument response. Amplitude factors are calculated using Zvolinskii's near-front approximation for various assumed crust?! models. Experi- mental amplitudes from Salmon fall below the amplitude curve for the scaled Gnomf. source. They are consistent with amplitudes for the Salmon source; therefore, head, wave praRagation along the M discontinuity may occur in the eastern- United States. This is not conclusive, now- ever, since body-wave calculations might give amplitudes of equal consistency. Amplitudes calculated for the fully decouped 5-lrt source show a decoupling of 200. Those from the overdriven cavity source indicate that a partial

Gontd. - 196 -

decoupling of ^0 con be coined by -v-.rdrivinr r- c--vity by a factor of 5,

(WSA: 20: 3S966).

-10L) SpruiLl, J.L.

APPAREKT CRATER STUDIES.

California, Divermore, Array Engineer Nuclear C'.Vitc-ri'v j Group. PKZ-601 F. Ivlprch 1965. o8p. Project Tju.—ut. "" '

Abstract: Dimensions "-nd -corartry of the Dugout crv-t-r, produced by the detonr-ti-n cf a row of five If;, 1 i4-k- nitromethane . charges in bos-lt, were .analyzer". The- linear portion of the crater w s 41.6 jnoters v;ide ani 10#7 meters deep, 36 per cent wider, snd 53 per cent deeper than the Pre-Schocner Alfa Crater, which was produced by the detonation of an identical choree at the same oV.pth. Lips on the sides ?f the crater were * massive, and were about twice .°s high rs those of the Alfa crrter; un the t.r.ds of the crater the Lips were slightly smaller than the Alfa crater lip. The volume per charge of the line-r section of the crater w^s VQ percent greater than the volume of the Alfa crater. The greatest ran o of tht. rock missiles perperul Lcular t • .• tht row of charges was 2.5 times the rro-^tcst missiles ra:; e from the Alfs dt-ton--tion. To the ends of ths r-jw, rock missile ronges were about the s"me ?s for the Alfa 'i-^t - nation. The averP^5 cross section of -he liner.r socti.-n of the Dugout cratdr wss a hyperbole. ??.•_• tors for tilt enhancement in row charvc-i cr-,ter dim--nsi ?ns over th.13- of the comparable single chr.r^e err" -r were g^nerplly larger than those developed fr ~r. the Pre-Buf.-ry li row charges in alluviun.

(NSA: 19: 38789).

42Z) Spruill, J.L., Paul, R.A.

MEASUBEM&HPS. Final Reoort, Pr jeet Pre-Schoon^r.

California Univ., Dive more, Army Engineer Nuclear Or-.-, e-- Group. PITE-502 ?. Mrrch 1955. 12Sp.

Abstract: In Pr- i.et Pre-Schooner, f.;ur 43,000-pound spherical nitrom: thane ch'-rres were detonated at depths - 197 -

of burst of 42, 50, 58, and 6G f>:et; in che bns?.lt if Buckborrd Mesa -t th^ I'ova-la Ttst Situ in February 1964. iKst-cl up.^n the results of Project Pr-j-Schoon; r, new crater in,- curves for b.isalt -:•'•' r-~ developed. ?hfc de-cth of burst f~r maximum fipprent craccr radius ani 1 dearth ar-7 160 and 135 ft/kt .'3 .<±? respectively.

(NSA: 19-. 40707).

421) Sterans, H.I,, "Meyer, C-.u.

PRESHOT GEOPHYSICAL PHOPERIIES OP PALiJi'~JJIN CILLER SUE.

Mercury, Uev. , California Univ., Lawrence Radiation Lab. FHE-906. Jan. 1968. 26p.

(Atomindex. 11: 11: 410'i) .

424* Swift, L.M.

A STTJDY OP SOME ORADrRHTG CRITERIu FOR PROJECT CHARIOT . Final Report.

California Univ., Livern-nre, IJav/rence Radiation Lab. UCRL-13029. Jan. 31, 1961. 44p.

: Abstract: A study of explosive crater iir-_ dPit? applica>'lo .to predictions useful t-' Project Chariot shcv/-""i that the major in-4ut-ruinate f-.cfe^r in such predictions is the translati ,n from IJE to nuclear explosives when the shot is to bt in a nearly ''ry, non-calcareous me.liur, It is shown th't the man r cratering mechanism for lar,;-e explosions is venting an1 scouring v;y ^-pses and vapors, and that the vapors produced under the proposed chariot conditions may not-remain in gaseous form long enough to be fully effective. Small-scale simulation of nuclear cratering ch?rges does not appear feasible; therefore a preliminary nuclear test in *. har.I dry rock is recoiT'.encl- ed. .... ?•

(NSA: 16: 6261).

42§) Toman, John.

' SUMMARY OP R2STTLIS OF 0'CATERING SXPBRIMEl'KS.

Oaliforuia Univ., Live more, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-71456. Apr. 12, 1959. OOKP-690406-7. 45D. abstract: UuoL-r,?r exc'ivti n as a c nstructi-on techni° i- for producing hr-rbnrs, can'.ls, hi hwr.y cuts, =-nd other* l-r.;e excavations requires as hi,-h ^ssurr-ace thst the yield and depth of burst will prvmce the desired c :n- figuration. A better understrurUn,; of she chen es -en_- r&ted in the crster in.- process by l^.ytr-.'; r ck ;"•rations, such rs those encountered in the Bu^,~y, Oabri lot end Schooner experiments is needed. Pre-Shot insi-ht into the nature of those chrji- es w=>s rnnde possible Ly the use of craterinr co'e calculations which use in r-. itu and laboratory test i^ta ^n rock samples of the fornation. Nuclear excav-tion projects in untested formations can now be diisimfc^. v/ith v. --renter assur'vnce that the depth of burst an\ yield can ba specified to provide the desired structure. For nuelfir exc-vati.n experiments conducted t-> date through the 100-kt level, no trend toward 1/4 r ot sc?:linf- h^s been observed. A c ~ri- p-risen of craterinr d^t- in three lifferent materials (dry rock, alluvium, ?nd shr.le) indicates thrt iiffer- ences in physical properties affect in yield scaling exponents. The rather snall-sc^led dimensions observed in the BUf/ijy row-crnttr experinent should not be considered typicr.l of lar.e nuclear excavation projects. The presence of wter ?.t the sh t poi: t '"•nd in overlying- formations, which is likely to bt encountered in most locations away fr n the Ncvrd? Test Site, is expected to increr-se the cr?terin; efficiency of nuclc or explosives.

(KSA: 23: 24333) .

426) aJwenhofel, W.S., Moore, J.E., Black, RR.A P3ELIMIlIiH5C EVALUATION 0? THS SBISMICHY, GEOLOGY, LL1 HYDROLOGY OP IHE liORIKSRIT Z M-ID SPHINGS RANGE, dTTRI COUNTY, imVlJJA, AS A POSSBLB SHE FOR PROJECT SHOAL.

Washington, D.C., G-eological Survey. TEI-796. July 196 26p.

Abstract: An evaluation w?s mrde of th.j northern San'i Springs Ran.Te, Churchill County, Nevada, as a possible site for Project Shoal, in terms of seismic ity, Clir - topography, geology, and hydrolo;.-y. Preliminary dcta from library research and a brief field examinati m of the area are presented. Technical criteria for a suitable site of the Shoal experiment are listed.

(NSA: 16: 19159). Contd... - 199 -

427) Vaile, H.B. PACIFIC CRATERS JJTD SCALING LAWS. J. Geophys. Research, 66: Oct. 1961. 3413-38. Abstract; Crater measurements from two near-surface nuclear explosions detonated at Bikini atoll in 1954 are tabulated. On'the brisis :f the crater data from nuclear detonations, an extrapolation procedure was developed by which crater diameters can be -crodicted. This procedure is besed on an empirical dexerminp.tion of the scaling exponent, m, 's a functin of sril type, using RsCWl/S, where H is radius, C is a constant related to the soil type and W is the energy release. The ran^e of uncertainty in the prediction of crater radius by this uethod is believed to be !• r;-:er than a factor of 2.

(NSA; 16: 410). 428).Videon, VJF. •CRATER HBASOHSMEHTS. Project SULKY. California- Univ.., Livercnore, Lawrence Radiation Lab., . Arny Engineer iluclear Craterin- Group. PHE-713 ?. Oct. 1965. 37p. Abstract: Project Sulky was the det":n=tivn of an 85-f.m nuclear device in basalt ?.t a depth of burst of 27.4 meters. The detonation produced a iiound of broken rock vd.th a depression in the' center. The bp.se of the mound •was roughly circular in plan and had a radius of 24.2 meters• The radius of the crest of the lip above ' preshot ground surface was 6* 31 meters. The bottom of the depression wae 2.80 meters nbove the preshot ground elevation. The preshot ground surfpee wrs uplifted and cracked to P. distance of approximately 52 meters from surface zero. The height of the up-thrust was 1 meter at the "base of the rubble mound. "Based on the results of Sulky and other craterin.;- data for basalt, the- fo- llowing conclusions hpve been made concerning crate rin^ in hard, dry, inert rock: (l) In the rep-ion'c.f depths of burst somewhat' deeper than optimum, nuclear explosives are less effective than hi-rh explosives for apparent crater production.(2') Apprrent crater dimensions

Contd... - 200 - diminish rapidly as the dersth of burst, increases bey on* optimum. (3) The apparent lip h* i ht, the true crater radii and the extent of upthrusp t beyony d thhe trutrue crat are similaiil r ffo r "bt"bothh nucleal r anii hi h explosive cr?ters in bfsalt. (NSA: 21: 1480). 429) Videon, P.P. PROJECT PALANQTJUi: STUDIES OF THE APPAKEET CRATER. Final Report. California, Livermore, Army Engineer Nuclear Craterin"- Group. PNE-904. April 1966. 24p. Abstract: Pr ject Palanquin was a Low yield nuclear detonation conducted by the Lawrence Radiation. Labor- atory as a- part of the AEC Plowshare Program. The device was detonated in a porphyritic trachyte flow of the Ribbon Cliff Rhyolite formation, a hard dry rock, at a scaled depth of burst of 55.6 meters/Jet1/^-4. Since the depth of burst was deeper than that which results in maximum apparent crrter dimensions in nek, it was predicted that the detonation would result in a rubble mound rather than a crater below ground surface. Detonation of the Palanquin device produced an apparent crater 72,6 meters in airmeter and 24.0 meters deep. The production of an apparent crater was probably the result of scour by the escaping rzs which vented prematurely. The asymmetry of the crater and the surrounding disturbance of the ground surface indicate the influence of geology in producing the crater. Th;. crater is nearly hyperbolic in cross section, and the -maximum inclination of the slopes of the crater resulted primarily from an upward displacement of the original graund surface. The distance to the eds;e of this uplifted zone is about twice the depth of "burst. This extent of uplift egrees well with the results of the SuLlcy detonation (device detonated at scaled depth of 56.5 meters A*1/3*4) •' The magnitude of the vertical displacement of the lip of the Palanquin crater, however, was less than that for Sulky.

(HSA: 21: 1481).

Contd..• - 201 -

480) Vortinan, L.J. *-• CLOSE-BI AIR BLAST PROM A CRAIERBTG XJCUiJS. DEDOHATIOa IN RHYOE.ITE. Project PALAIIQUIM. Final Report. H. Mexico, Altuqu^rque, Sr-n-Ur. Corp. PiiE-902 F. Apr. 1966. 47p. Abstract: Olose-in p.ir-tl'st data from the 4.3 + 0.4kt Palanquin event in the Plowshare Program for dc-velop- iaent of nuclear excavation are presented and evaluate!. When blast suppression factors ?.rt compared with those of past events an effective yield :-f 2 kt is required t - make Palanquin .::r":und-shock-induced peak overpressures arree with those of past events. Tour c .-npments of the blast w.ive from crr^trinr explosions first observed on Project Dugout were again identified on Project Palan- quin. The first two, the -.round-transmitted, ground- shock-induced pulse end a Rayleirrh-weve-in-Iuced pulse, are cf academic interest. Of primary interest.to Plow- share excavation projects are the air-transmitted, ground-shock-induced pulse (which dominated all the others) and the pulse from-"ventin.: fases (for which the data su.:v;est th-1 peak overpressure may incre-se as the yield increases) . Close-in pressures should to measured on any future event with a yield equal to or larger than Palanquin to resolve uncertainties created by the n ture of Palanquin venting and determine if there are nonscalin- pressure increased with larger yields. Ihe transition region between the epicenter and the ^enesis of the Ray lei h w?ve warrants investigation when the opportunity srises.

(HSA: 23s 485). 431) 7ortman, L.J, OLOSS-DI AIR BLASI PROM A BUCLSiH-BEDONAJDIOS IN BASAEfD. H. Mexica* Albuquerque, Sandia Corp. POR-1310. June, 19'62. 31p. Pr-jcct 1.1b of Project Danny Boy. Abstract: Olose-in ^ir blast from the Danny Boy event resulted filmose entirely from the ground-shock-induced eir blast. Little pressure resulted from venting gases. Consequently,. measured pressures were only one-third to one-fourth of those predicted. Ground-shock-induced Conti... - 202 - presoures from the nuclear char-o 7/cre f~und t, atten- uate less rapidly than those fr m chenical explosive's. (NSA: 18: 32276). 488) Vortman, Ii.J. COMPARISON OP AIR BLAST FROM T30 SIZES OF ROW CHARGES. N. Mexico, Sondia Oorp., SC-RIt-66-415. Oct. 1366. 33p. Abstract: Air "blast "s a functi;n of iistanc- «~.s mtas- urefl. from the end of, and perpendicular t:-, a row of five 64-pound charges at the same cube root sc?J.eri burial depth and sp?.cinb- as in pr-ject Du.^ut, but in dry-lake playa rath-.r than in bap ait. TCave forms h?.d similar confornrtir.n but iiiierences in amplitudes and times in the two events; asimuthtil variations also wc-r^ different. The results su^-est that the blast Pheno- mena from row charges may scr-le as -a smaller than i/3 power of the charge weight v/hen burial depth and spacing are scaled by cube root. This result is contrary to the adherence to cube-root scalin,- found f^r eir blaat from buries sin le charges. In view of 1 inferences in media, dissimilarities in amplitudes and -cines, r-nd azimuthal variations, with -d^ta fron only two detonations to work with, too much credence should not to placed in tht.se findings until additional events substantiate them.

(NSAI 21: 8489). 433) Vortman, L.J. GRATERS FROM SHORTROW OTL'JIGES IMD THEIR EfTBRACT ION WHH PREEXIST MG CRi.]?]5RS. N» Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Oorp-.,SG-RR-66-3E4. July 1966. 82p. Abstract:' All charges were buried at a depth which would maximize sin.-le-charr-e crater dimensions, and adjacent charges were separated by a uniform distance between 1 and -1.1» times the maximum single-charge crater radius. Short rows of simultaneously detonated charges produced craters which differed only slightly from single-charge craters in volume per charge and Oontd... - 203 - in width and depth. Ejecta perpendicular to the row was appreciably greater than the average ejecta for a single charge, but each additional charge beyond the second chrr.-e m.°de a smaller contribution to the lateral eject? than did its predecessor. As expected, ejecta off the end ordinarily did not exceed thnt for • a single charge, One, two, or five charges were detonated simultaneously adjacent to the preexisting craters formed by one, two, three, or five charges. Crater dimensions were not appreciably- different because of- the pre-existing craters, but the detonation of two or five charges against craters from three or five charges, respectively, caused a barrier to be formed' in the near ond of the pre-existing craters. Preferential venting in the direction of the pre-existing crater caused rj pre- ponderance of ejecta to be distributed in th°t direction. The barrier w"s larger for the larger number of charges. m (HSA: 20: 41069). 434) Vortman, L.J. CRATERS FROM SURFACE EXPCOSIONS AKD SCALDJGLAWS. J. Geophys, Res., 73: JtilJ 15, 1968. 4521-36. Abstract: Scaling laws for craters from surface explosions are derived from the nuclear explosions and applicable chemical explosions to date. The data are insufficient for defining scaling more accurately1 than by a first-order power law. Nuclear and chemical explosions are consistent in indicting that- of the crater- radii scale as a power of energy larger than 1/3. A possible explanation of the larger scaling is hypothesized. • (HSA: 22: 40285)-. - . 435) Vortman, I».J. CRATERS FROM TWO CHARGES BURIED IN VERTICAL ARRAY."7 H. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia lab. .AC-RR-64-1239. Nov. 1964. 132p.

Contd... - 204 -

Abstract ? A series of experiments v/s>s >.rf:Ki to stiry the crater dimensions produced by two 64-pound H3 ch r •• s fired in a vertical confi.oirpti n ^t varying depths*"AV v/ith v^ryinfj fiistanc^s between the chrrt-os. Firin-s v?._re made both simultaneously mi with time ielays. F-.r simultaneous firin; s, the dimensions ^re usually between thine of a single char jo equivalent in weight to the two ch-.rxs and those of a single choree. equivalent in wei-ht to one of the charges. Frr Ion--time—Jo lay firinrs (5.5 sec n is, "with top charge fired first), crr-t.ir depths ->re -reatcr than for a'single chij*re equivr.lt.nt in weight to the tv/: charges for *ne spacing, while other dimensions fall in the range mentioned above. This increased depth is potentially the erst vnlu».ble characteristic if the dual- charge technique. Short-tin"-deIcy firin s ( 1 to 10 nsec) produced depths about the sane as and radii and volir>-s snaller than either simultaneous or lon.;-delay shots.

(N3i,: 19: 7659) . 436) Vortoan, Ii.J. EXESRD/EKES WITH UiRGS HIGH EXPLOSIVE CHARG3S. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp., DID-16739. Sept. 1962. 34c. Abstract: Activities in a pro r^m to investigate parameters affectin^; craters from hi-'h-explosive charges arc described. Factors investigated include charge burial depth, media, and ch^rL-c shaps. The invest Lotion was conducted to determine whether the data can be extrapolated to very l?r-e explosions. It was found that overburden scalin • has a slight advantage over a method which shows thrt crator volumes art; proportionrl to the charge weight and linear dimensions are proportional to the cube-root of the charge weijht. (KSA: 17: 18906). 437) Vortman, L.J. CILLERS mCM L SIKGIE ROW OP CHARGES BURIED BSNFAIH THE GR/iTSRS PROM PARALIEIi ROWS OP CH.RGSS.

N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp. SC-RRT65-478. Oct. 1965. 33p. Gintd.•• - 205 - •Abstract: Two-step experiments art described in which excavations were accomplished by a sinrle row buried in the craters of an earlier det^nption of two and three parallel rows nf explosive ch?r ;•. s. Firin •; of a.single row in tho crater of c double or triple row is less efficient than a sin.cle row of larger chrrges. It requires 35 and 50 per cent more explosives to provide the same crater with double and triple rows, respectively, each followed by r sin.;le row. The double row, however, permits ab^ut 10 per cent less charge to be fired at one time, providing only a sli.-.ht advantage. There is no comparable advantage for the triple row .configuration. Ground-shock-induced airblast should reflect the 10 per cent smaller charge weight for the double row as contrasted to the single lsrger-chrvrge row beceuse each of the double rows is at the same scal ed burial depth as the larger single row. However, coal escence msy increase pressures from venting gsses and tend to offset the advantage of the smaller charge weight required by the double row. (NSA: 20: 4083). 438) Vortman, L.J. PROJECT CABRIOIET: CLOSE IN A IB. BLAST PROM THECAB- RIOJST EVEHT. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp., PNE-951. July 1968. 55p. Abstract: Results are riven of pressure-time measurements measured by two ^es -nt each of ei;-ht stations from surface ground zero to 6000 feet on the Cabriolet event. The lar.rest over-pressures resulted from the air-transmitted ground-shock-induced pulse and were comparable to those measured on the Danny Boy and Sulky events. There is evidence that for'underground explosions as for aboveground explosions the air blast from a 1-kiloton nuclear explosion is comparable to that from 1/2 kiloton of THT. The weak pulse from venting gas was also comparable to those from Danny Boy and Sulky and all were well below those from comparable Wi explosions. Comparisons between airblast from Cabriolet and that from Palanquin in the same nedium are made.

(USA: 23: 24331). Contd.«. - 206 - 439) Vortman, L.J. A REVIEW OP TEN YE/.rfS OP HIGH EXPLOSIVE CRAI3RING RESEARCH AT SANDIA LABORATORY. Nucl. Appl. Technol., 7: Sept. 1969. 269-304.

Abstract: Ten ye^rs of craterint~ research at San'ia iiaboratory are reviewed and the "results of this work related to the development of explosive excavation technolo.^r are described. Excavation in two vertical stages WRS also examined with the finding that, to be effective, a cratc-r from the first sta::e must be wide enough not to unduly restrict ejection of material from thf. second. Using Parallel rows of explosives, it was found it is more effective to detonate parallel rows one at a time rather than to detonate two or three parallel rows simultaneously. The possible use of explosives for removing overburden for ore bodies was examined usin , in addition to parallel rows, four *xi<\ five charge .stuare arrays using optimum combinations of spacing and burial depth these arrays removed three times more overburden than a single charge of comparable ener.ry at the same depth.

(NSA: 23: 49985). 440) Vortman, L.J. A SMALL SCALE IMVESIIGATION OP EXCAVATION WITH PARA- LLEL ROWS OF EXPLOSIONS. PART II. N. Mexico, SandiaCorp., SO-RR-66-416. Oct. 1966. 50p. Abstract: An earlier experiment, in which were made by simultaneously detonating parallel rows of charges, was continued usimr smaller spacing between charges in the rows arid between rows themselves, together with greater burial depth, in a effort to achieve a more effective use of explosive in terms of apparent crater volume per unit of energy than has been observed for three similar rows detonated separately. Although an increase rin volume per unit of energy over the simultaneously detonated rows of charges was observed, the cratering effectiveness of three rows sep.erately detonated Oontd.. - 207 -

was not achieved. Permanent vertical, and horizontal displacement of the surface near the crater ed :e c.-uld not ae correlated with any of the nr.re otvious variables. Patterns 5f ejeetn from the explisi>n seemed un- related to ch.^rê spacing or burial donth, but dis- played an azimuthal relationship ah cut the multiple rows similar to that observe! fcr sin.rle rows. When two rows of chprês were detonated simultaneously, there was no notable difference "between craters formed when the charges in ~ne row were directly opposite those in the other row, an', where the chrrês in one row were offset one-hr.lf spree from thrse in the other.

(NSA: 21: 3201),s 441) Vuillemot, ?..£•. .. . . NAVAL AERIAL EHOTOGILiPHIO .M-ULYSIS. Project S3DAN.-. San Francisco, Naval Hadiolo icel Defense Lab. PNB-230 F. Jan. 1953. 52p.

r. • - ;Abstract: 'The procedures an-i results :>f extensiye. pre- / and postshqt aerial photo.-raphic cr>.v«ra>;e by naval air- . craft are described and evaluated. Objectives were t--^ use high-performance ph^tc aircraft to document pre-r-;nd postshot ^rounfi zero area conditions, to provide perial photographs for inmediate onsite use in operations, "Jid to determine the unique -i-lvrnta esi if anyi of this type of photf^raphic covere-e. One preshot sni,,three postshot photo missions were run over the ••••round zero s.re*. by flights of two supersonia ]?8U-lp COrussder) jet aircraft of the Pacific Fleet. Durin-; erch missicn. black and white, infrared, rnd color films WJ.re exposed. Missions, were, initially, limited to cove rare, of the .immediate crater area but later expanded in area to include the extensive up-wind and cross-wind base Ysur;;e deposition area. Results indicated that no particular advantage resulted from use of color and infrared film; "black and white film proved quite adequate, at least for the low color-contrast area characteristic of the Nevada,Test Site. Interim photo interpret at inn stereo techniques provided the initial gross crater measurements* More deliberate phcto.-rainjnetric efforts were later employed to locate crater contours end vertical profile's, relative to the bottom cf the crater. Ihe strong correlation of the residual contamination and

> . Oontd... - 208 - the highly visible up-wind and cross-wind b~.se sur.ve deposition area is demonstr?ted. The potential value of a naval aerial photography in such events is discussed within the context of recent technological advances. It is concluded that such naval aerial photographic coverage is of considerable value in the- rapid assessment of the i-;ross effects of such lar^e scale nuclear excavation events. (N3A: 17: 34067). 442) Whitman, H.V*. SOIL MECHANICS COHSIDERATIOKS PERT DEM TO PREDICTING THE IMMEDIATE AND EVENTUAL SIZS OP EXPLOSION CRalERS. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp., SO-4405 (RR). Dec. 1959. 29p. ' ' Abstract; In some soild and- rock formations of interest, deviations from cube-root scaling are- to be expected where nuclesr explosives r.rs used to form craters. This is significantly true in th<~ crse of soft clays ?.nd with stronger clays and saturated sands. In as much-as underground nuclear explosions to data have been'limited to one type of soil, this paper applies" some of the ideas of soil mechanics to ;:;uidt= extrapolations to other media. (NSA: 14: 10259) .

• \

Contd... - 239 -

VI. HATURAL RESOURCES

443) Allen, R.T., Duff, R.E., Johnson, W.E. DEPENDENCE OF CAVITY SIZE ON THE YIEED STRENGTH Of THE GROUND AND MATERIAL DESCRIPTION OP THE CAVITY GAS, •*"*' Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 11: 540. Nov. 1968. CONP-681101, (HSA: 23: 2448). -

444) Atkinson, C»H.f Ward, D.O. APPLICATION OP BUCfiEAR EXPLOSIVES TO CREATE TJBDERGROUHD GAS STORAGE RESERVOIRS. Progress RepoiiT. . ©kla, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville Petroleum'Research Center. TID-23184. Jan. 1966. lOp. Abstract: The use of nuclear explosives to create underground gas storage reservoirs in impermeable rock appears technically feasible. Economic feasibility depends on the need for storage where there are no depleted oil and gas reservoirs, aquifers thp.t can be located and developed relatively inexpensively, or salt deposits suitable for solution cavities...-Storage cavities created with nuclear explosives offer a potential saving over mined cavities and liquifying natural gas storage. Areas in the U.S. meeting the above criteria for economic feasibility appe?j: to be plentiful. If required, decontamination of nuclear storage cavities appears practicable usin^ commercially available ges processing equipment. -.

i 20? 39014) . 445) Atkinson, CJI., Ward, D.C. HCW- mCEWBL EXPLOSIONS CM BOOST GAS STORAGE CAPACITY. Contd., - 210 - Oil Gas J*,, 64: Aug. 22, 1966. 102-5. Abstract: The need for -;as-stora.c:e capacity near metro- politan areas opens new fieLds of study as part of the Plowshare program. Results show that the c.ist of storing gas in cavities formed by nuclear explosives will be less than for Liquefied natural.gas or minei cavity storage. Under current study sre problems which may arise from radioactivity and seismic sb.oc.i-, an^ the feasibility of a field test. (WSA: 22; 14602). 446) Goffer, EUP., Aronson, H.H. FUCLEAR STIivlUL.il ION OP ft^TURAL-GAS PRODUCT ION . _ Trans. Amer. Nucl. .Soc., 6: June 1966. 311-12. - (NSAs 20.: 33443).!. - 44?) Goffer, H.F., Grier, H.E., Aronson, H.H. : • •. USE OP•BTJQIiT.'Jt EXPLOSIVES IN OIL AKD GAS PRODUCTION. CIM (Can-. Mining Met) Bull., 61: June 1968-. 73y--C0. Abstract: Huclear explosions are currently beinrr plann- -- ed for use in oil and . ss production, the recovery:of oil from oil shale stora.-e and copper leaching. The current status of each of these projects is discussed, with emphasis on the economics of each application. The first commercial application of nuclear explosives will be in gas stimulation, Project Gasbuggy will be rapidly followed by two additional shots, also related to gas- production. These three events, each in a different formation, are described with s discussion on their significance to the worlds oil and gas industry. The use of nuclear explo- . sives in oil and gas stimulation should be a standard accepted practice within a few years. Calculations based on explosions in media such tuff, alluvium, granite and dolomite predict larre increase in.productivity when nuclear devices are. used in tisrht, thick formations. The broken- up rock resulting from the .explosion becomes the new well bore, with a production rate of six to twelve times that of a normally completed well. The re?l or possible prr- .biems associated with nuclear explosive engineering are Contd... - 211 - discussed. The.only major foreseeable problem is the seismic shock wave. This limits the size of explosion which can be used near important surface structures. .Tne radiation problem is considered to be largely psychological in the case of contained explosions;

(USA: 22; 51130). 446) Qoffer, H.P., Bray, 3.G., Knutson, O.F. APPLICATIONS OP NUCLEAR' EXPLOSIVES TO INCREASE EFFECT- I7E WELL DIAMETERS. . :.. .' Okla, Ponc~ City, Continental Oil Co. ,TID-r7695(p.26^-38) Abstreet: Lar-:e, currently uneconomical., hyiroqarben reservoirs are known to exist in this country. The stimulation of such, reservoirs by. contained nuclear explosions is discussed. The effect of such an explosion is to increase a ca.vity, a chimney, and en associated annular fracture zone. This geometry results in a complex i'low regime yielding increased productivity of the fluids present in the reservoir. A discussion of this flow regime and the economics of:, utilizing nuclear stimulation for a low productivity gas- bearing reservoir are considered. Under certain conditions, it is shown that such nuclear stimulation results in favorable economics for reservoir, development. However, it is believed thst current uncertainties in technology and the 'economic risk factor1 require, testing of a nuclear device in a hydrocarbon- bearing, or at least more typical, reservoir formation.

(NSA: 18: 35671). 449) Cutler, W.G., Kendrick, H.L. DRILLING AHD TESTING OPERATIONS FOR PROJECT GASBIJGGY. Hi Mexico, Farmin ton, El Paso Natural Gas Co., PNE-t-9. 1968. 12p. ; (Atomindex. 11: 9: 3148).

Contd... - 212 - •150) Saturn, E.M.B.. COST-BENEFIT MODEL FOR NTJOIf LH 3XPL0SI72 SÎMUL- f110'" OF HATURAL GAS RESERVOIRS. Princeton, N.J., Mathematica. PliE-3013. June 20, 1J-0 77p. Abstract: The use of nuclear explosives to stimulate low-producinfj natural ;ras fields raises the qu^sti n fo whether enou-rh gas will be released to nieke such fields economically attractive. Therefore, a cost-benefit analysis of nuclear .ras 3timul~1;ion was prepared based on the amount of -ras in place, the expected total recovery rate, and the distribution law of the ?nnur.l production rates. A total of 120 possible production êi-.s are considered. From this analysis it should he possible to determine either an upper limit for a profitable in- vestment with a fixed gas recovery rate, or, ^-ocnverssly, the Tn-j-nijpw™ recovery rate which would nake -a fixed in- vestment economically feasible. (NSA: 23: 48?). 451) ECONOMICS OP HHDERGR0U21D G^S SIOHnGS IN CAVIIIBS CRE- ATED BY NUOL LR EXPLOSIONS. Fine-.! Hepirt. California Univ., Berkeley, Coll. of Engineering. UCRL-13242. Oct. 13, 1966. 5p. Abstract: In an appropriate êolocic setting undcrrrDuni chimbeys created by nuclear explosions offer excellent possibilities for storin.r eas. For devices with yields in the ranê of 10 to 100 kt, tot 1 storage volume varies from 0.1 to' 1.4 billion ft3/ explosion. It appears that r.uclear storare may be competitive with liquid (EiHG) storage.

(HSA: 21: 4644). 452) Elkins, L.P. IK HJTERPREiiTIOil OF GASBUGGY. J.. Petrol. Technol., 20: 549. June 1968.-

Contd... - 213 - Abstract: Preliminary post-shot results of the G?sbu^'jy nuclear detonati n in the Choza Messr.-Pictured Cliffs gcas reservoir, Rio Aeeib^1 County, H.M. g?ve rise to speculation in the oil industry thnt the shot failed to achieve the extensive fracturing forecast for the technique. Basis for this speculation is that on reentry 1 month after dtton?ti:.n, an extrapolated pressure of 977 psia at the -.=150-ft datum w?s encountered in contrast v/ith an anticipated 1050 psia. Subsequent pressure buildup wss very slow. Various considerations indicate that present limited ;;s.s production from the reservoir represent widespread areal recovery of ga.s from parts of the ultr^-ti^ht rock matrix iimmediately adjacent to the interconnected fracture system. The significance of the data in interpreting the pressure obiervations in the re-entered GasbuO£^y- well i-s thct higher pressure gas fr.m previously undr^ined.sections in and adjacent to the 440-ft redius, 14-"cre, -nuclear fracture region not only is pressuring up the chimney, but also is recharging the native fractured ozones that were more fully depleted by past production. If this interpretation is correct, the sustained capacity of the well after blowdown of the chimney should be very much greater than calculations based solely on apparent fill-up of the chimney. Significant in predicting long- term performance of the well is the fact th^t the bulk of the reservoir rock beyond the nuclear fracture region may still be dominated by the ultra-low-matrix permeability restriction of gas drainage from the rock matrix to the natural fractures. This contrasts with the original G?stmggy concept in which the flow behavior was though^ to be dominated by ra:.i?l flow resistance. The purpose of the nuclear .explosion was to cre.-.te fractures thst would extend the effective well radius and thus greatly reduce that flow resistance.

(HSAi 23: 24340). 453) Geverfcz, H. EL PASO NATURAL GAS COMPANY'S PARTICIPATION IN. PROJECT GASBUGGY. Trans. Amer.-Sucl. Soc, 11: 177. June 1968. CONF-680601.. - . . . . (NSA: 22: 30738). Contd... - 214 - 454) Heiss, Klaus-Peter. ECONOMIC POTEWriALS OP N/.TU f/Ji GAS PRODUCT IOK LTION BY NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS.

Princeton, (W.J)f M?thematica. PNE-3007. Au-. 31. 1057 61p. Abstract: The technical and economic potentials of gas stimulation by nuclear explosives are describsi. A sufficiently firm body of information related to gas stimulation exists to confirm the statement that gas stimulation can become one ::f the first technically find economically feasible applications of the peaceful us^s of nuclear explosives. It aooears that errs stinulatin can be applied with conventional techniques. If the existing information is c-nfimed experimentally, zhe peaceful application of nuclear explosives would increase the United States recoverable natural £jas resources by amounts greatly in excess of kn^wn supplies. Specifically, it appears that the increase would extend the present supply of gas by adding a supply of at least 18 years, The true figure might in fact exceed 55 years additional- supplies, even allowing for a substantial armuaV increase in demand by the.United States economy, •

(NSA: 21| 43080), 455) Holzer, P, GASBUGGY EXPERIMENT . California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-?J624# 10 March 1969. 35p. (Atomindex. 11s 19: 7430). ~ """ 456) Hoiaer, A. GASBUGGY IS PSRSPECIIVS. i California Univ., iivermore, Lawi'ence Radiation Lab. UCRL-72175, 14 Jan. 1970. CONS1-700101-3. 40p. : - Abstract > The Gasbuggy experiment set out to answer a . number oT questions: to what dogree couli a low-permeability, gas-bearing formation be stimulated? What Contd... - 215 -

were the mechanisms responsible for stimulation and potential ground shock d^rap.e? After two years of post-shot work, some of these questions are being answered; more precisely, pressures, temperatures and concentrations of radioactive ?ni nonradioactive constituents of the gas are beiny established. However, analyzing these quantities and their dependence on variables such as flow rates in terms of a self-consistent model of all the detonation phenomena has been a difficult and slow process. The validity of such a model must be tested by data from other detonations with geologies, reservoir properties and, perhrps, explosive yields different thanihose of Gasbuggy.. The gas stimulation projects now bein^ planned must be capoble of furnish- ing some of these -Tata before they can be called experiments in the. fullest sense.

(NSA: 24: 14109). 457) Holzer, P, GASBUGGY PREMMULJIY POST SHOT SUMMARY REPORT . ' Trans. Amer, Hucx. Soc, 11: 177. June 1968. GONP-680601. • • (NSAi 22: 30740). 458) Holzer, P, GASBUGGY PRELIM DIARY POSTSHOT SUMMARY REPORT . California Univ., Livcrmore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PHE-1003, Jan. 1968. 19p. .

* .; '• -•. Abstract: The Project Gasbu^gy nuclear explosion of nominally 26-kt yield was detonated on Sunday, Dece- mber 10, 1967. Indications are that the explosive performed satisfactorily. Preliminary information is available on subsurface and surface ground motions, on the extent of the fractures on the gas praesure in-the chimney, and on the concentration of radionuclides. (HSA: 2£: 18999). • . ' / '

'Oontd... - 216 - 459) Ke.se, K.H., Silver, W.J. PROJECT GASBUGGY OPERi.TIOiJi.L EXPERIENCE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence R^di^ti n Lab UCRL-71356. 10 Jan. 1369. 21p. (Atomindex. 11: 18: 706C) . 460) Koopman, F.C., Ballance, W'.C. HYDROLOGIC TESTS IN EOLE 53-1, PROJECT GASBUGGY, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, NEW.MEXICO. Denver, Colo-, Geological Survey. PNE-G-26. Dec. "1968. Mp. (Atomindex, 11: 15: 3743). ; 461) Korver, J.A., Rawscm, D.E. GASBUGGY-POSTSHOT INVESTIGATIONS IIT GB=ER. California Univ., Livormore, Lawrence Raiiration Lab. UCRL-50425. 19 Apr. 136G. 26p. (Atomindex. HJ 4: 1192). 462) NATURAL GAS PRODUCT IOH PROM UNDERGROUND NUCLEiiR EX- PLOSIONS.

Engineer t 220; July 9, 1965. 73-4.

Abstract: Large quantities of ;::as exist in low-permeability formations in Wyoninj, Colora-l., Hew Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. Such reservoirs could conceivably ba fractured by nuclear explosives, creating a cyli- nder or chimney of collapsed rock, and a network of fractures extending beyond the chimney. Gas contained within the fractured radius would flow freely to the chimney, and well bore. A preliminary desiai of an experiment in nuclepr stimulation of a ras rescrvoi-r was developed as part of the project Gas-buggy study..Cal- culations were used for an area' in the San Juan Basin" of nor-fchwestern New Mexico where the natural ^as reserves beneath each surface acre are estimated 33,000,:"n0 ft3. Estimated recovery from a 160-acre well site is

Contd... - 217 - about 10 per cent of these reserves over o 20-year period using, conventional industrial practices. Nu- clear stimulation is calculated as capable of increasing the recovery to at least 67 per cent. Safety conditions of the project are discussed...-It was concluded that a nuclear experiment, to test the concept can be executed safely, with no serious inconvenience to residents in the area of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. (NSA: 19: 46474). 463) OIL, GAS PROJECTS PERK UP AEC'S PLOWSHARE;, Chem. Eng. News, 45: No.. 6, Feb. 6, 1367. 44-6. Abstract: The economics of the ABC's Plowshare Project &asbuggy is outlined and the industrial potential for the nucleai? fracturing technique for natural gas recovery is reported. The engineering progress at the pictured Cliffs formtion is briefly described. Projects scheduled t.o follow Gasbu;;gy are Dragon Trail, Bronco, Sloop, and Ketch projects. (NSA: 22: 14603). . . " ' , . ._

464) Parker, K. : _• ENGINEERING WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. New.Scientist. 3 April, 1970. 9-11. Abstract: The "emphasis in nuclr ar explosive engineering which is shifting from earth moving explosions of the cratering type to completely contained explosions': aimed at increasing the efficiency of exploitation of fuels and minerals is discussed. . 465) PLANNING; AND PROGRAM DIRECTIVE. Project GASBUGGY. Las Vegas, Nevada Operations Office (AEC).-. PNE-G-41. A 1967# 146p. '..-,,• Abstract: The Project G&ebuggy organization,; magor assignments of responsibilities, project planning schedules, required procedures for project management,

Contd... - 218 - reports i controls and general planning .•^uirlrnce pre set forth for the project. ° • • (WSA: 23: 26390).

466) PLOWSHARE. Nucl. Hews; 13: Jan. 1970. 42-4. Abstract: Underground nuclear explosions detonated to stimulate gas-production include Project Rulison and Project Gasbuggy. Private companies are studying the possibility of gas stimulation in gas-bearing formations in Western and Appalachian area of the U.S. Project Bronco will study the technical feasibility of fracturing oil shale with an underground nuclear explosion. Project Sloop Is proposed to determine if a contained underground nuclear explosion can be used to fracture low-grade copper deposits. The Ainchitka Island test was detonated 4,000 ft below the surface. Data are being analyzed, legislative actions- taken recently are discussed concerning the United States and foreign programs, and the Atomic Energy Commission and other de- partments in the U.S. government.

(HSA; 24: 16732). 467) Power, D.V. ' MOTIONS OP EARTH PILL DAMS DTJRL. ~ THE GASBUGGY ..EVENT. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-U)480, Aug. 1968. 30p. (Atqmindex. 11: 14: 5309). 468) PROJECT GASBUGGY. California Univ., Berkely, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PHB-1000. May 14, 1965. 61p. Abstract: A joint study was made of the feasibility of fracturing natural gas reservoirs with nuclear, ex- ploBives, and an experiment was designed to test this concept. The beneficial effects of e nuclear explosion in a gas reservoir should be: 1; A network of fracture radiating out from the shot point that will • ' " Contd... - 219 - permit more effective drainage of the reservoir; 2. An expanded wellbore that will allow hi her sustained rates of production after initial drainage of the fractured zone; and 3. An effective storage volume for short-term hi^h ieliverability. It is n.lso onclu-led thrt an effective field test can be designed which w?uld satisfy all safety requirements so that neither the possibility of radioactive contamination of the atmosphere or ground water nor the resulting ground shock, would be .a serious hazard. Furthermore, calculation of the level of radioactive .. ..•• contamination of the g?s resulting from Explosion of a fission device su, gests that flaring some of the recoverable gas and employing other techniques could reduce the level of radioactivity to safe limits for transmission and ultimate consumption. Total cost of the experiment, exclusive of the cost of the explosive, is estimated at 3,000.00.dollars. •

(MSA: 20:' 470).

469) PROJECT GASBUGGY: A GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION STIMULATION EXPERIMENT USING NUCIEAR EX- PLOSIVES..

••• • • Tex. El Pao Natural Gas Co., PNE-G-4. Sept. 15, 1967. 21p.

Abstract: Project Gasbuggy is a joint experiment by the USAEC, Department of Interior, and the SI Paso Natural Gas Co. to investigate the feasibility of using an underground nuclear explosion to stimulate production and increase ultimate recovery of natural gas from a gas- bearing geologic formation of low productivity. A nuclear explosive equivalent to 26,000 tons of TNT is to be detonated 4,240 ft underground in a shale formation in a remote area of northwestern New Mexico. Complete and precise details are given on the background of this experiment, on the location, emplacement procedures, and geologic investigations which will be made during the experiment, and on the postshot evaluations, of the. seismic and radiological safety of the method and its overall usefulness for natural ^as production stimulation. (NSA: 23: 488).

Contd... - 220 -

470) PROJECT KETCH: L FEASIBILITY STUDY OB CREATMG NATURAL GAS STORAGE WITH HUCLSAR EXPLOSIONS. PHE-1200. July 1967. ,55p.

Abstract: The feasibility of using nuclear explosives to create underground gas storage was examined to help fill a growing need for natural gas storace capacity. The nation now has less than 4.5 trillion cubic ft of such storage and ould use an additional 5 trillion cubic ft if available nt low cost7 A contained underground nuclear explosion produces void spree which could be used for storage of natural gas ne?r the consumer end of natural gas transmission lines. Storage facilities so developed offer the potential of betnV.economically superior to mined cavities and cryogenic natural gas facilities. They may also be competitive in areas where natural stora:e'in depleted gas fields exists but is growing scarce, or where rapid deliverability of stored gas is a factor. A site approximately 12 miles southwest of Renovo, Pennsylvania,, hrs .been selected for illustrative purposes to evaluate this gas storage concept. The design for Project Ketch at Renovo calls for detonating a 2

(NSA: 21: 36186). 471) PROJECT RULISONs A G0V3RNMEHT INDUSTRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION STIMULATION EXPERB03KP USING A BUCE3AR EXPLOSIVB. Pro ject • Rulisoh" Joint Office of Information". ?^E-R-1. May 1, 1969. 12p. Abstract; Project Rulison 'balls for a fully contained 40 kt nuclear explosion buried in the Mesaverde For- mation at 8430 ft below the surface to release gas the deep ftight1 gas bearing formation. The project Contd - 221 - • '° demonstrate the potential of nuclear stimulation for commercial development in th& Rulison Field and other locations. The project background, objectives, experimental details, safety and participants are summarized,

(HSA: 23: 31445). 472) Randolph, P.I. GASBUGGY STATUS REPORT. Trans, Amer. Hucl. Soc, 11: 542. JJov. 1968. CONP-681101. (KSA: 23s 8451). 473) Rawsori, D«E., Kcrvrr, J.A. ACCEPTABILITY OP THE GAS3U&GY SHE. Addendum. California Univ,, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCID-15132 (Aid.). Aug. 14, 1967. 7p. Abstract: Two invalid assumptions were made in the model used for the original analysis of the Gasbu^gy site. The first WHS that water is incompressible, and the second'that water at the site is unconfined. New calculations were made with a model which takes inti account both the confinement and compressibility of the water at this site. The results of the new calculations indicate little likelihood of flooding of the Gasbuggy Chimney. (HSA: 21: 45235). 474) Rawson, D.B., Korver, J.A., Pritchard, R.L. et lit* POSTSHCXC GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS. PROJECT G-ASBUGGY. California Univ., Livenaore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. TTCRIi-7l354V 25 Sept. 1568. 2lp. (Atomindjex. 11: 12: 4534).

Contd... - 222 - 475) Rodean, H.C. EFFECTS OF UNDERGROUND flUCLE^R EXPLOSIONS ON GAS TCBLL PERFORMANCE.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Rndiati~n La' . UCRL-12229. June P3, 1965. 17p.

Abstract: A completely contained, underground nuclear explosions produces a cavity filled with ^as (the vaporized nuclear explosive plus the shock-vaporised r.ickj and lined with a layer of melted rock. Beyond this cavity, the surrounding rock: is crushed and fractured out to distances of several cavity radii. The crushes and fractured rook above the cavity generally collapse, forming a chimney several cavity raiii in height. These phenomena have potential applications to the natural ras industry in increasing well productivity and in forcing reservoirs for gas storage," It is shown that a chimney and fractured zone (with the dimensions and properties measured in and near the Hardhat chimney) increase the effective well radius to such an extent that the gas flow rate at early times may be increased approximately one order of magnitude. The rubble-filled chimney and adjacent fractured zone also add significant capability t^ a well in meeting intermittent peak load demands, and may be used as a .: as storage reservoir. (USA: 20: 36961). 476) Smith, C.F. PHB-OPERATIOH/Ji REPORT, PROJECT SAS3UC-GY: GAS QUALITY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION PROGRAM. California Univ., Livermore; Lawrence Radiation"Lab. UCID-15136. Mar. 31, 1967. 20p. . Abstract; Operational plans are presented for the attai- nment of the objectives of the gas quality experiments on Project Gasbu

of samples taken from the reentry hole GB-ER to ontain information concerning the identity, distribution, and the rate of change of various contaminants which may be in the gas. Analysis of samples taken before, during and after the pr/nuction testing, flaring, and dilution experiments will be used to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the level* of contamination. Samples taken from other postshot wells wiLl be used to support analysis of chimney gas samples an.! to study the migration of activity into the surrounding formation. Anticipated developmental programs required to attain the desired diagnostic capability are outlined. Participants and their responsibilities in the integrated gas-quality program are listed. (NSA: 21: 28123).

477) SOME RESULTS OP GAS^UGGY. Int. At. Energy Bull. 11: No. 3, 1969. 13-15. Abstract: A brief is _iven on the object and results obtained from Pr.ject G^sbuggy. It is stated that the results support present ideas that contained explosions ^may be considered as a possibility for the recovery of natural resources. (NSA: 23! 49982) . 478) Steen, H.P. PROJECT GASBUGGY: NUCLEAR APPLICATION FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION.

Proc. Pac. Coast Gas Ass. 56: 1965. 31-3. Abstract: Use of nuclear explosions to increase recovery from low-productivity natural gas reservoirs is discussed. It was concluded that the extensive, thick natural gas reservoirs in the Rocky Mountain Region are most favorable for such an application and that:a full-scale test should be performed in the Pictured Cliffs sandstone, at a site in the San Juan Basin in Northwest New Mexico. A 12-in-dia explosive will be placed in a 15-in. cased hole 4,150 ft below the surface. The estimated amount of gas in place in this formation is 5.28 billion cubic feet.

(NSA l 20: 36973). Contd... - 224 - 479) Sterrett, T.S. . DETAILED GEOLOGY OF Tlffi PROPOSED LiUGOtf TRj^lL EX?3Rr_ MENTAL STT3, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50554. Feb. 27, 1968. 32p.

Abstract: Project Dragon Trail is a tight-reservoir, natural gas nuclear stimulation experiment tc be conducted jointly by the U.S. • Government and Private industry. The êoloîc conditions of the proposed site in Rio Blanco County, Colorado are described. A general geologic description of the area and a detailed geologic evaluation of the immediate vicinity, of the proposed site is included. Geologic conditions relevant to Plowshare activities and the physical parameters of the test medium, necessary for predictive calculations, are discussed. The complete geologic evaluation indicates that the proposed site will be geologically acceptable for the Dragon Trail experiment. (NSA: 23: 24303) . 480) Ward, D.C., Atkinson, C.H., Watkins, J.W.D. PROJECT GAS3UGGY A NUCLEAR FRACTURING EXPERIMENT. Preprint No. SPE 1273. 1-965. CONF-651017-2. 16p. Abstract: The experiment is designed for the detonation of a 10-kt fission explosive at a dopth of 4,150ft tt evaluate the stimulative eff ots on gas .production from the Pictured Cliffs formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. This contained nuclear detonation will create a collapse chimney which, together with a zone of highly fractured rock beyond the chimney, .comprises and expansive permeable volume-the extent of which in the low-permeability reservoir, may be considered an ex- ceedingly large, effective wellbore resulting in increased gas flow. Nuclear-explosive stimulation of natural gas reservoirs is technically feasible, but only from analysis of production data obtained by this and future experiments can the economics be determined* ^(NSA: 20: 25234). Contd... - 225 - 481) Ward, D.C., Atkinson, O.H., Watkins, J.W. PROJECT GASBUGGY-A NUCIFAR FRACTURING EXPERIMENT. J. Petrol. Ttchnol., 18: Feb. 1966. 139-45. Abstract: Project Gasbusgy is an experiment designed for the detonation of a'lO kt fission explosive at a depth of 4150 ft to evaluate the stimulative effect on gas production from the Picfifcured Cliffs formation in the San Juan Basim, N.M.. Preliminary analysis has shown that nuclear-explosive stimulation of natural gas reservoirs is technically feasible; but only from analysis of production data can the economics be determined. Favorable results from Project Gasbu._£y could pave the way for substantially increased recovery from many known but low-productivity hydrocarbon reservoirs, Primary objectives of the experiment are to determine, change in productivity of existing wells within effective range of the shock effect; extent of effective ranê of the shock effect; productivity of a post-shot well drilled into the chimney; increase in ultimate recovery; and degree to which radioactive contamination of ges will be a production problem. The experimental design for Project Gasbugjry was made with full consideration of all safety factors, includinc.- the r>bsrsibility of venting radioactive contaminants to the atmosphere, damege resulting from ground shock, and contamination of produced ras and ground water.

(NSA: 20: 2D837) . 482) Ward, D.G., Lemon, R-.F.

STATUS OF RESERVOIR BVALUATION, PROJECT GASBUGGY. PNE-G-13..1968. C0NF-680926-4. 33p. Abstract: Results of drilling, logging, and testing of two preshot test wells at the GasbuVgy site confirmed the Pictured Gliffs ga-s reservoir to have substantial gas in place but extremely low permeability and productivity. Subsequent to detonation, the emplacement hole and one of the pre-shot test wells were re- entered. Although a less than expected increase in productivity was observed in the test well, 300 ft from ground zero, significant productivity increase was Contd... - 226 -

demonstrator! "by a reentry well which connects with t 1 the nuclear create , chineny. Futh«_r pro'uction test in/: is planned to permit more definitive evaluation of the effected stinulrtion. (BSA: 23: 492). 483) Witherspoon, P.... ECONOMICS OP MtTOLZAR EXPLOSIVES lil DE'^BLOPHJG .UNDER- GROUND GAS SPORAGB. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Rauic/cion Lab. UCRL-14877. July 23, 1966. 3rp.

Abstract: In an appropriate geologic setting, nuclear explosives can create underground chimneys with a wide range in storage capacity. Under optimum conditions, the gas cap&oity is of the order of 1~, ">.):) HOP per kt of yield. This assume-a maximum pressure equal to hydrostatic, but higher pressure shouLl also be possiMe. A nuclear chimney has the distinct aivantpxe that one- can produce gas over a very wide ranre of flow rates with essentially the seme equipment. Flow rstes of 11,030 to 5')0, >)0 MCPD have been investi^ated, and optimum investments costs using a 50-kt explosive ran ^ from 2.00 dollar to 4. 0 dollar per MCP of working ; ss. At a ^riven flow rate, costs are essentially inversely proportional to the yieli of the explosive. Optimum depths for .nuclear explosives will probably ranre from 2000 to 4100 ft.

(NSA: 20: 39015) . 484) Witherspoon, P.A., De Pasquals, D.£. ECONOMICS OF UNDERGROUND GAS STOHAGE HI CAVITIES CREiiTE BY NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Final Report. California Univ., 3erkeley, Coll. of Engineering. UCRL-13354. July 1968. 103p. Abstract; The possibility of obtaining substantial savings by storing natural gas underground in cavities created- by nuclear explosives was explored. Ihe magnitude of these savings "will depend on a number of basic factors such as: cost of pipeline jas, weather pattern, Contd... - 227 - and size of the residential heating loa'l. (NSA: 22: 42926). 485) Withe rspoon, P.A., De Pasquale, D.L. FEASIBILITY OF STORING NATURAL GAS . IN UHL3RGROUHD CHAMBERS CONSTRUCTED WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 11: 543. Nov. 1968. COMF-681101. •(NSA: 23: 2453). 486) Wold, J.S., Woodward, T.C. PROJECT THUUDERBIKD: A-.HUC&EAR TRIGGER FOR COAly GASI- FICATION, y

Coal Age, 72: 68, Sept. 1967. 64-5. . ;: Abstract: Use of nuclear explosions to facilitate utilization of coal, oil shale, and bituminous sand beds is reviewed, with particular attention to-Project Thundcrbiri. A lOO-mi^ region of Wyoming, underlain by more than 20,00' million tons of coal, is the site for this in situ coal- energy experimental program. The total coal interval lies at a depth of from 1010 to 2200 ft and contains a gross.section of coal that may be the thickest in the Western Hemisphere. In project Thunderbird, a nuclear explosion will open up multiple seams and overcome some problems experienced in previous underground gasi- fication experiments. A collapse chimney of 25 to 30 percent void space could be formed, which would be burned under controlled conditions. A 50-kt- nuclear device at 2200 ft in the b'.se of the Fort Union coal-beer in.; unit will give the following chimney characteristics: a rubble chimney of broken rook with a radius of about 127 ft and a height of around 635 ft; fractures extending into tie surrounding formation in a radius of 300 ft; and approximately 2,000,000 tons- of broken rock of which 25 percent (or 500,000 tons) is coal (a Btu equivalency of 1.5 million barrels of oil) Ignition of the broken coal and controlled injection of oxygen into the" chimney will produce low-Btu ^as and associated products. (NSA: 22: 10423). Contd... - 228 - 487) Woodruff, W.R. NUCLEAR OPERATION: PROJECT G-SBTTGGY.

Califronia Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50334. Oct. 19, 1367. 9p. . Abstract: The nuclear-operation portion of a Gasbu.rgy- like experiment is described. Included arc the plannin,- and -design required for the selection and containment of the explosive, specifications for the arming and firing cable, preparation and construction of thetest hole, and the procedures used for emplacement, armin^, detonation, and post-shot radiation safety monitoring. (NSA: 22 i 12464) .

.. B. OIL

488) Arthur, C.E., Armstrong, P.E. A STUDY OP RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION RESULT DIG FROM THE USE OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES FOR STIMULATING PETRO- LEUM PRODUCTION. Washington, D.C., Burueau of Mines,BM-RI-6684. March 1965. 13p. Abstract: The problem of radioactive contamination when us in.' nuclear explosives to fracture petroleum reser- .'•"voirs in an attempt to stimulate production wes investigated. 'It was concluded that some contamination of petroleum products will almost certainly occur. How- ever, the degree of contamination cannot be predicted except by a full-scale expermiment, since simulating the problem in the laboratory is economically impo- ssible because of the extremely high temperature and pressures that must be reached in extremely short time intervals if a reasonable analog is to: result.

(USA: 20: 4082). • "•• /: ... Contd... - 229 - 439) Atkinson, C.H., Lekas, M.>.. . . ATOMIC-AGE FRAGT.URDIC- MY SOON OPEN UP STUBBORN YOIRS. Oil Gas J., 61: Dec. 2, 1963. 154-6. Abstract; The possibility of usin^r the energy from ?.r± underground nuclear explosion to stimulate production from stubborn petroleum reservoirs is iiscussei. It is mentioned the t~ underground nuclear explosions produce cavities, the roofs of which generally collapse. They also fracture the rock beyond the cavity anc. produce • heat, some noncondensing gss, and radioactive debris. In effect the explosion will create a im.je wellbore into which the reservoirs fludis will drain. Fracture types, heat effects, and radioactivity are discussed. (USA: 18: 13994). 490) Atkinson, O.H., Johansen, R.T. A SSTJ-r: OP THE FEASIBILITY OF USING NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TO INCREASE PETROLEUM RECOVERY. Okla, Bureau of Mines, Bartlcsville Petroleum Research Centre. BM-RI-6494. Jan. 1964. 20p. Abstract: Tremendous volumes of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas) at present cannot be recovered economically. The feasibility of using nuclear explosions for production therefore has been investigated. Data from underground nuclear tests conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission were reviewed, and the Physical effects were evaluated for stimulating petroleum production. Calculations of the effect on. ultimate recoyary of increasing reservoir temperature with nuclear explosive showed disappointingly small increases. Production increases caused by fracturing of massive low-permeability reservoirs appear technically and economically promising petroleum reservoirs that might be converged from sub-marginal to commercial production are being located and evaluated as to potential reserves and &.s a location for a field test. (NSA: 18: E9821) . Contd.•. - 27. j - 491) Bertin, L. PBACEMJIi USES ?0R H-JCI&3. 3XPL0SI73S. Can. Nucl. Tech. 2: Ro. 2. 1J63. 3;-2. Abstract; A discussion is presents! of pcfisi'rle applications""^ nuclear explosions z-.a.-\ of various develbr— ments in the Plowshire pro^r^. 3oth cont?.inel exr>losions (Gnome axin crat&rino- .\zporinonts (Sedan) are discussed. The possible use of ^xpiosions in utilizing oil reserves is considered in scrae ictail, rn\ project Oilsand is describe 1 briefly. (NSA: 17: 21813) . 492) Berton, M. x'BACEFUL APPLIC^r IONS OF I-rjCJEAR BXPLOSIOKS. F2. 3. MIHES. CHEfillSrRY. GAS SXTiL^OTIOIJ. OIL Prance, Paris, Commirsarirt ii Ii'energie Atominaue. OEii-BIB-123. 1360. 118p. (Atcwaindex. 11: 12: 4526). 493) Bray, 3.G., Knutscn, G.F., ?iah.l, H.A. Dt-w, -J.l*. BCONOMICS OP CONrADira) IIUC-S^R 3XPLOS IONS APPLIED TO EETROESUM HESER7OL-* sriM J. Petrol. Technol., 17: Oct. i3_5. 11-1-5-52. Abstract: The major effect of a nuclear explosions in a hydrocarbon reservoir is to increase the apparent; wellbore diameter by creating a cavity, chimney, ani an associated annular fractured rone. This geometry results in a complex flow regime yielding increased productivity of the reservoir fluids. This flow regime and the -fffoTSteics of utilizing nuclear stimulation for low-productivity oil-and .Tes-fcearing reservoirs are discussed. Gross permeability increases due to fracturing beyond the chimney-cavity rubble aone were observe! in many underground shot..This geometry of a post-shot nuclear environment for a petroleum reservoir can be simulated pn a computer by assigning concentric annular congifurations to the cavity-chimney and surrounding Contd , We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy was used for preparing the master fiche. - 232 -

Of retortin0 the broken oil sh'-i^. ^ r3Eooi?:e' fracture zones «xe acscrit_l. Project bronco, a propose-I 50-ict nucU-ar explosion, experiment is 1 cribe":. The detention will fragment and frrctun. - 1c-ep, thick oil ;;h 1- i-r.osit which will subsnuently be retorted in pl?.c«. Bronco will provide information rel^.tei to: the te-chnical nsA economic .feasibility of .he b-sie concept, a pre'ietiv^ capsbility for. the- hysical ei'fssts of nuclerr explosions, ?Ji^ the distribution of rc-iioactivity "ni Its behavior durin?: retort in?. (USA: 22: 6507) . 496) CIS irJCLEiJi 3ST0RJ?DIG UIILO"K GIL SK,.IS? Eng. Mining J. l^m Ho. 12, Dec. 1367. 72-5. Abstract: Project 3ronco, c. pronose-i experinent for clett-rmining the fe?L3i'Dility of usin£ nuclc r.r explosions in the rccov-ry of oil shclo by itnitrgrDuni fracturing and in-;>l-oc rctortinr, is describe3. Th;. full experiment would include evaluation of ?. tentative site of oil sh'l<- li.ni in Piceanco Cre-c-c Basin, Colorado, prep.tr'-1ion for the d^enr-tion, Utcmina- tion of the best method for^rf-plr-ce retorting, an-1 evaluation of the com-Jia^t' process.. Preliminary r.bove ground experiments which have been conducticl end V7hich are pertinent to the project ?_re liECUssed. It is estimated thct the Bronco Test would t'Jce 5 ye-rs to complete.

(HSA: 23: 16001). 497) Carlson, R.R. ECONOMICAL SPOEAC-3 OF OIL IJ® GAS PROMISED 3Y CCS- STURC-IIHG UHUERGROUITD SIOiL'.Sa PACJILEIES WITH 5U- E3CPL0SI0KS, N. Mexico. Albuaueraue, Saniia Corp.Petrol, Bn-;r. Aug. 1959. 3p. Abstract: The author concludes that application of underground nucl" *\r bursts, for blasting out huge underground storage cavities for oil rjid gos storage ont - 233 - is not only technically feasible, Vut coui-' result in large monetary savings. (NSA: 14: 4167). 438) Carlson, R.H. CONSTRUCTION OP UNDERGROUND GIL SrCilGE TANKS. N. Mexico, Sandia Gorp« UCRL-5«76 (p.89-36). Abstract: The use of nucl^r explosives in tlu. construction of caverns in impermeable rock for use as underground oil storage tanks is discussed. Problems are considered and it is concluded there are no obvious engineering or technical reasons why such a technique could not be us*J . Cost estimates are compared for the construction of a 7' siillion barrel underground storage cavity by conventional ntthols and ty nucl ar explosives. It is estimated th^t a savinrs of about 25 million dollar would be realized by the use of nuclear explosives. (USA: 14: 22707). 499) Goffer, H.P., Grier, H.E. THE USE OF miCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN OIL AKD GAS PRODU- CTION. 1968. 20p. Pre sent ei^--the 14th Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear .Society and Gansiian Kuclear Association, Uoronto, Ontario, 5-13 -June 1968. W, Germany, Frankfurt Am Main, Zentralestelle Pucr Atomkernenergie-Dokuat:nt at i on. AED-COKP-68-136-085. (Atomindex. 11: 9: 3147). 500) Coffer, H.P.. Grier, H.E., Aronson, H.H. THE USE OP 1UCEEAR EXPLOSIVES IK OIL AB3) GAS PRODUCTION. 1967. 29p. Presented at the 1967 Annusl Conference of the Atomic Industrial Porum, Chicago, ILL., 6-9 Uov. West Germany. Frankfurt AM Main, Zentralstelle Fuer AtoHkernener^ie-Dokumo-nt at ion. (Atomindex. 11: 4: 1189).

Contd... - 234 -

501) Coffer, H.F.;| Bray, J.G., Knuston, :.r., Rv.vson, D.?.

EFFECTS OP NTJCISiiH EXPuOSIOIIS CM OIL RE^ERV^IR STT_ MULiriCH.

J. Petrol. Tech., 16: Hay 1^64. 473-CO.

Abstract: A oencral description of Project Plowshare 's fenome atomic explosion near Oarlstr.l, N.M., is riven from the point of view of possible application to oil reservoir stimulation. Post-shot exploratory mining and drilling into the explosion enviromaent «ni blast cavity are discussed. Petroleum reservoir core pn-1. crude oil samples placed noe.r the explosion were subjected to shock energy, hitii pressures, and radiation fron the atomic blast. These samples v/ere recovered, analysed, and compared 7.*ith unexoosei, duplicate samples. Ad ii- tional investigations, which mast be undertaken to resolve problems tb.?t will be encountered in the use of an atomic device in an oil reservoir,- are discussed.

(NSA: 10: 39403). 502) Goffer, H.P., Spiess, E.3. COMMERCIAL APPLICJIIOHS 0? WJGIF1-3. EXPLOSIVES: THE /JJSWER TO OIL SHALE. Quart. Colo. Sch. Mines, 51: July 1966. 69-69. Abstract: Numerous contained nuclear explosion have been conducted in tuff, alluvium, dolomite, granite, and salt. These tests indicate thr nuclear explosives offer an economic method for breaking huge to- nnages of rock underground, but whether or not such broken rock piles can be turned to commerical advantages has not yet been determined. Planned use of nuclear explosions in gas pro-luction, gas storage, copper leaching, and waste disposal is discuesei, with emphasis on the economics. In the first 2 uses the application is straight-forward: fire the nuclear explosive and use the resulting rock pile (chimney) for the well bore ore storage tanks. In the leaching and waste disposal prospects, however, the engineering to utilize the rock pile is an important factor. An analysis is also made' of the use of nuclear explosive in recovery of oil from oil shale. Huclear explosives can be used Contd... - 235 - to form a l^r.^e Mile of "broken sht- le, but -whether this oil shale pile be :>roccssc 1 to yiel'1. economic oil i.as not been answered. ¥ith the p.dvant~,re offered by in sita retorting- (no rock hen-Uinj, no waste disposal, problems) pnd the size of the oil shale target applicable to nuclear explosives, engineering of the process of rstort- ing nucl6-?r-cre?te'i rock piles must be explored. A 'lis- cussion of real or possible problems associated with nuclear explosive engineerin- is orovid^d. The major problem is the seismic shock v/eve, which limits tan size of contained explosions. Also described are the best arc-rs in the oil shcle for nuolerr test pro-rrnms and the limiting features such P.S thickness, d^pth, end richness of the oil shale » (KSA: 22: 40972) . 503) Ege, J.R.

LOCATIONS OP POTSEEIfj-L HJTEHBST FOR ERACTURBiG OIL SHALE WITH MJCIEiiR EXPLOSIVES ¥QR HI SHU RSTORTDJG, PICEAKGE CREEK EASIIf, RIC ^G/ÎGO OOUHTY, JOLOR1D0. Denver. Colo. Geological Survev. TEI-0&8. Feb, 1967. 12p. Abstract: Analysis of oil assays, structure sections, and isopach maps of xhe Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation indicates that numerous locations in the western part of the ."•ict.anc& Grêk basin couM be selected with an oil sh°lc- section at least TOO feet thick th-t contains not les? then 20 -r.llons per ton of shale oil, an!, has at least 800 fc-et of overburden. . (USA: 21: 19784). 504) Filippenko, L.&., Shcherbfii, A.H. OH US DIG THE HEAT GEliER, PED IK A OTCliEL-R EXPELS ION FOE dSErfSIFIO&TIOtf OP PETaOIEUM Eia^CT IOS. Dopovidi Aksid, Kauk Ukr, RSR, No. 10. 1964- 1311-13. Abstracts The temperature distribution In soil was calculated after a short and Ions time following a nuclear explosion. It is srôvm tint the hect of the

Contd.. - 236 -

explosion can be utilized for potrol-:un extraction. The maximum value of the average t'.-npsr' euro in the soil wp.s found to depend on the mechanical prop-.rti.s of the soil only, and not on the charge of c:-:plosi/e.

(MSA: 19: 13563) .

505) Harris, V.A.

CRATERS FORMED 7iY ilOW OHA/LGES Irl THE '/ERTIGAJ V T OF A 90-DEGREE

N. Mexico, Sandia. Corp., SC-iill-S 6-477. Nov. 1365. 35p,

Abstreet: An. experiment was conducted to simulate ?. small scale overburden stripping by nuclear exolosi/es as the techriinue might be u~ed to f^cilit^te open-pit mining of oil shale 's it occurs near vlleys in the Colorado Plr-teau, and to investigate the changes in crater dimensions and ejecta dispersion with changes in burial depth. Five rows of charges, each contalnin,- six 0-oound spheres of cast Ti^T spaced 4 feet aprrt, were buried 3.0 feet V.ck from the f?ce of a cliff b=nk. Gh^rjes for each of five shots were buried r.t depths of 3, 3.5 4, 4.5 r-nd 5 feet, respectively, and all charges for ear:h shot were deton ted simultaneously. Results were restricted by the physical limi- rations of the terrain used for the experiment. The data imply th't too shallow a cut beneath the cliff bank might have restricted the vertical dimensions of the apparent crater. As chr-rge turi?.l depth was increased, horiEontal apparent crpter radius showed no significr-jit change; vertical apparent crater radius became smaller ?s did crater depth below the ch^vrges, and crater volume decrersed. A similaj: experiment could explore the possibilities of a second row of charges to strip additional overburden. The larger portion of the ejects, moved in the direction of the lower elevation, and the percentage moving in that direction increased with increased burial derpth. About 9^3 cubic feet of eject? per pound of explosive resulted from charges of equal burial depth and distance from face of cliff, almost 1.5 times"the rverage of 3.4 cubic . feet per pound of explosive from a previous experiment with charges in level ground.

(NSAi 21: b490). Contd... - 237 - 506) Higgins, G.H., Rodean, H .G. SOME CALCULATIONS FOR EFFLCTIIJG OILFIELD STIMULATION 3Y NUCLT.it MEAlIS. California Univ., Liveri-iore, Lawrence Radiation Lab~ UCRL-14311. £uw. 5, 1365. CONP-651007-1. 16p. Abstract; Nuclear explosions in underground rock foi.-i- ations from large cavities surroxinded by 3 substantial collapses to form a rubble-filled chimney thrt is very porous and highly permeable. The surrounding crushed end fractured zone is also increased in permeability to such a degree th^t the effective well radius of a natural- gas well stimulated by a nuclear explosion may be several times the chimney by radius. The relrtions between yield, depth of burial, and the geometry of chimneys and fractured regions indicate that the effect of explosion yield on the number cf wells required in a given region should be investigated from the standpoint of economics.

(MSA: 19: 44158) . 507) INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OP NUGGAR EXPLOSIVES IN THE u. s. Com. Naz. Energ. Nucl. Notiz. 14: No.3. 1968. 68-73. Abstractt Two new norject have been recently developed, in the U.S. within the framework of Program Plowshare: Project Bronco r.nd Project Sloop. Project Bronco en- visages the use of underground nucleer explosions for th.s recovery of petroleum from oil shales; Project Sloop is concerned with the possible use of nuclear blasts for the recovery of copper from low-grade orebodies. (NSA: 22: 30742). 508) Jacobs, R.B., Wright, L.T.

HI SHU HSEORSING OP OIL SHALE USING- HUCLPAR ENERGY. U.S. Patent 3,342, 257. Sept. 13, 19S7.Piled Dec. 30, 1963.

Contd.. - 238 - Abstret: A method for recovering oil ..rom a subsur oil shale forxaction with a nuclear device comprises drilling an excess veil into the ibrm^cion, inserting a nuclear explosive device in the welL ne.-.r the bottom of the formation, sealing the well above the formation to confine the nuclear explosion, rnd detonating the device to create a cr.vity in the formation which'ft least partially fills with .^ollapsint t-h.-le to form a aone of fractured ?nd crumbled shale of high perme-j- bility. At least one ^-.-.s input conduit and one recovery conduit nre connected to the reflux zone, and hot retorting £^s is flowed through the gas input conduit into a part of the fractured sh^le to he^.t the shale- and distill the oil from it.'

(NSA: 22: 30745). 509) Kedrovskii, O.L., Mangushev, K.I. USB OF UNDERGROUND HUC&SAii EXPLOSIONS Hi OIZ.-C-AS MINING. Geol. Uefti Gaza, 11: Ho. 12, JPRS-44486. - Dec . 1967. lOp. 12-16. Abstract j The use of underground nucle^x explosions to increase the recovery of oil rnd g-rs from deposits was investigated. ?he effects of s;.ch explosions on various underground media are examined and analyzed from data on US and Canadian explosions. (NSA: 22: 27915).

510) Kinney, G.T. PETROLEUM'S DRAM,.PIG RECOVERY EXPERIMENT iNE.tR. Oil Gas J., 65: Sept. 4, 1967. 71-3. Abstract: The use of underground nuclear explosions for the production of natural gas is discussed. T.he experiment known as Project Gesbuggy, will utilize' a 26-kt nuclear explosive detonated in gasbearing sandstone some 4000 ft below.the surface to fracture underground formations so that the entrapped gas will be released. Dri- lling operations for the emplacement of the nuclear explosive and monitoring and instrument holes rre summarized. The feasibility and economics of using nuclear Contd... - 239 - explosives to create underground r"s storage cavities are also- discussedy? This experiment called Project Ketch, will utilize, a'24-kt nuclear device detonated at a depth of 3300 ft in Devonian sandstone *nd stifle. (KSA; 22: 4292?). 511) Kudymovy ,B .Ya., Lovly?., 3 .A., Lokhova, T .F. APPLICAT ION OF MJCx'i.R EXPLOSIONS IN THE EXTRACT ION OF Oil*. Tr. Sess. Uch. Sov. Nar. Isnol'z. Vsryva, 5th* Frunze, Kirg, SSR* 5: UGRt,'-Trans-10200. July 1963. 7p. • 283-5. . : The possibilities of using nucle-fir explosiono for the extraction of oil from various strata are disQUssed. This is tiv/nsl-ted by A.M.A. Mincer for Univ. of California^ Lawrenct Radiation Lab,, Livermore. (USA: 22: 12460). ' 512) Lakher, J,F. -" A HEW APPilRiifEUS FOR PERMEABILITY liEASIiaElCENTS .DIIDER ilTHO-STATIG GOKDITIONS AJJD RESULTS OK DHOP FRii.01'URED &&D HIGH EXPIiOSPTE FRiXTURED OIL SHJJE . California XTniv., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UORIi-50562* Sept. 11, 1968. 14p. Abstract; An apparatus, was designed and constructed to measure ferine ability of porous media under confining pressure up to 1000 atm and temperatures to 10Q°0, allow- ittg simulation of lithostatic conditions encountered at depths where nuclear detonations occur. Gas flow through the specimen is controlled at pressures to 100 atm.. Sp- ecimens^ .'are encapsulated in a resin and pressurized by silicone'oil. The apparatus is also .suitable for jyuns st'latm provided the specimen is cast in rigid plastic. Peraeabilrfcy measurements were made on consolidated oil • shale and shele" cracked by a dropped weight and by a high explosive detonator. Permeability is calculated from Forchheimer's equation, which reduces to'Darcy'3

Oontd... - 240 - equation when inertial effects are sc^.11.. The permeability of the consolidated unfrac fared shnle is essentially zero. Oil sh«le samples cracked in a direction prrallex to the beddin: place by the dropped weight method show the-highest permeabilities O.'6'to 1.8 niilli- darcies \nid), at 0.3 kbar confining pressure. L/-n~les cracked in the perpendicular direction by the' d'rop method have lower permeability, 1 x 10-3 nid. Samples cracked by the high explosive JLc-tonotor in a direction parallel and also perpendicular to the bedding place produced • the lowest permeabilities, 3 x 10-5 and 1 x 10-4'iad, respectively. Permeability values -?j?e dependent on confining prepsure as expected. For the parallel drop test permeability is roughly inversely proportional to confining pressure.

(NSA: 23: 17641). 513) Lekas, M.A. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCING SHALE OIL: THE IfJCLS/.R IN SITU RET OBI ING 1SEDH0D.

Quart. Colo. Sch. Mines. 61: July 1956. 91-114. - Abstract: Accumulation of experimental data on, the na- clear in situ retorting technique, both from the standpoint of fragmentation of the shrle with nuclear ex- . plosivest and the subsequent retorting, has progressed to the point where preliminary assessments are warranted on the concept and design of a commercial-scale plant, and tnose factors which influecne in a major way the .. cost of producing shale oil by thi: method. Because of slow retorting rates and high initial rock temperatures, recovery, of at least 75 per cent of the in-place oil is considered likely in such a plant. In designing a plart with a fixed production rate and total .recovery, . the principal factors in determining the capital invest- ment and per barrel cost of production are the thickness and grade of the shale, Production costs for crude shale oil are estimated to range from 29c/ barrel in a 1000-ft thick bed to 1.16 dollar/barrel for a 400-ft thick bed. Estimates were made that indicated crude_ shale oil produced at a cost of 1.25 dollar/bar-reT in western Colorado could be profitably marketed in Cali- fornia. . : (NSA: 22: 48973). Contd..* - 241 -

514) Lekas, MJ*»t Carpenter, H.C. FRACTURING OIL SHALE WITH NUCGE-R EXPLOSIVES FOR Iii-SITU HETORUNG* Colo, Sen. Mines, 60: Ho.3, July 1965. 7-33. Abstract t Preliminary concepts are discussed for using either^fission or fusion (preferably fusion which results in fewer contamination problems) nuclear devices to fra-r cturfe oil shale deposits. Nuclear devices would be used to create multiple NTIT retorts underground for extracting the oil from the shale. The sh"le would be burned in underground retorts with the oil being collected in the lower part of the collapse chimney•and drawn off through drainage drifts or wells. A concept of a commerical scale operation based upon a fragmentation array in "a 1000 ft thick shale bed is presented. Various specifications and costs are presented for several sizes and-types of IIUT clear devicess (NSA: 20t 45834).

! 515) L&nibardy I>«B# . •

THB POTENTIAli APPLICATION OP NUCJEAR EXPLOSIVES FOH THE RECOVERY OF OIL PROM SHALE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRIi-12224-.T . Pec. 1, 1964. 21p. Abstract: The possibility of using nuclear explosives to break shale for in situ retorting is discussed. Overburden removal by nuclear excavation and mining by Caving of a nuclear chimney are also considered. Under- ground explosions in the 20 to 50 kt ratine can be used - to thoroughly fracture large amounts of oil shale at => cost of 1*20 dollar per barrel of petroleum if a recovery of 25 g/ton is assumed. Explosions of 100 kt would break shaj.e for around 0.32 dollar per barrel. However, shale particle size studies showed that fragment sizes in the nuclear chimney might be suitable for in situ retorting, and that the bulk permeability will be very high.

(NSA: 20: 16509).

: Contd... - 242 - 516) Lombard, D.G. RECOVERING OIL FRO11I SRiGF 'VITH JUCK1.R EXPLOSIVES. J. Petrol. Technol. 17: 1965. 877-82. Abstract: Teohnical aspects of the proposed use of underground nuclear explosions 'for recovery of oil from oil shale are discussed, ITuclear explosives can be us..d to break large volumes of oil sh^le in ploce rt depth, where deposits are thick. The diameter of the region (chimney) of stale broken by a nuclear explosion can be as much as hundreds of feet with a height at least double the diameter. For example, a 20-kt detonation at a depth of 2000 ft will bret?k obout 800,00^ t. Pro- blems associated with the radioactivity generated by a nuclear explosion in oil shrle sre expected to be manageable^ The probable size distribution of fr-gnents of this broken shale was estimated. Calculations b^sed on the theory of particle statistics led to an estimated permeability of 3 x 10-5 to 3 x 10-4 ft2, within the broken zone. The cost of breaking the shale with nuclear explosives would renge from less then. 0.35 dollar more than 1,20 dollar/ barrel of oil for recovery of 25- gal/t, according to calculations for l")0-and 20-kt explosions, respectively. Other costs, including mining or in situ retorting, and refining, are not included. Basic features of a plan for in situ retorting ere discussed. A relatively small-scaled non-nuclear in situ retorting experiment is recommended. If successful, it would be followed by a nuclear explosion pilot experiment, from which detailed engineering criteria could be developed for usinj the nuclear techniques on a production basis. (NSA: 20: 23835. 517) Lombard, D.3., Bray, B.G., Sohns, H.W., Sterrett, T.S. Brundage, R.S., Carpenter, H.C. • * A DESIGN FOR PROJECT 3R0HC0 AJJ EZPERB5EMT IH3R NHCIE/,3 FRACTURING AND IN Sim RHEORTING OP OIL SHALE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-50339. 39p. • •

Oontd... - 243 - Abstract: Project Bronco, a proposed 50-kt nuclear explosion experiment is described. The detonation v/ill fragment and fracture a deep, thick oil shale deposit which will subsequently be retorted in pln.ee. Bronco will provide information relsted to: the technical and economic feasibility effects of nuel'_r.r explosions, and the distribution of radioactivity and its behavior during retorting.. (NSA: 22: 8244). 518) Lombard, D.B., Carpenter, H.C. . . HSCOVERING OIL BY RHEOBTIKG- A ITOCLTAR CHIMNEY IN OIL SHALE. J. Petrol, Technol., 10: June 1957. 717-34., Abstract: A method is proposed for recovering oil by retorting oil shale shattered by deep underground nu-r clear explosions. Because most of the oil will be obtained from chunks of oil shale with maximum dimensions exceeding 1 ft, retorting times of up to several weeks are needed for complete recovery. A study of the heat economy of the reporting process in an underground nuclear chimney suggests th~t the nuclear detonation itself and the subsequent controlled combustion of residual carbon in retorted oil shale will provide ample energy. The proposed method is shown to be thermally efficient. The operating conditions of a nuclear chimney retort will be defined by the recycle gas-to-air ratio and the overall rate of ?^as injection. Determi- nation of optimum operating cond tions will be complicated by the many factors involved. However, the proposed technique appears to be a promising one for recovering the oil from thick, deep, oil shale deposits. (HSA: 22: 10422). . . 519) Lombard, D.3., Carpenter, H.C. . PEIROTING OIL SHALE IN A NUCLEAH CHIMNEY. Trans. Ameri' Hucl. Soc, 9: 310. June 1966. (NSA: 20: 33441). Oontd... 2 /-, .' 520) Mangushev, K.I., Zolotovotskaya, S.A. PROSPECTS OP US BIG SiUCfiELR SXPIrOSir/S III DEV31 OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS. Translated from Gecl. Nefti Gaza, 13: KG.-, J"P 13—"-• 3", , 1969. IQp. 20-4. Abstract: The prospects of usin;. underground nucLt-r explosions for stimulst n.- oil and natural "~^s -.'reduction the seismic and radiological safety of the r-roceaures, and the economic and technical feasibility for particular geological circumstances ?re presented. It is concluded that underground nuclear explosions wculd be particularly advantageous due to the -eolo-ic chi^^r^-.cteristics of many of the /ras end oil deposits in zhe "JSSR. 521) Murphy, W.I.R. IN SITU OIL PRODUCTION PROBLEMS. Laramie. Wyo. Bureau of Mines. Oil Sh?le Research Branch. UCRL-5678(p.80-101). 22p. Abstract: Proposed Plowshare experiments in oil shale are described". The experiments consist of a nucle-o* phase, in which an ntomic device would be detonated; ^nd an oil recovery phrse, in which a study wculd be nr.de of methods for producing shale oil by in situ combustion of the shale broken in the nucle&r phase. Some of the problems involved are discussed. Methods are suggested for operating an in situ project in oil sh^.le. (HSA: 14: 1666) . 522) Psrker, H.W. RECOVERING OIL FROM MJGLEAR CHIMNEYS BJ OIL-YIELDING SOLIDS. U.S. Patent 3,460,620. Field June 12, 1967. Abstract: Air or other oxygen containing gas is injected into the lower portion of a previously retorted nuclear chimney to burn coke and. raise the temperature therein to a level at which the compressive strength of the shale rubble is substantially reduced. Reduction Contd. - 245 - of the compressive strength of the stntLe °Jid conse- quent loss" of support of* the roof of the chinncy, causing sloughing of raw shale ont^ the retorted mass where it is then retorted by hot combustion ;;?;ses ris- ing through the rubble. (NSA: 23: 43428). 523) Smith, R.E. THESE POSSIBLE 3ITG INHERING APPLICATIONS OF BUCIEAH EXPLOSIVES IN THE SHALE OIL INDUS PRY. California, Livermore. Sandia Corp. SC-RR-65-657. Oct. 1966. 26p. (Atomindex. 11: 8: 2643). 524) Smith, R.E. THREE POSSIBLE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN PHF. SH..LE OIL. INDUSTRY. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Scndia Corp. SC-RR-65-657. Oct. 1966. 25p." Abstract: Three methods are described by which nuclear explosives might be used to enhance the obtaining cf petroleum products from shale oil deposits. The three methods are construction of an underground retort by nuclear explosives, limited use of the nucleer block cave mining method to t?Jce an open pit i-iining method feasible.

(HSA: 21: 204). 525) Teller Edward. New York. Section X. Fifth World Petroleum Congress, Inc. 1959. June, 1-5.

Abstract: Examples of the peaceful uses of atomic explosives are described. Formation of holes in the ground and underground, rock crushing for use in tar sands and in oil shales, extraction of bituminous substances from oil shale and the production of chemicals are discussed. (NSA: 16: 17). Contd... - 246 -

TI. C MIKING

526) Adelnann, C.R. MINING WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiatior L'tb. UCRL-5678(p.42-5). 4p. Abstract: The general operational procedures involved in detonating a nuclear explosive >?re described, i-ppli cations of nuclear explosives in mining -ire discussed. Theoretical applications in strip, open-pit, and quarry mining methods are considered. (USA: 14: 12663) . 527) Blake, O.A., 3rown, K.3., Crouse, D.J. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR SXPLOSIOUS (3AI3). Progress Report, January 1-Mnrch 31, 1366. Term. Oak Rid e National Lab. OHIIL-TM-1496. Apr. 2 \ 1966. 15p. Abstract: Studies were continued on the possible behavior of radionuclides that would be present in the -copper recovery process as a result of using nucLe^r explosives for breaking the ore. In a colunn leaching test with a mixture of copper ore and test shot rubble, over 80 percent of the copper was recovered and about 8 per cent of the 106 Ru in trie system reported to the' copper product. Ruthenium contamination was reduced by treating the cementation barren liquor with lime. Attemps to remove ruthenium from the leach liquor by rdsorption on activated carbon were not very successful. After 145 days of mixing methane and tritiited wcter vapor at lOO0^ 1 atm, and 1 mC/liter tritium, sufficient exchange of tritium and hydrogen had taken nlace to show that the the rate of formation of tritiated methane is aDproximately 2.5 x 10-6 mC/liter-day. A sample of Green River oil shale was crushed for use in laboratory retort- ""•"•v^ ing experiments. The shale yields about 30 gas oil/ton shale in modified Fischer retorting tes/fcs. A sample of Gontd... - 247 - the shale was irradiated and the -ctiv-tion products identified thus far are 46 Sc, 59Mn. 51Cr, 124Sb, wl 65Zn. (USA: 20: 23236). 528) Boardman, C.R., Rabb, D.D., McArthur, R.D. CHARACTERISTIC EFFECTS OP CONTAINED HUCKS/.R EXPLOSIONS POR EVALUATIONS OP MINING APPLICATIONS. California Univ., Live more, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7350 (Rev.I). Sept. 12, 1963. 46p. Abstract; Recent underground nuclear tests in tuff, alluvium, salt, end ~ranite have yielded data essential to the evaluation of mining applications of contained nucltPuT detonations. The data indicate that for these media the cavity radius is predictable within ^ 20 percent without regard to the properties of the rock in the immediate shot environment. Properties of the chimney of broken r-ock resulting from collapse of the cpvity, on the other hand, are found to be related to the properties of the rock and its preshot structural weakness. Seismic effects and radioactivity distribution are sufficiently documented to serve as a basis for predicting the safety conditions associated with detonations for a variety of yields. (NSA: 19: 4277). 529) Delort, P. MINE-WORKING USING UNDERGROUND ATOMIC EXPLOSIONS. Rev. Ind. Minerale, 49: Oct. 1967. 729-39. Abstract: The effects of underground atomic explosions and the possible applications for bulk blasting, lixiviation, and open-cast mine working techniques are described. For blasting, nuclear blasts would break rock (100 million tons for a 70 kt shot) in acres too diffi- cut to be worked conventionally. In situ lixiviation is applicable in rubble-shute working and useful for copper and uranium. Problems of safety, radioactivity, and seismic shock are minor in bulk blastin,-/ and leaching methods. -These problems are greater with open-cast Contd... - 248 - mines exo^v-rtcl by nuclear craters. (NSA: 22: 4O2.::7) . 530) Facca, G., Pantnnetti, F. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES aM> THE flUHBSG KiDUSTRY. Comit. Nazi. Bner is. Nucl., Notiziario, 3: Nos-0,9. August-Sept. 19637 50-6'j . Abstract: The possibility o: using: nuclear energy in the mining industry hss been su -.rested. The ideas proposed and the tests made (the Rainier and Gnome evencs) are briefly reviewed. The principal data obtained from these tests indicating the utility of nuclear explosions in the minin;; industry are summarized. (HSA: 17: 43991) . 531) Flangas, W.G., Rabb, D.D. 'HUCEEAR EXPLOSIVES IN MIHIHG.. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-6636. Sept. 26, 1961. 42p. Abstract: Results of underground tests indicate possible applications of nuclear energy in mining and allied industries. The ssfety, feasibility,'and economy of nuclear detonations have been demonstrated and further considerations reveal a number of interesting situations which rai^Tht lend themselves to the use of this new type of explosive. Possible P.plications' includo strippin^, crushing, quarrying, and the exploitr-tion. of petroleum products, development of water resources and low-grade ore deposits.

53E) Prank, Y/.J. GHARAOTERISTIGS OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. TID-7695(p.7-10). Abstract: The characteristics of nuclear explosives of Gontd, - 249 -

particular interest to minin;; and oubiic works construction nre cost, diameter, and radioactivity produced. The relationship between these properties is discussed in '-uneral terms within the limits cf cla- ssification. A few specific data points are given. (NSA: 18: 35670). 533) Hrnsen, S.M., Lombard, D.3. COMPLETELY CONTAINED NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES FOi* MINING 3Y CAVING. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. TID-7695(p.371-84) . Abstract: Rock breaking technology utilizing contained nuclear explosions is reviewed, and applicable nuclear experiments -are briefly summarized. A now desirm for an"underground bulk minin; method known as 'nuclear caving1 is deGcribed, and design and-applicability comparisons are drawn with concontional block caving. Spe- cial safety aspects of the nuclear case are discussed, and a comprehensive economic evaluation of the two methods is made based partly on applications of the design to existing orebodies.- It is concluded th^t nuclear caving with the new design is more economical than with previously proposed nuclepr designs, and that the new nuclear oaring design h?s a substantial economic potential, compared to conventional block caving, in ore bodies of several million tons rnd lar~er. (NSA: 18: 35676). 534) Hansen, S.M., Lombard, D.B.- MINING BY CAVING WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14201. June, 15, 1965. 52p. Abstract: A review of the mechanics of underground nuclear explosions demonstrates- that they can be usl to break large volumes of rock cheaply and snfely. A method for mining such broken rock, called nuclear caving, is described. This method utilizes mine workings driven in the solid rock, beneath the broken zone. Contd..• - 250 - The workings ".re connected to the explraion-broken ore by raises, throu h whioh the ore is drawn. The method is applicable to l-'rje, thick, missive ore bodies, nor, suitable for open-pit mining. Safety ?md scononic aspects are discussed. It is concluded th^.t nueloar c has good technical and economic potential. (NSA: 19: 46472). 535) Hansen, S.M. NUCLEAR BLASTING FOR MINING AMD LEACH DIG. World Mining, 18: No. 10. UCRL-14330. Sept. 13«5. 53-63. Abstract? The uses of nuclear explosives in the mineral industry as part of the Plowshare Program is considered. Topics discussed include the effects of deeply buried, nuclear explosives, nuclear explosive enple.cenent. and firing, nuclear cave mining, in situ leaching, and safety. (NSA: 20: 36975). 536) Hansen, S.M., Rabb, D.D. SEEK PROFITABILITY ANSWER TO NUCLEAR TN-SUDU COPPER LEACHING AT SAPFORD. World Mining, UCRL-70780. Jan. 1960. -ip. Abstract: The proposed Sloop experiment to be undertaken jointly by "the'USAEC and Kennecott ^opper for the nuclear in situ leaching of copper ore near Safford, Arizonr- is described. The topography of the ore deposit -nd the four phase planning for the experiment are discussed in some detail. (NSA: 22: 27947). 537) Hardwick, W.R. PSAOTURING- A DEPOSIT WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND RECOVER- ING COPPER BY THS IN-SITU LBACHING METHOD. Tucson, (Ariz). Bureau of Mines. 3M-RI-6J96. Dec.19^6. 51p. Contd... - 251 - Abstract: It appears that copper deposits can be safely fractured with nuclear explosives ?avl the copper successfully recovered by in situ leaching. The process h-s a high success potential and must be evaluated by a full-scale test before, the economics or the extent of the use of the method by the mining industry can be predicted. Preliminary calculations indicate thr-t tho cost of fracturing copper exposits with nuclear explosives may ran.ce from 1.8 to 55.2 cents ptr ton. Copper may bo recovered by this method at less cost than by conventional methods.

(NSA: 22: 16732). 530) Jones, W.J5. .

EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN MINING M'OBE BODY BY UNDERGROUND METHODS. Hew York. Climax Molybdenum Co. 00NF-718-5. 12p. Abstract: The potential application of nuclear explosives to mine a low-^rade molybdenite ore body is considered in detail. The ireolo-y of the ore body is described, and the limitations on the use of nuclear explosives in this case are outlined. In this application, 7 nuclear devices of total yield 78 kt would be detonated simultaneously near the botton of the ore body, and no venting into the atmosphere would occur. For economic comparison, preliminary plans using conventional caving methods were also developed. The disadvanta-~es of lack of data on the simultaneous explosion of an array of nuclear devices and of delayed production ruled out this application of nuclear explosives.

(NSAc. 19: 13565). 539) Lewis, A.E.

CHEMICAL MINING OF PRIMARY COPPER 0H3S 3Y USE OF FJ- CLBAR TECHNOLOGY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-72159. 22 Dec. 1969. CONF-700101-4. lOp. Abstract: Chemical mining of primary copper ores, with nuclear explosives to break the.ore ond .in-situ Contd... - 252 -

hydrostatic pressure to accelerate dissolution of primary ore minerals, may be feasible. A contained nuclear explosion well below the wcter tabl- would be used tc proTidea mass of broken ore in a flooded chimney. The hydrostatic pressure in the chimney should increase the solubility of oxygen in a water-sulfuric acid systen enough to allow primary copper minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite to be dissolved in an acceptably short time . Circulation and collection would be- accom- plished through drill holes. This method should be especially applicable to the deep portions of porphyry copper deposits tht are not economical to nine by present techniques.

(USA: 24: 16729) . 540) Lindsley, TH. METHOD OP EXTRACTING SUBTERRANEAN MINERALS. French Patent 1,244,681. Sept. 19, 1960. Abstract: Minerals, e.g. Cu or Ni, are extracted fr~m subterranean rocky formations in which they occur in a low concentration by first- generating a nuclear explosion in said formations and then lixiviating the fissured formations with a proper solvent. 541) NUCLEAR MIKING FEASIBILITY STUDY. Final Report). California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-13104. 72p. Abstract; A study was made of the possible economic advantages of using nuclear- devices to strip an ore body or to break low-grade ore deposits. Costs of mining a copper ore body by conventional open pit and block cave mining- methods are estimated and compared with except ed nucleai :csts. 'The feasibility of ^nuclear stripping., of a submarginal copper ore deposit of 0.9 percent Cu grade and a stripping ratio of 11:1 was also studied.

(NSA: 19: 11322).

Contd... - 253 -

542) Pokrovskii, G.I. ON THE USE OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL PUR- POSES . Gornyi, Zhur., No.5, AEO-tr-4005. 1956. 29-32. The applications of nuclear explosives for mining purposes are discussed relative to cost, effectiveness, and radiation hazards. (NSA: 14: 117J6). 543) Rabb, D.D. ATOMIC ENERGY FOR MINING. ' California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14197-T. 1964. CONF-650535-1. Abstract: The possible applications of nuclear explosives in various areas of the mininr industry are discussed. The advantages of, and experience with,, nuclear explosives are described. Fission and fusion reactions are considered briefly. Costs of nuclear explosives are examined for several mining applications*

(NSA: 19: 36588). 544) Rabb, D.D. MINING EXPERIMENT IN GRANITE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation .Lab. UCRL-7608. Dec. 2, 1963. 23p. Abstract: An experiment using the Hardhat 5.4-kt event was conducted to determine whether the chimney of bro-r ken rock produced by a deeply buried nuclear explosive could be drawn by conventional techniques. The experiment took.place on Feb. 15, 1962, in a ^ranodiorite- quartz monzonite intrusive prophyry. Drilling operations, geologic studies, and radioactivity levels are described. It is conceded that nuclear explosives can be used to break large quantities of hard rock, and that the broken rock can be safely mined. (NSA: 13: 7660). Contd... - 254 - m 545) Rabb, D.D. NUCLEAR BXPLOSIVES-AS APPLIED TO ME!ING AHD ilPIER/Ii INDUSTRIES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation L?t UCRL-5973-T . Feb. 7, 1359. 8p. Abstract: Results are reviewed for 9 underground nuclear test explosions that have resulted in a wealth of data and information th-t prove that radioactivity and radioactive fall-out can be completely controlled, that seismic effects are relatively*minor, that appre- ciable amounts of heat and shock are generated, that this power may be utilized to serve a useftil purpose. and that debris in Explosion arts can be worked soon after the detonation. The phenomenology of nuclear explosions underground and energies released per kiloton of explosive are discussed. Possible scientific and industrial applications of underground nuclear explosions are considered.

546) Rabb, D.D. POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OP NUCLEAR ENERGY TO CHE MINING ' HJDUSTRY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5974-r. Aug. 15, 1958. 7p. . "- Abstract; Results of a recent underground test by the Atomic Energy Commission indicate possible applications of nuplear energy in mining and allied industries. The safety, feasibility, and economy of nucle?r detonations have been demonstrated and further censider?tions reveal s number of interesting situations which might lend themselves to the use of new type of explosive. Possible applications include stripping, crushing, quarrying, ana the exploitating deposits. The he it reservoir created by the explosion might be used to produce steam and power to promote the recovery of oil or tar. (HSA: 16S 8447) .

Contd.., - 255 - 547) Russell, P.L. NUCLEAR BLASTING AND ITS POTENTIAL ?0R STRIPPING OVER- BURDEN. Washington, D.O., CONF-660-114-1. Dec. 1965. 17p. Prom 17th Annual Mining Symposium, Duluth, Minn. Abstract: The use of nuclear explosives for excavation was demonstrated to be feasible andpractical. Appli- cation of nuclear explosives for overburden removal from large ore deposits appears to offer an economic advantage over present methods, but under the present pricing schedule, high-yield devices must be used to obtain an economic advantage. The use of nuclear explosives presents problems not inherent in the use of conventional explosives, thus they can be used only in areas where large explosions and associated phenomena can be tolerated. Stripping overburden from copper or iron deposits may be a potential use. However, the use of nuclear explosives would require isolation, favorable topography favorable groundwater conditions, and a low population desnity, If these basic requirements can be met, the use of nuclear explosives for overburden removal is considered to offer both economic and time advantages. (RSA: 20: 35603) . • • • 548) Russell, ~£.h. PRE-AHD POST-SHOT MINE SURVEY. Summary Report.

^- Washington, D.C., Bureau of Mines. PEBr 3Op. Project Gnome. Abstract: A program to assess damage from Project GNOME, if such should occur, was initiated about 90 days prior to the nuclear test and continued for about two weeks following the-test. Minos, shafts, and surface plants of all seven of the potash companies in the area were included in the survey, Methods employed in the-assessment program included: visual and Photographic inspection; surface profile surveys; underground profile surveys; underground and surface seismic recordings; radiation Contd..• - 256 - surveys; microseismic surveys; and wat-jr level surveys, too visible or apparent drm^-e w?s evidenced In the nines (NSA: 16: 20048). 549) Seguiti, T. NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR PEACEFUL USES V/ITH PiitT ICULAR RE- FERENCE TO THE MIHIHG INDUSTRY. Rome. Ind. Mineraria, 15: 1954. 304-13. Abstract: The uses of nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes are discussed. The availability of energy in the world was first considered. Tests and studies by the US and other countries on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy are summarized. The factors to be considered in the evaluation of nuclear explosions for purposes are outlined, and the precautions"to be taken against various dangers are given. The possible applications of such explosions to the mining industry are described. (NSA: 19: 9297) . 560) Smith, P.L., Yound, T.R. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AMD MINING COSTS. California-Univ., Livermcre, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5928. July 1960. 37p. Abstract: An interesting application of nuclear e-nergy to mining operations is the proposed use of nuclear explosives to shatter a buried ore body so that the ore may be leached in situ. This method offers intriguing . possibilities for profitpble mining of low-grade deposits that would not renay the cost of mining by conventional means . Cost estimates indicate that the nuclear method would be less expensive than the presently used block-caving method, especially for every large ore deposits. (HSA: 14: 25763).

Contd., - 257 - 551) Thomas, ?.L., Youn;, T.R. EXPLOITATION OF LARGE 0BE30DIES BY CONVENTIONAL VERSUS NUCLEAR MEANS. Colorado, School of Mines Research Foundation, Inc. Golden. UCRL-5678(p.4S-65) . 20p. Abstract: The economics of exploiting lerge, low-grade porDhyry~~copper deposits by conventional block caving and" either flotation to recover the valuable mineral or surface leaching for the copper recovery are compared with the economics of shattering the orebody.by a nuclear device and leaching the "broken material in place. Several possible applications are considered for control of rock bursts or breaking of caprock to enable more satisfactory mining by block caving. Cost estimates are included. (USA: 14: 12664). 552) Tomblin, J.T. (and Others). USE OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES FOR SEA BED MINING. Aldermaston (England)., Atomic Weapons Research Esta- blishment . ASRE^R-5500 (Vol. 2 ) . Abstract: The existing Partial Test.3an Treaty prohibits the use of nuclear explosives underwater. However, it has been proposed at Geneva that provision be made in future treaties to permit the use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes conducted under international supervision. Assuming therefore that it may one day be politically permissible to use this tool for winning mineral deposits within the sea bed, a review is made ' of the manner in which it might be used and of the hazards to public safety. Two classes of application are considered: cratering explosions and fully contained explosions. Dry-land data for both have been taken from U.S.A.E.C. Plowshare reports and transposed to a sea bed environment. It is suggested that, for the cratering application, there are substantial safety problems which are unlikely to be resolved for many years. In the contained application these are reduced to the effects of seismic shock for which an adequate safety margin can be defined. Several projects are described which are "being investigated jointly by A.E.C. and industry to ex- Contd... - 253 - ploit this application. It is for censidtration whether they can be economically applied no the sea K-3. (NSA: 22: 47258). 553) Verber, CJU ENGINEERING WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Chem. En^, 71: No. 14, July G, 1964. 117-2:. Abstract: The applications end-hazards of thermonucLear devices in excavation and mining projects are discussed. The four basic hazards involved in crat^rin--- include radiation, air blast, baso surge, and ground shock. Nuclear experiments in excavation and minizi.- are briefly mentioned. (NSA: 19: 2474). 554) Wilson, A.H.W., Pcnd'.-r, B.J., Carter, 3.K. PEACEFUL USES OF NUCCEAR EXPLGSIVBS-AN EVALUAIION FOR AUSTRALIAN PURPOSES, OF PROPOSED CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MINING APPLICATIONS. Technical Mission to the U.S.A.,' September, October 1963, March, 1964, Re-prin*ed.AAEC(SP)/Rl. Feb. 19*5. 234p, Abstract: The technolo->y developed within the U.S.A.S.C. Plowshare pro.-ram for the use of nuclear explosives for engineering and mining purposes ~s iiscussed in detail. An explanation of the basic mechanisms involved in contained (deep, non-venting) and cratering (shallow, venting) nuclear detonations is used as the basis for a critical review of the safety aspects and ability tc predict the effects of underground nuclc?j- detonations. The effort that would be involved in the mounting and execution of a ; nuclear engineering explosions is detained and the various practical and economic considerations affecting the possible application of nuclear explosion techniques to engineering and mining are discussed both broedly and in relation to specific uses. The final summary is an eval- luation of the significance of the technique tc Austra- lia. It.is concluded that, to date, the technology Has Contd.. - 259 - been defined only in broad outline but, with further development, it could assume a. significant, if limitc/1, role in the consturction of major works and the exploitation of mineral resources in Australia. . .

(USA? 19: 32330). . .• 555) Zimmer, P.F., Lekas, M.A., (Comps. and Eds.)- SLOOP. PBE-1300. June, 1 1967. 44p.(Dep. CPSTI). Abstract; The feasibility of fracturinr low-grade cop.cr deposits with nuclear explosives in preparation.for extracting copper by inplace leacing methods in investigated. The study is part of the plowshare program and includes detailed investigations of both the explosive fracturing and the leaching aspects, and includes the design of an experiment (Project Sloop) to field' test the application. A low grade copper deposit^ was investigated as a possible site to tost the concepts.'The results indicate that a deeply buried nuclear explosive can .Ade- quately fracture, a portion of the deposit for the'te^t. Based on previous test work, the ore mineralization should respond favorably to leaching recovery methods. The study also concludes that an effective experiment can be designed which would satisfy both the technical objectives --nd meet all safety requirements. Possible radioactive contamination of the copper is considered to be a manageable - problem both for the experimental and for general application, Radioactivity in the leaching solutions--siiottlO. be at low enough levels th?t shielding should not be required for personnel protection. (USA: 22: 4297).

Contd... - 260 -

71, D. WASTE DISPOSAL

556) AEC'S PLOWSHARE PROGRAM: UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR BLASTS ^ WASTE DISPOSAL.(In Italian). * "

• Coin. Naz. Energ. ilucl., Notiz., 14: No. 6. June 1968. 70-1.

Abstract: Consideration is bainr; given to the use of underground nuclear explosions to create cavities for final disposal of wastes from nuclepj: industries. (HSA: 22: 40286). 557) Beikman, H.M.

GEOLOGY OP THE POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING AND MONTANA. WITH REFERENCE TO SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OP RADIOACTIVE WASTES.

GeologiccJ. Survey, Washington, D.C., TEI-823, Feb.1362.

Abstract: Problems of containment of waste such as clogging of "ore space find chemical incompatibility would hc.ve to be solved before, a particular sandstone unit could be selected for w-ste"'disposal. Ssreral thick sequences of impermeable shale sue", as those in the Skull Creek, Mowry, Frontier, Belle Pourche, Cody, Lewis, 1 and Pierre i orraptinnRr occiir'in rocks of Cretaceous a.qe in the Basin. Limited storage space for liquid waste mi -ht be developed in impermeable shale by fracturing the shale, and space for calcined or fused waste could be developed by mining cavities. 558) Cohen, G.D., Sand. P.M.

WATER RESOURCE APPLICATIONS, UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS, AND WASTE DISPOSAL USING UNDERGROUND NU- CLEAR EXPLOSIONS.

Contd... - 261 -

Mathematica, Princeton, fl.J., PMB-3008. 31 Auj. 1-J67. 8£p. Abstract: Three separate papers dealing with peaceful uses of nuclear explosives are presented. The first reviews the need for augmenting natural water supplies by ihe ur.d of this century," presents four ways in which nuclear explosives could aid in the recovery, storage, or treatment of water supplies, and recommends further experiments to verify the safety paid feasibility of these applications- The second compares the cast of the nuclear process with conventional method costs. In terms of the combined ccst of both creating the storage space and deliverability. the nuclear method shows great promise. Further research on the geologic settings of locations for fecsible applications, as well as the safety consideration costs, is indicated. The third paper concludes th?.t the use of nuclear explosives for creating underground storage for the disposal of sewage and industrial effluents is expensive and not currently warranted, but could prove to ba a valuable addition to an anti-pollution program.

559) Korver, J.A., • FLUID PLOW FROM NUCLEAR CHIMNEYS. California Univ., Livermore, UCHL-12236. 1966. 297-331. Abstract: One engineering use for nuclear explosives is the creation of large underground rubble into which liquid wastes can be injected. A second application is the creation of surface craters for water storage or the recharge of ground-water basins. To assess the feasibility of these two classes of applications, a predictive capability was developed by matching laboratory model studies with mathematical analogues. The use of rubble chimneys is emphasized, but the principles developed apply equally well to the hydraulic behaviour of surface craters. Also^ described ~re several case histories of potential applications of nuclear explosives to the field of waste injection and storage. The results of these investigations indicate that, for many selected hydrologic conditions, it is feasible to use nuclear rubble chimneys in permeable but unsaturated formations for the disposal, storage, or conservation of liquid wastes. Depending on the particular application eind the hydraulic properties, rubble chimneys Contd... - 262 - can be expected to have useful lifetir.es of from cn^- t ^ perhaps more than one hundred years. 560) Korver, J.A. THE FLIP CODE: FLUID INJECTION PROGRAM.

California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50506. Oct. 15, 1968. 32p. Abstract: The ELIP code is a computer-program solution to the time-dependent flew of an incompressible fluid from large-diameter wells into unsaturated, confined formations. A continuous succession of steady-str.te solutions is used to predict tht. non-steady flow heht.- viour in time and sp?ce. With reasonable assumptions for the initial conditions, running times for problems of Interest can be as short as 5 to 10 s. 561) Parker, F.L. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL. Oak Ridge National Lab., Term. ORNL-4168. Oct. 1367. Abstract':- Research is reported en the following topics: fate of radionuclides in terrestrial environment; disposal by hydraulic fracturing; disposal in natural salt formations; application of mineral exchange to reactor technology; engineering, economic, and safety evaluations; earthquakes and reactor desi.cns; dose-estimation studies related to proposed construction of an Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic canal with nuclear —jlosives; and related co-operative

TI. E. WATER RESOURCES

562) Adelman, P.L., Zodtner, H. THE IMPROVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLIES,

Contd. - 263 - California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-5678(p.l3-20). 8p. Abstract; The mechanism of subsurface water flow is discussed. In a region where more water is being removed from an underground supply than is bein^ returned by either natural processes or human efforts, the water problem manifests itself by a lowering of the water table of the ground overlaying the water supply m^y subside. Applications of nuclear explosive for the improvement of subsurface reservoirs and the improvement of hydrologic environements are discussed.

(NSA: 14: 12662). 563) Biswas, A.K. NUCLEAR EXCAVATION IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT. Civil Eng. (H.T), 61: Nov. 1966. 1375-9. Abstract; The possible uses of nuclear excavation in water resources development programs are presented. The "basio concepts of nuclear cratering are discussed. The major problems of nuclear excavation, e.g. radioactivity, air blast, and seisraic effects, are discussed as they relate to the use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes. The feasibility of using nuclear excavations for the storag-e .of water, ground water recharge, recre- ational purposes, and in building a sea-level canal is discussed. It is concluded that more research and development programs will have to be undertaken before routine commercial use of nuclear excavation becomes practical. The technical problems of using nuclear explosions can be solved. The major problem is the alle- viation of fear in the minds of the public concerning aBy type of nuclear explosion, however, safe it may be. The establishment of public confidence and acceptance would be extremely difficult. - ' (NSA: 22: 42929). 564) David, K.T.

NUCLEAR CRATERS FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE. . J. Am. Waterworks Assoc. 57: UCRL-12O6O. Apr. 1965. 429-36.

Contd' - 264 - Abstract: The availability of lrrge creters constructed by nuclear explosives suggests that a valuable new technique can be sup-lied for designing artificial- recharge projects* The app lie at ion "and economics of this new construction method are discussed.'Properties of nuclear craters and safety considerations are nlso included. (NSA: 19: 24651). 565) Essig, T.H. RADIOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE GROUND WATER BEKSATH THE HANFORD PROJECT, JANUARY- JUNE 1968.

Richland, Wash. Battclle-Northwest, Pacific Northwest Lab. BNWL-984. 6 Jan. 1969. 2Op. (AtomindeXJ 11: 15: 5738). ' 566) GROUND-WATER SAFETY SALMON EVENT. Project DRIBBLE. Final•Report. Palo Alto, California, Hazleton-Nuclear Science Corp. Earth Science Div. VUF-1027. Oct. 1, 1965. 25p. Abstract: Evaluations, predictions, and recommendations for ground-water safety were made for the 5 kiloton Salmon Event, Project Dribble. Pre-shot consideration indicated that the nuclear explosion would "be fully contained within the salt mass of Tatum Dome, enabling the conclusion that radiocontanimation of aquifers inter- .sect ing or overlying Tatum Dome would nft 6'ccur. In tht unlikely event that contaminants v' _•„ 1^., . _uced into aquifers it was estimated that contaminant movement within the. aquifers would be limited to a maximum lateral distance of about 700 meters from the point- of insertion before reduction to acceptable concentrations by radio-, active decay. Shot and post-shot dnta indicate that the Salmon underground nuclear event was essentially contained within the salt matrix of Tatum Dome and no explosion radioactivity was detected in the aquifers. Reco- mmendations are made for future sampling and monitoring of all aquifers previously considered tc assure continuing ground-water safety. (NSAS 20: 9094).

Contd... - 265 - 567) Heckman, R.A. • FEASIBILITY OF USING NUCLEAR EXPL0Sr\T7.S TO EXTRACT WATER PROM LUNAP ROCKS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab, UCRL-7515. Sept. 25, 1963. C0NF=386-l. 15p. Abstract: The feasibility of a proposal to use nuclear explosives for in situ dehydration of lunar-water-bearing deposits is investigated. Nuclear explosives are an obvious economic choice over conventional explosives for such, us-e because of their much greater yield-to- weight ratio, For deep waterbearing deposits, contained explosions would be used. A relationship is worked out givin-: minimum de-pths for containment of explosions- in the lunar environment. Thepe reiu'e from 2^000 to 10,000ft for the explosive yields of 1 to'100 kilotons that ate contemplated. It appears feasible to emplace and detonate nuclear explosives at these great depths"on the iDoon, but a complete evaluation of the technique must await knowledge of the geological nature of water-bearing deposits at these depths. For shallow lunar waterbearing deposits, use of 'esfth-moving' nuclear explosions coupled with mining techniques appears attractive.

568) Higgins, G, WATER CONSERVATION WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-6588. Aug. 20, 1961. 12p. Abstract: Application of nuclear explosives to water resource conservation has been one of the areas of study included in the Plowshare Program since its ince-. ption. Several Tjossibilitics, including creation of inexpensive water diversion canals, large permeable zones for waste or brine disposal or for underground recharge, and construction of surface storage basins, continue to appear attractive. Creation of new underground storage volume and salt water conversion seem, on the basis of available information, less likely to be successful. Production of earth dams by explosive emplacement is being considered. In all of these'studies, which make use of data obtained from past nuclear tests, Contd... - 266 - evaluation of safety problems ccmstitut-s -. rrgor effort. In many cases there is presently insufficient information to make firm conclusions, v/hile in = few there appear tc be no insurmountable safety problems. If results of studios continue to bt tnciura'an;- nuclear explosives may make possible- projects "which h^ve hitherto been too larfje or costly to consider. These applications may te possible within the next decade or two.

(NSA: 18: 1843).

569) Keysor, J,Wf, Andrews, M.3. EXCAVATION FOR WATER CONVEYANCE -SEEK NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Sacramento, California, Dept. of Water Resources. TID-7695(p.363-70). Abstract: The West Side Conveyance System in California is a possible feature of future work for conveyance of water from the North Coastal area to area's of efficiency. Joint reconn&issance studies of this possible feature indicates substantial savings in cost may "be possible if nuclear explosives can be used for excavation. Fur- ther studies are proposed for evaluation 'of hazards and engineering feasibility. (NSA: 18: 35675).

570) ICnox, J# NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES 'POTENTIAL APPI "NATIONS TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation.Lab. UCRL-6326. Feb. 7, 1961. 16p. Abstract: Nuclear explosives have several intriguing potential applications to water resources development. Descriptions are given of the ways in which nuclear explosives could serve in the consturction of brine disposal system for the control of natural mineral pollution of streams, and in the construction of large groundwater recharse pits and/or surface reservoirs. In addition, preliminary cost estimates are given for the application of nuclear explosive techniques to the construction of (1) a brine disposal system, and (2) a ground- flontd... - 267 - water recharge system. Comparisons are nacie with the cost of constructing equivalent systems "by conventional methods. 571) Korver, J.A. HTJCLEAR EXPLOSIVES: A POTENTIAL TOOL POR THE DEVELOP- MENT 0? WATER EESOURCES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-70762. Nov. 8, 1967. CONP-671118-1. Up. Ab^^ract: The use of nuclear explosions as a tool in the development of water resources is described. Pro- perly sited nuclear oratsrs can be used for ground water recharge, surface water storage, flood control, drain^e, and recreation, nuclear chimneys can be used for waste disposal, and aquifier protection and'diversion. The safety and economic feasibility of constructing nuclear craters and chimneys for water resources-projects is discussed, (NSA: 22: 8245). 572) Larson, J.D., Beetem, W.A. CHEMICAL AND RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OP WATER PROM STRE- AMS, RESERVOIRS, WELLS, AHD SPRINGS IN .THE RULISON PRO- JECT AREA, GARPIELD AHD MESA COUNTISS, COLORADO. Ruli- son-4, Denver, Colo. Geological Survey. USGS-474-67. Jan.1970. 16p. ' Abstract: An inventory of wells and springs in the Ruli- son Project area was made from March 20 to April 2 and May 25, 1969 to provide background data on the quantity and quality of ground and surface waters. The detonation of the nuclear device emplaced at a depth.-&f--8,425 ft below land surface was accomplished successfully on September, 10, 1'969. Following the event1, selected wells, springs, and cisterns were physically examined to provide background information for evaluation of possible damage complaints. (KSA: 24: 14111). C ontd... - 268 -

573) Lynch, E.J., Fielder, R.R., McP-rlance, R.G. PLOW OP GROUNDWATER AROUND NUCLEAR Ofb-.TERS. CBA-1229-F4. June 25, 1065. 29p.

Abstract: The flow of water through nuclear craters and canals was studied. Some quantitative results are presented for the rate of filling of a crater with water after the detonation, and the amount of water which will pass through the crater during the steady- stete flow caused by the regional hydraulic gradient. Much more hydrologic field work needs to be.dDne in order to establish, the nature of the permeability varitions in and around the crater. (MSA: 22: 168). 574) Piper, A.M. ATOMIC TOOLS IN DEVELOPING WATER.

California, Menlo Park, Geologioal Survey. GOIJP- 650973. 9p. Abstract: Potential advantages and limitations of using nuclear explosives at suitable depths as a tool in the development and management of water are discussed. The results of a 1- kt detonation in silicate and carbonr-.te rocks are described, Liability and le.-al obstacles are reviewed^ (NSA: 20: 41073). 575) Piper, A.M. POTENTIAL EPPECTS OF PROJECT CHARIOT OS LOGA'J WATER SUPPLIES, NORTHWESTERN ALASKA. Geological Survey Professional Paper 539. Washintrton, D.C., Department of the Interior, 1966. 49p; Abstract: Project Chariot-once planned as a nuclear-excavation test in northwestern Alaska-pre^umably might introduce some radioactive nuclides into local water supplies. An order of magnitude appraisal of the expet- Contd. - 269 - able conffentrations of such, nuclides in streams and other-water sources was developed. The appraisal is reported because it is unique in scope and because its results are applicable ^eneralj-y -to preliminary- evaluations of other proposals for nuclear excavation. Project Chariot would involve simulations detonation of one 200-kt and four 20-kt nuclear explosive's, all emplaced below the land surface. Expectable vented radioactivity would be 1,500 megacuries due to mixed fission products, including 3,000 curies due to 90Sr, 3,000 curies due to 137 Cs, and 100,000 curies due to 131 I. This radioactivity would be dispersed downwind as fallout; about 50 percent within 10 miles, and 90 percent within 30 miles, The area receiving fallout (radio-.; activity more than 0.005 mcgacurie per square statute mile) would be some 1,500 square miles £n& would have a maximum downwind reach of about 125 miles. Subsequent redispersal of the fallout in and by water of the area is analyzed for four hypothetical cases, which together span the yearly-ranre in hydrologic conditions. (USA: 23: 2457). 576) Piper, A.M. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES 'lNrDEVELOP- MENT AND MAN/.GEMENT OP WATER RESOURCES. PRELIMINARY CAN- VAS OP THE GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT. Washington, D.C., Geological Survey. TEI-873. 1968. 173p. (Atomindex. 11: 13: 4916). 577) Piper, A.M. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN DEVELOP- MENT AND MANAGEMENT OP WATER RESOURCES. PRELIMINARY CAN- VASS OP THE GROUND-WATER ENVIRONMENT . Washington, D.C., Geologocal Survey. PNE-873., 1968. 173p.

Abstract: A preliminary survey of the ground water environment within the U,S. to identify areas and sites that conceivably offer hydrologic advantages in the use of nuclear explosives in the development and manage- Contd.. - 270 - ment of water resources is discussci. The potentials for nuclear detonation are presented by .round water provinces. These include the Pacific Border mountains, Alluvial Valleys ?nd Basins, Columbia Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateaus and Syoming Basin, Hi=?h Plains, unglaciated Central Lowland and"plains, -l?ciated Central Lowland and plains, unglaciated Appalachia and the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Restrictions on practicable nuclear detonations are summarized. These restrictions derive from uncertainty as to dimensions of cavity and collapse chimney formed by a detonation st depth, side effects of detonation, e.g. ground motion, air blast and dispersal of radioisotcoes produced by the detonation, comparative economics of nuclear versus conventional methods, and legal considerations. (HSA: 23: 7656). 578) Piper, A.M., Stead, P.W. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES UJ DEVELOP- MENT AND MANAGEMENI OP WATER RESOURCES-PRINCIPLES. Menlo Park., California, Geological Survey. TEI-857. March 1965. 132p. Abstract: Underground nuclear explosions can be used to modify the natural environment of water in such a way that water supplies are increased. After a discussion of the characteristics of such explosions, their effects on water environments are considered. An attempt is made to develop general criteria by which favorable areas and sites, can be identified. (NSA: 19: 38791). 579) Sitti, M. - SOAR OP PEACEFUL EXPLOSIONS. Nauka i Zhittya, 12: 43. UCRJ.-Trans-1108(L). 1962. 4p. A popular-type is presented on the use of ^explosions to dry up swamp lands and to create artmciai water basins. Contd.., - 271 - This is translated "by Shewchuck, S., California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab.- (NSA: i9:. 9296). 5dO) -SOME-POTENTIAL USES OP NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN THE CON- SERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-6008. May 24, 1960. 26p. Abstract: In nuclear explosives man has at his disposal and service a powerful source of energy that can be utilized safely to excavate channels and lake basins, to create conduits of broken permeable material-, and to form underground reservoirs. Possible applications of nuclear explosives include the economic mov^m^n'c of large volumes of earth in the construction of earthfill dams, diversion of a stream- from a river system whose flow is largely lost to the sea into another stream channel leading to an arid section or a closed basin, the creation of a recharge basin or a conduit to a subsurface aquifer for fresh water recharge, and the creation of off-channel reservoirs for the elimination-of saline water: through recharge to a mineralized aquifer and by evaporation. Fields which need to be explored include engineering, geolo.-y, and geohydrology. The future exploration and development of peaceful uses of nuclear explosives in the field of water resources will require an inter-disciplinary effort. (USA: 14: 18714). 581) Todd, D.K.

ECONOMICS OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE BY NUCLEAR AND CON- VENTIONAL MEANS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7850. Feb- 1964. 131p. Abstract: The Plowshare Program has been established • to give technical direction and guidance to engineering applications of nuclear explosions. Massive excavation by explosions has been shown to cost between 0.93 dollar and 5.00 dollar per cubic yard depending upon the size of the project. With the possible savings indicated, it Contd... - 272 -

is logical to consider the use of nuclear explosives in the development of water resources, where a capital expenditure of about 10 billion dollars annually is involved, including earth and rock movement in the United- States, plone. A comparison is made of the economics of a conventional earthrfill dam, reservoir" and spreading basins with a nuclear cratering project producing, an equivalent' stor^re -rolume. The comparison indicates that the costs are about equal for projects developing 6000 acre-feet of storage. The nuclear cratering method offeres an economics Advantage for projects developing.more than 6000 acre-ft of storage and in areas involving high land costs.

(NSAJ 18: 31690). 582) Zodtner, H.H. GROUND WATER RESOURCES USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES 1 California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14451. Oct. 15, 1965. CONF-650954-1. 7p. Abstract: The use of nuclear explosions for the recharge of ground water by crater formation is discussed. The SEDAN event is cited as an example of an experiment performed at the Nevada Test Site for studying crater phenomenology. The feasibility of the program and economics are evaluated. (NSA: 20: 7222).

VHP. NATURAL RESOURCES PHENOMENOLOGY

583) Atkinson, C.H., Ward, D.C. PROJECT GASBUGGY: STATUS REPORT. J. Petrol Technol., 19: Oct. 1967. 1319-24. Abstract: Preshot reservoir and production data and programs related to safety, public information, and Gontd... - 273 - postshot exploration are discussed. Pro shot data revealed that the location selected will afford the opportunity to fulfill the objectives of testing the effectiveness of underground nuclear explosions ur fracturing low- permeability reservoirs. The pictured Cliffs gas reservoir wa<5 found to hrve extremely low permeability and low productivity and, the analysis of the site confirmed the predictions.

(USA: 23: 6238). 584) Berg, J.W., Trembly, L.D., Laun, P.R. PRIMARY GROUTH) DISPLACEMENTS AND SEISMJC ENERGY NEAR THE GNOME EXPLOSION. Bull. Seismel. Soc. Amer. 54: Aug. 1964. 1115-26. Abstract: Attempts were made to determine the energy in the primary seismic wave at distances between 0.3 and 10 km from the GNOME nuclear explosion. To accom- plish this, it was necessary to make comparisons between a theoretical description of the seismic wave and the observed data in this range of distances. Near- Source measurements of seismic waves from GNOME made by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey were compared to the wave forms from a theoretical source derived by Blake. It is estimated that 75 per cent of the seismic energy in the primary waves is contained in the first half-cycle of the ground displacement as shown on the seismograms from instruments located between 0.3 and 10km from the explosion. The geometrical attenuation of the radiation field of the displacement wave is probably clc 3ly approximated by spherical divergence at a ranges nea^. the explosion. There is some evidence that a long- period displacement field may exist near the.explosion as predicted by the theoretreal model." However, there are not sufficient empirical data from the GNOME explosion to make a detailed comparison between theory and observation. Measurements of ground motion near an explosion are needed thrt will better define the initial seismic disturbance. (NSA: 21: 4641)."

Contd... - 274 - 585) Boardman, O.R., Rabb, D.D., McArthur, R.D.

CHARACTERISTIC EFFECTS OF CONTAINED NUCLEAR EXPLO°IOFS FOR EVALUATION OF MINING APPLICATIONS. ° ' California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab UORL-7350. May 3, 1^63. 50p.

Abstract: Underground nuclear tests in tuff, alluvium, salt, and granite yielded data essential to the evaluation of mining applications of contained nuclesr detonations. The data indicated that for these media the cavity radius is predictable within * 20 percent without regard to the properties of the rock in the immediate shot environment i Properties of the chimney of broken rock resulting from collapse of the cavity, on the other hand, were' found to be related to the properties of the rock and its preshot structural-weaknesses. Seismic effects and radioactivity distribution were sufficiently documented to serve as a basis for predicting the safety conditions associated with detonations for a variety of yields.

(NSA: 18: 23751) . 586) Boardman, C.R. RESULTS OF AN EXPLORATION INTO THE TOP OF THE PILE- DRIVER CHIMNEY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCSL-50385. Oct. 1967. 27p. Abstract a A vertical exploratory hol-e, U 15.01 PS ^iV, was drilled into the top of the chimney formed by the Piledriver Event a 61-kt underground- nuclear shot in granitic rock. Measurements of permeability - made as the hole progressed indicate that the maximum vertical extent of increased permeability above the shot point may have been ns high as 314.4 * 11 meters or 7.1 * 0.2 cavity radii. Chimney height was established at 272.2 meters or 6.2 cavity radii. Void volume in the chimney was determined by the pressurization technique to be 367,900 * 6 per: cent, cubic meters. ^Dbis^ volume is equivalent to a sphere with a radius of. 44.5 meters. These results are compared with those obtained from two other U.S. nuclesr explosions in granitic rock, Contd..• - 275 - Hardliat and Shoal. Radii of sphered chimney void volumes scale directly with the cube root of the yield with an error of only 1 per cent, where-as scaling bs.sed on the assumption of a adiabatic cavity expansion to overburden pressure results in an error of 6 per cent. Chimney heights scale directly with cavity radius within 20 percent.

(NSA: 22: 23187). 587) Butkovich, T.H. GAS EQUATION OF STATE FOR NATURAL MATERIALS. California Univ., Livermorej Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14729. Jan. 24. 1967. 25p. Abstract: Gas equations of state have been developed for materials in which nuclear detonations have occurred; HgO, NaCl, and silicate rocks. For silicate rocks, a simple silicate approximation was used; the rock gas was assumed to consist of SiOg+l per cent HgO constituted dry rock, SiOg+10 percent Hg.) constituted partially saturated rock, and SiOg+20 per cent HoO Consti- tuted a fully saturated porous rock. The materials are treated as a perfect gas of molecules and ions to temperatures of about 3 eV (1 eV=ll, 600°K) and less than normal density. Above this temperature the gas is described in terms of atoms and ions up to the point where it is completely ionized and consists of nuclei and •free electrons. Above normal density, the shock Hugoniot equation of state was used. Expansion adiabats were calculated for the various gases, using -• number..of simplify- ing assumptions. Also the relationships between the amount of materials vaporized and the energy yield were obtained, From data on a number of contained nuclear explosions-, relationships between measured cavity volume and overburden pressure were obtained. These relationships show that for contained explosions the cavity ex- pands until its pressure equals some factor greater than the overburden pressures _/>gh, depending on the material. This factor varies from 1.3 to 2.3, and indicates that the material outside the gas maintains a residual shear strength.

(NSA; 21: 19787).

Contd... - 276 - 588) Chabai, A.J.

SCALING DIMENSIONS OF CRATERS PRODUCED 3Y BURIED EX PLOSIONS. N. Mexico, Albuquerque, Sandia Corp. SC-RR-65-70. Feb. 1965.. 53p. Abstract: The question of the proper scaling of crater dimensions resulting from "buried explosions is investigated. Dimensional analyses are performed from which four different scaling rules are"derived.Data are reviewed in an attempt to distinguish which scaling rules are fundamental to cratering. Inability to perform cratering experiments with similitude apparently is one re- ason for lack of an un-'ambiguous answer to the scaling question. Influence of possible sources of similarity violation are qualitatively examined, and some experiments are suggested which may provide more direct information about the correct scaling or crater dimensions. (USA: 19: 18094). 583) Cutler, W.G., Kendrick, H.L. DRILLING AND TESTING OPERATIONS FOR PROJECT GASBUGGY. N. Mexico, Farmington, El Paso Natural Gas Co. PNE-G-9. 1968. CONP-680926-3. 12p. Abstract; The mechanics of drilling and testing of the Gasbuggy site wells in the pre-shot and post-shot program are described. The information obtained from preshot.well drilling and production testing of GB-2 wells confirmed the test site acceptability. The drilling discussion outlines the hole size, casing program, mud and gas drilling requirements, hydrological testing, coring, natural gas flow measurements, and logging program. Hydrologieal testing of water-bearing" strata above the pictured Cliffs zone was performed to determine the quantity and quality of mobile water that might affect the experiment. The natural gas flow and shut-in well test data obtained while drilling and following completion of each well are presented. The mechanics of emplacement hole drilling casing, loading and stemming for shot containment are discussed, following tne detonation of the device on December 10",' 1967, the Contd..• - 277 - re-entry into the emplacement hole for preliminary sampling and chimney height determination is described. Post-shot pressure build-up data Kid gas sampling procedures are described. The re-entry drilling into GB-2R is described and the latest available test data relative to the flow rates and pressure data are presented. (NSA: 23: 490). 590) Dixon, R.P.. UNDERCUTTING OP NUCLEARLY DETONATED FORMATIOKS BY SUBSEQUENT NUCLEAR DETONATIONS AT GREATER DEPTH AHD USES THEREOF VARIOUS MINERALS* U.S. Patent 3,465,818. Field Nov. 7, 1967. " Abstract :By detonating a lar.-e size nuclear device below a column of broken mineral rubble created by an earlier nuclear detonation, the rubble is crushed to a fine average particle size while the overall permeability of the broken formation is increased as the column of broken material settles into the' cavity created by the subsequent nuclear detonation. When using this technique in an oil shale formation, a hot retort gas may be passed through the broken formation either before or after, or both before and after, the second detonation to distill hydrocarbons from the detonated formation. In metal ore f^rmetions ?n" extractive liquid solvent or a liquid flotation medium may be injected- into the formation between the two consecutive detonations whereby the second detonation forces the injected treating liquid upwardly through the broken formation," increases the permeability of the latter, and facilitates in situ extraction of flotation. (HSA: 23: 47666>. 531) Eilerts, O.K., Sumner, E.F. TRANSIENT PLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW PTJRME&EILITY GAS RESERVOIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF DELIVERABILirY BY NUCLEAR EXPLOSION.

Soc. Petrol. Eng. J.t 8: Sept. 1968. 209-23.

Contd... - 278 - Abstract: A program for computing thf- transient radial flow of natural gas, taking into account significant variable "properties of the fluid and of the'porous medium, was used in an investigation of flow* characteristics of formations for which the permeability-thickness product kh is 1 to 100 md-ft. A graphic summary of the results obtained may be used with well flow-test data to estimate kh for the formation in which the well is completed. Assuming that a nuclear explosion in a gas-containing formation would create a rubble-filled chimney with a diameter of 170 ft and fi-surss radiating from the chimney wall out t~ a distance of 255 ft, formpt^Lon pressure gradients were computed for the re- . covery of gas with a well drilled into the chimney. These computations for 640 and 160-acre spacing indicate that diminution of the radius segment re-rf over whiph flow occurs in unaltered formation provides for markedly greater ultimate recovery of £as in place than is. possible with conventional well completions. A formation drilled with conventional wells 1.0 mile -apart must have a productivity product of kh=197 md-ft to deli- ver for SO years 1.0 MMscf/D of ge.s into a pipeline operated at 300 pali . Aided by nuclear stimulation, one well can meet the same performance requirements with a kh of only 49 md-ft for the native formation. With a spacing of 160 acres and nuclear stimulation, kh nee i by only 9 md-ft. (NSA: 23: 26335) . 592) Knox, J .33. WATER QUALITY DJ FLOODED NUC IE." T. CRATERS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50531. Dec. 3, 1368. 23p. Abstract: The ionic concentration of fusion products in water in flooded nuclear craters was studied to determine the safety of usin^ nucLear explosives in the development of water resources. The contaminants considered were i^Ce, 1370s, 106RU, 90sr, and tritium. A hypothetical explosion with a 100 kt total yield was used to estimate the effects of these contaminants on the quality or crater-contained ground water. The cratering process is summarized, and the ion exchange-process which affect the water quality in the crater are

Gontd. - 279 - described. The migration and quantity of tritium in Sedan Event crater materials are discussed. It is concluded that the concentration of fission-product radioisotopes is near or below the tolera ice level for the useful life of a recharge crater, and that tritium is the main source of ground water contamination which would affect the use of nuclear craters for water resources development. (NSA: 23: 15997). 593) Knox, J.B., Rohrer, R. PROJECT PRE-BUGGY. BASE SURGE ANALYSIS. Final Report. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PHE-304. Sept. 1, 1963. 37p. Abstract* The data concerning the base surge cloud radius and base surge cloud height as a function of time for the Pre-Buggy series of high explosive shots are summarized. An analysis of this information from the Pre-Buggy sequence yields empirical relationships between the maximum base surge radius (cross wind) and the degree of atmospheric instability, and the maximum base surge radius (cross wind) in a neutral atmosphere and the scaled depth of the explosive in an alluvium medium. (NSA: 18: 372). 594) Koopman, P.O., Ballance, W.C. HYDROLOGIC TESTS IN HOWL GB-2, PROJECT GAS-BUGGY, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. Washington, T).C., Geological Survey'. PNE-G-27*. Dec. 1968. 12p. (Atomindex. 11: 15: 5741). 595) JLorver, J.A., Rawson, D.E. GASBUGGY: POST SHOT INVESTIGATIONS IN-GB-ER. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50425. Apr. 19, 1968. 28p.

Contd... - 280 -

Abstract; Postshot reentry of the emplacement hole began on Dec. 12, 1967, and terminated at a total detrth of 3,916 ft on January 10, 1968. The h-;le below 3,000 ft was drilled with water and 5rel because of wet hole conditions. Two voids (from3,8Bfl to 3,862 ft and from 3, 907 to 3,916 ft) and a number of casing breaks a&d offsets were encountered. Subsequent geophysical logging and short term flow tests suggests that the lower void could be considered part of the 'chimney', but that it is only poorly connected with.the major void volume. It is also felt that the chimney geometry is strongly influenced by horizontal fracturing, so that the chimney top is a poorly defined region of sags, or slump blocks. It must be recognized, however, that these conclusions are bfised on minimal data, and new information may alter them.

(NSA: 22: 45210). 596) Lessleer, R.M., Tswes, H.A., Toman, J. BUGGY PRESHOT iiNALYSIS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50390 (Rev.l) . Feb. 1968. 54p. Abstract: The preshot studies for Project Gasbug.-ry, the first nuclear row-craterinr experiment,, are discussed. Descriptions are given of the site and charge characteristics, emplacement plans, and the predicted results . on air blast effects, crater dimensions, explosion cloud formation, and fallout transport and deposition.

(NSA: 24: 19122). 597) Lombard, D.B. THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND BULK PERMEABILITY OP OIL SHALE RUBBLE. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14294. Aug. 12, 1965. 12p. Abstract:A tabulation of the size distribution of fragments of Oil shale shattered in a roof fall at the U.S.B.M. mine at Rifle, Colorado was obtained by counting particles in photographs of the rubble. This dis- Ccntd. - 281 - tribution is approximately lognormal. The theory of particle statistics was then invoked in a calculation of the bulk permeability of the rubble. In an" extrapolation to a hypothetical underground nuclear chimney in oil shale, it is estimated that the bulk permeability of th'j chimney rubble woulci be about 3 x 10~5 to 3 x 1CT4 ft2. (NSA: 20: 10975). 598) Lombard, D,B., Korver, J. FLOWMBTER TESTS IN GB-2RS. California UnJv,, Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PNE-G-22. June 23, 1968. 15p. Abstract: An experiment was performed to measure the postshot gas flow in the Gasburgy^RS hole at depths between 3700 to 4500 ft. The equipment and procedures for drilling and casing the bore^hole, measuring the flow rates and recording the data are described. Three flowmeters were used. One became inoperable due to jamm- ing.. One meter was used at depths from 3700 to 4100 ft and the other at-4100 to 4500 ft. Both meters were un- reliable when operated beyond their recommended maximum operating flow rate. Prom the flow measurements made it was concluded that 52.2 per cent for the total gas flow entered GB-2RS between 3700 to 3912 ft, 17.7 per cent between 3912 and 4060 ft, 14.2 per cent between 4060 to . 4102 ft, and at least 16.8 per cent "below 4325 ft. Speci- fic recommendations are made for improving the flow meter- ing system. (NSA: 23: 2442). 599) Mercer, J.W. HYDROLOGY PROJECT GASBUGGY SITE, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY ' NEW MEXICO. PHE-1013, Sept. 1969. 45p. Abstract: The project Gasbuggy nuclear experiment of 26 kilotons design yield was detonated at 4,240 ft • . below ground surface at the Gasbuggy site in .the SWl/4sec 36, T.29N,R. 4 W., Rio arriba County, New Mexico, on Contd... - 282 -

Sunday, December 10, 1967, 12: 30 Mountain Standard time. The experiment was designed to increase the permeability of a low-yield natural gas formation. The Ojo Alamo Sandstone reportecily was the only aquifer within probabxe range of fracturing at the site. Thus, hydrolot ic testing in tlie exploratory holes was in that sandstone between approximate depths of 3,475 and 3,650ft. Data from packer tests determined that the average trans- miss ivity of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone is less than 3 rallons per day per foot and that relative specific capacities are less than 0.03 gallon per minute per foot cf drawdown. Tests also showed that the hydraulic pressure in the Pi- ctured Cliffs Sandstone. These data indicated that if the nuclear detonation fractured the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, water from this sandstone would fill the chimney or detonation chamber at an estimated rate of less than half a foot per day. (WSA: 20: 19084) . - > 600) Power, D.V. MOTIONS OP EARTH FILL DAMS DURING THE GASBUGGY EVEHT . California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UOREi-50480. Aug. 1968. 30p. Abstract: Measurements of motions were made on and near the Navajo and the El Vado Dams during the Gasbu^gy deto- r nation. These .dams:.were/38 and ;43--ks, re'sriectltfely, -firom the center of the detonation. The response of thes^^arth- filled dams to the seismic motions from the Gas-buggy event were analyzed in both the time ( velocity) and frequency (power spectral density) domains. Amplification of ground motions were found to be dependent upon frequency and location. Resultant peak particle velocity amplitudes on the crest were found to be 2.1 times the base motion on the Navajo Dam and 2.7 times the base motion on the El Vado Dam. Peak power spectral densities were found to ran^e from 3 or 4 times base motion to as mucn as 40 times base motion at the dam's resonant frequencies. Correla- tions of power spectral densities for different stations resulted in a determination of the frequencies for the first few natural modes.' She?r wave velocities of about 1100 ft/sec in the fill material were'calculated using x these frequencies and a simple mechanical model ot the dams •

(USA: 23: 11577). - 233 - 601) PROJECT GAS3UGGY: FINAL REPORT ON SrRUCEURAL RESPONSE. San Francisco, California., Blume (John A.) and Asso- ciates Research Div., ENB-1012. Nov. 1969. 64p. Abstract; Results of structural response investigations associated with the Gasbuggy nuclear detonation executed for gas stimulation purposes in Rio Arribs County, New Mexico" on December 10, IL.^7 are presented. Pre-shot investigations of selected close in structures were conducted. Total damage cost was predicted to be approximately 3.5,000. dollar, based on data from these studies and ground motion predictions by the Environmental Re- search Corporation for the maximum yield of 31 kilotuns. Actual- damage to structures was essentiaLly negligible. Of three damage complaints investigated, credible indications of seismically induced damage.were found for only one. In this case, damage consisted of aggravation of cracking originally caused by a pre-existing settle- ment problem. (NSA: 24: 16727). 602) PROJECT GASBUGGY: TOLL TEST DATA. Volume 1, February- September 1967. Tex., El Paso natural Gas Co. PHE-G-20. 118p. Abstract: Flow and pressure buildup data collected on the three wells associated with Project Gasbuggy are presented in tabular form. Surface pressures were measured either with a deadweight gage or a manometer. Bottom hole pressures were measured using Amerada Type bottom hole gages. Plow rates were measured using either an. orifice meter, critical flow prover, orifice well tester, or a pitot tube. (NSA: 23: 493).

603) PROJECT GASBUGGY WELL TFST DATA. VOLUME II, September 1967-S.eptember 1968. Tex., El Paso Natural Gas Co., PNE-G-8. 176p. Abstract: All flow and pressure, build-up data collected on all wells relative to project Gasbuggy from September 1967 to September 1968 are presented. Included are data

Contd. .• - 284 -

on: gas production; zas pressure, tf-mperature, and volume measurement; :as pressure build-up on field wells and Gasbuggy test wells; bottomhole. and surface pressure and temperature measurements, and =ras and water analyses... Surface pressure shown throughout this data was measured with a deadweight ga,;:e, manometer, or a Heise ga^;e. Bottomhole pressures were measured usin_- Amerada Type bottomhole pressure /rages. Flow rates were measured by using either an. orifice meter, critical, flow prover, orifice well tester, or a pitot "cube.

(NSA: 25: 189) . 604) Rabb, D.D, - EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS ON 'US WELL iUJD GAS FIELD EQUIPMENT . California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lai?. UCRL-14429. Sept. 23, 1365. 6p. Abstract: Two simulated well head configurations consisting of welds, valves, pipes, and casing survived nuclear explosions when installed on the surface at 950 and 1200 ft from the 1300 ft deap emplacement hole for a 10 let explosion and a second explosion o-f. 5 let at a depth of 500 ft. Well head equipment can survive without.damage in regions, where peak surface accelerations are in the order of 5 g. These experiments did not provide informf;tion relative to the survival of existing wells under pressure in the area close to a nuclear explosion. (NSA: 21: 4645).

605) Rabb, D# A MINING EXPERIMENT IK GRANITE. California Univ., Iiivermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-7608. Dec. 2, 1963. 23p. Abstract: An experiment using the Hardhat 5.4-kt ^evenc was conducted to determine whether the chimney oi broken rock produced by a deeply .buried nuclear explosive could be drawn by conventional techniques. The experiment took place on Feb.. 15, 1962,. in-a irranodiorite- Oonbd... - 285 - quartz monozonite intrusive porphyry. Drilling operations, geolo.-ic studies, and radioactivity levels are described. It is concluded that nuclear explosives CUL be used to break large quantities of hard rock, and that the broken rock can be safely mined. (NSA: 19: 7660). 606) Rawson, D.E., Korver, J.A. ACCEPTABILITY OF THE GAS3U-GY SITE. Addendum. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGID-15132(Add.). Aug. 14, 1967. 7p. Abstract: Two invalid assumptions were made in the . model used for the original analysis of the Gasbuggy site. The first was that water is incompressible, and the second that water at the site is unconfined. New calculations were made with a model which takes into account both the confinement and compressibility of the water at this site. The results of the. new calculations indicate little likelihood of flooding of the Gasbuggy chimney. (NSA: 21: 45235). 607) Hawson, D.E., Korver, J.A., Pritchard, R.L., Martin,W. POSTSHOT GEOLOGIC 1HVESTIGATIOHS, PROJECT GASBUGGY. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-71354. Sept. 25, 1968. CONF-680926-2. 21p. Abstract: In the Gasbu.-.'gy experiment on nuclear stimulation of natural iras flow, the nominal 26-kt nuclear explosive was detonated on December 10, 1967J at a depth of 4240 ft, in the Lewis shale some 40 ft below its contact with the Pictured Cliffs gas-bearinf formation. Postshot exploration of the chimney and the surrounding fractured region consisted of geophysical, chemical, and radiochemical investigations in the redrilled ex- plosiv emplacement hole (GB-E) and in the redrilled preshot hole GB-2, which was offset abouir-300 ft from the emplacement hole. Gas production testing was also done to assess in a preliminary way the effects' of nuclear stimulation. The Invest igatio&a of chimney size

Contd..* - 286 - and extent of fracturing °re reported. The Gssbu-; explosion produced a rubble-filied chimnc-y abou^l in radius and 333 ft hif?h. The reentry hole penetrated only the upper portion of the chimney which appears t.-> consist of sagged and slumped rock strata, with a few" ruhble-filled vjids. There is apprirently no large void at the top of the chimney as has been seen in other nuclear chimneys. It is thou-ht that the horizontally bedded strata and the bulking characteristics of the rock with tensile failure are responsible for the lack of a void. The rock is fractured -to some extent beyond . the region of intense dynamic failure. This more distant fracturing takes plsce along pre-existing weaknesses such as bedding planes and, possibly, joints to ?.t least 650 ft from the explosion, as evidenced by the offsets of drill Jaole casing in hole G3-2. Casing damage in the emplacement hole is observed at a depth of 3*796 ft, or 444 ft above the explosion center. There appears to be a significant effect on the geometry of fracturing-beyond the ran«re of intense dynamic failure-due to the bedded nature of the r^ck, the pre- existing weaknesses such as jointing, and especially, the low density coals. The definition of changes effective permeability and its effect on the gas product!jn is not as well documented r.s desired, but the defcrma- tional effects of the experiment, in light of the limited data, are at least as encourginjr tc nuclear stimulation as the preshot expectations. (NSA: 23: 496). 608) Rigdon, L.P., Harrar, J.E. PROCESS STREAM ANALYSIS SYSTEMS FOR THE SCRU33ER SOLU- TIONS USED IN THE PROJECT DRIBBLE VEST GAS TREATMENT PLANTc California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14123. May 10, 1365. 31p. Abstract: Analytical systems are described which provided control information for the Project Dribble vent gas treatment plant. Technicon Instruments Company s Auto Analyzer equipment was used for continuous monitoring of the components of the plant scrubber solutions. Methods were developed and-adapted for the con- Gontd... - 287 -

tinuous determination of OH-and GO^T the concent rat i-m range of 0.05 to 1.5 R; and S0|, 01-f and so|~+ So|_ in the ranfc.e of i.05 to 3.5 H. The continuous analysis_ system was incorporated into a glove-box enclosed, trai- ler-housed facility which also included a capability for analyses and PH determination. The performance of this installation with the vent gas treatment plant is characterized. (HSA: 19: 46471). 609) Rodean, H.G. GAS PLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN POROUS MEDIA. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UGRL-12131. Oct. 26, 1964. 30p. Abstract: I he equations for nonsteady gas flow and heat transfer in porous media are derived. The analysis is oriented toward problems associated with the use of underground nuclear explosions: hence equations are given for two symmetrical co-ordinate systems: cylindrical and spherical. The spherical-co-ordinate equations are appropriate for nuclear explosions cavity pressure and venting problems. The cylindrical-coordi- nate equation are applicable to natural gas well perfor- . mance and the inverse problem of rechar^in^: an underground reservoir with natural gas, two possible applications of nuclear explosives. Since a nucle.ar explosi~r. deposits heat in the rock surrounding the shot point, heast transfer must be considered as part, c.f the gas flow process. Difference equations, together with inital, boundary, and stability conditions, are presented for U3e in computer codes to obtain numerical solutions. The assumptions inherent in the Darcy equation of fluid motion are examined. (NSA; 20: 7221). 610) Smith, C.P.. PHB-OPERATIOHAL REPORT, PROJECT GASBUGGY: GAS QUALITY ANALYSIS AHD BVALUATIOH PROGRAM. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCrD-15136. Mar. 31, 1967.-20p. • • . J Contd... - 288 -

Abstract; Oporati n&l plans =?re presented f-r tiu attain- ment of the objectives of the ,--s - .lality experiments -•••" Project Gasbu. =y. «JI lntr-jiucti-r. t; the ->r:i--len c~f -as " contamination is presented, and the expectei ohemiesl phenomenology is briefly discussed. Tritium a_id krypton-65 are the primary problem nuclei. The r^le of .;as analysis in evaluating such or-scc-dur^s as flushing sr.1 diltiti^n designed to reduce the c ntasinyti-.n level is included. Phe operational plan jails for analysis of samples taken from the reentry hole C-3-SR to obtain information CMI- cerning the identity, distribution, »nd the rate ?f change cf various contaminants which r.ay be in the rss. Analysis of samples taken before, during and after the production testing, flarin.--, ani dilution experinents will be used to evaluate their effectiveness in reaucla-- the level of contamination. Samples taken from ether r.^st- shot wells will be used to support analysis of chianey ^as samples avA to sturiy the nitration of activity intc the surrounding formation. Anticipated developmental programs required to attain the desired dia.oiostic capability are outlined. Participants and their responsibilities in the integrated gas-quality pro ram are listed.

(JMSA; 21: 28123) .

611) Smith# G,F, PROJECT GASBUGGY GAS QUALITY DIALYSIS AND 3VALUATI0K PROGRAM PABUIiATION OF RADIO-.CHEHICAL *JAD OHSKISAD Ai:A- LYTICAL BESUIffiS. California Univ., Liverraore, Lawrence Radiation dab. UCRL-5O635(Rev.l) . Nov. 17, 1?*3. 001SF-700101-6. 20p. Abstract: In the past, analytical .results for samples of Project Gasbuggy chimney gas have been distributed to project participants and the interested public in various ways. This tabulation is an attempt to summarise all of the previous results with concentrations, and chemical analysis results and, at the sane time, provide a vehicle for distributing these results. The listing includes the description and the disposition oi all samples obtained for analysis at the Lawrence Radiation laboratory following the Gasbuggy detonation.

(NSA: 24: 16728). Gontd... - 289 -

612) Smith, C.F. PROJECT GASBUGGY G*S QUALITY AHALYSIS Aim EVALUATION PROGRAM TABULATION OF RADIOCKEMICAti AMD GHBMICAL ANA- LYTICAL RESULTS. Cclifomia Univ., Llvermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50635. i.pr. 22, 1969. 19p. Abstract: Analytical results for samples of Project Gasbu, gy chimney -as have "been distributed to project participants and the interested public. This tabulation summarizes the previous results with a consistent up-to-date listing of samples, radionuclide concentrations, and chemical analysis results. The listing includes the description and the disposition of all samples obtained for analysis at the Lawrence Radiation Labo- ratory following the Gasbug^y detonation. Radiochemical results expressed as concentrations in chimney or form- 85 ation gas are given for Kr, HT, HTO, CH3T, C9H5T , C3H7T, l^COg, 37Ar and 33Ar. Upper limits for the concentrations of several non^aseous or semivolatile nu- elides are presented. The tabulation also includes the percentages of lip, CO^, 00, Hg, CH^-CgHs in the'sample gas as determined by mass spectrometry.

USA: 23: 31452). 613) Smith, C.F., Momyer, P.E. " GAS QUALITY INVEST IGATIOH PROGRilM STiiTUS REPORT. FOR PROJECT GASBUGGY. California Univ., Liver-more, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-71314(Rev.l), Sept. 18, 1968. CQHF-680326«i-.-30p. Abstract: Hatural gas from the underground cavity produced by the Gasbuggy nuclear detonation was first sampled the day after the shot and has been monitored continuously since a month after the shot when the reentry drill hole penetrated the chimney. Results of chemical and radiochemical analyses of the gas are presented for the first seven months after the shot. At that tine, 50 millicn ft3 ! of the gas-includrjag 30 per cent of the amount origi- ' nally in the chimney-was produced and flared in a 10- day period. Radioehemical evidence indicates that gas

Contd... - 290 - flowed rabidly into the chimney from th- surroundin.- fornation after th'i shot, as has been he pel. Preliminary evidence su. ^-:ests Thrfc florine the initial production of gas from ohe chimney may bft a usoful process for reducing the contamination level of the -renainder of the ^ac. (USA: 23: 495). 614) Spruill, J.L., Videon, F.S. STUDIES OP TUB PBE-3UGGY II APPARSM1 CRIERS. Army Engineer Nuclear Gratering Group, Livermore, Galifornia. PHE-315 F. June 1965. 128p. Project Pre- Buggy II. Abstract: Five rows of five 1000-pound charges and one row of thirteen 1000-pound charges were detonated in the alluvial material at the Nevada Test Site. The charges were all fired at a depth of burst approximately 16 per cent deeper than the" optimum for radius for single charges, except for two of the five-charge rows which were detonated approximately 32 per cent deeper than optimum. For the five-charge rows, spaeings of 0-06, and 1.17 single charge crater radii were used. For the thirteen-charge row,' apacings of 0-94, i.17, and 1.40 single charge crater radii were used. The resulting craters showed that when the charges are spaced one single charge crater radius apart, the row crater averaged approximately 10 per cent wider and 20 per cen~ deeper than the crater from a s^n^Le charge of the same weight detonated at the same depth, 16 per cent deeper than optimum for single charge crater radius. At wider charge spacings, the row charge crater i-s both narrower crA shallower. When the spacing is abouo 1.30 single charge crater radii, the width of the row crater is about the same as the diameter of the corresponding single charge crater. When the spacing is about 1.22 single charge crater radii, the depth of the row crater equals the depth of the single charge crater.

(USA: 19: 34298).

Contd... - 291 -

615) Strange, J .IT., Hendron, A.J. METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE SHAPE OF EXPLOSION-PRODUCED CRATERS. Vicksbur*?, Miss. Army Enrineer Waterways Experiment Scacion. tfp-148S7. Oct. 1964. 23p. Abstract: This report is concerned with defining the geometry (shape) of explosion-produced craters. A representative group of averaged half-crater profiles was studied, and the crater geometries were normalized so as to be representative of a wide range of explosion yields, types of earth materials cratered, and charge depths of burial. Prom the normalization study, a shape, equation was developed which specifies the apparent crater profile as a function of the apparent crater depth and radius. Thus, the shape "f the crater immediately after the shot can be defined by substitut- ing into the shape equation the predicted values of the apparent crater depth and radius. The problem of assessing the stability of the crater slopes is rendered amen- able to solution by means of classical slope-stability analysis techniques utilizing the predicted crater geometry derived from the shape equation. (KSA: 19: 20089). 616) STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF THE RULISOK EVENT . Blume (John A.) and Associates Research Di-r. San Fran- cisco, Calif ornia.-JAB-99-76. Dec. 1969. 35p. Abstract: Project Rulison is a natural gas production stimulation experiment thet took place in Gar-field County of v.\.stern Colorado on September 10, 1969. The design yield was 40 kilotons, with a maximum credible yield of 60 Icilotons and a depth of burial of 8425.5 ft. The preliminary results are reported for post-event structural response investigations and evaluations of ground motion e.ffects on buildings, hydraulic structures and earth structures. A summary of current damage com- plaint investigations is also concluded. Appendix A presents perceptibility observations. (USA: 24? 16726). Contd., - 292 - 617) Terhune, R.W.

SURFACE MOTION MEASUBEMEETS. Project DUGOUT. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab PNE-603 F'. Dec. 1965. 116p.

Abstract • Accelertometers and high-speed motion Dicture photography were used to measure the motion of the surface as it was thrown up by Dugout-a chemical row- charge cratering experiment in basalt, in which five • 20-ton charges spaced 45 ft apart and at a

(NSA: 20i 36959). 618) 2»mcn, J.

PROJECT BUGGY: A HUCLEAR ROW EXCAVATION JSXPERIMSM! . California Univ., Livermore, bawrence Radiation kab. UCRL-71280(Summ.). Sept. 13, 1968. CONF-681101-2. 6p. Abstract: Results of a nuclear row craterinf equipment, project iuggy, are presented. Five nucLear explosives, each with a 1.1 kt yield, spaced 150 ft apart, and buried, at a depth of 135 ft in a dry, complex basalt formation were detonated simultaneously on Mar, 21, 1968 at the Nevada Test Site. The resultant channel excavated averaged 254 ft in width, 65 ft in d«pth, and was 855 ft long. These crater dimensions are significantly smaller than those predicted on the basis of previous experimental data'in denser, more homogeneous Buckboard basalt, and indicate the effects of the physical properties of the rock bed.

(NSA: 23: 494)

Oontd.. - 293 -

. VI I. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS

619) Brady, J .D. ... EVALUATION OP THE PROMPT SAMPLE SYSTEMS USED FOR THE ANACOSTIA AND KBNNEBEC EXPERIMENTS. Galifomia Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. March 15, 1968. 14p. Abstract: As a part of the Plowshare scientific progrt n two low yield thermonuclear device (Anacostia and Kenne- bec) were fired underground at the Nevada Test Site in November 1962 and June 1963. These experiments were designed to produce very heavy elements by multiple neutron capture in a ^3% target. Rapid recovery of the resultant products was attempted using the force of the explosion to blow debris up a 10-in-dia, liquid- filled pipe to the ground surface and collect the debris in retention tanks. Small samples recovered from the retention tanks immediately after the explosions were poorer in transuranium elements than were the cor*, samples obtained later from postshot drilling. Hadio- chemical analyses of additional samples recovered from the collection tanks and piping of each prompt nampl- • ing system show that the Anacostia system collected between 10 and 40 kg. of solids with a specific Put-..- < ,.• content (dis/min-g of dry rock) equivalent to good puddle glass samples. The Kennebec system collected •'. 360 kg of chemically fractionated rock with a specific Pu content nearly equal to puddle glass samples. 620) Brower, R., Wilson, D. SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY. Project SULKY. Final Report. Las Vegas, Nev. Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier,Inc. PHB-710 F. Aug. 25, 1965. 125p. Abstract: Sulky, a Plowshare experiment, was detonate^ 1135 hours, December 18, 1964, on Buckboard Mesa Nevada Test Site. The Sulky explosive was a 90 ton nuclear device buried to a.depth of 90 feet in basalt. Scienti- fic photography designed to measure ground surface

Contd... - 294 -

motions, base surge crov/th and cloud evolution is ^c

Abstract: The use of nuclear explosions for research is described. The properties of these explosions °re considered, experiments usin^- such explosions sre described, and future experiments are discussed. Geo- physical studies, plasma production for estrophysics, the production of neutrons in reactors, the time-of- flight analysis, element synthesis by cross linking of polymers from gramma-ray production are considered. (HSA: 20: 23238). 622) Durney, A.C., Elliot, H., Hynds, R.J., Quenby, J.J. THE ARTIFICIAL RADIATION BELT PRODiJCED 3Y PEE ST^RFISh NUCLEAR EXPLOSION. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A., 281: Oct. 6, 1964. 565-83. Abstract: Analysis of energetic particle flux measure- • raents from Ariel I has led to a number of interesting conclusions about the effects of the Starfish nuclear explosion. It appears that the hydromagnetic shock wave generated by the explosion and propagated through the magnetosphere resulted in the disrupting of some outer belt electrons into the atmosphere. Following the exnlosion, a shell of electrons,icentered at Ii«1.12 and ^continuously fed by fission fragments remaining in the vicinity of Johnston Island, was formed and lastea for at least 1 day. Arguments are given to support the view that the majority of the beta particles from the fission fragments were injected into the earth smag- netic field at altitudes less than 1000 km, although Gontd-» - 295 - some electrons-which probably came from the decay of neutral fission fra.^ments-appeared as far out as CJ=6.5. At high I» values the spectrum of th additional- ele- ctrons was softer than"that of the "beta decay electrons from firsion fragements. (NSA: 19: 5072) . 623) Dyson, P.J. DISCUSSION PAPER: INTERSTELLAR TRANSPORT . N.Y. Acad. S.ci: 163; 4 Sept. 1.169. 347-57. Abstract: The Orion Project for nuclear-powered space vehicles is discussed and relative advantages of chemical and nuclear propulsion are considered." Chemically propelled vehicles are inefficient for journeys to the moon, and are impractical for making round trips to the planets, because of their staging problem. The basic advantage of an Orion vehicle is that it has only one stage, with a ma;-s ratio well under 10 for long trips .around the solar system. It can be built small and rugg- ed, and comparatively cheaply. It avoids big mass ratios because the effective exhaust velocity of the debris from a nuclear explosion is hundreds or thousand of Km/sec instead of the 3 Km/sec debris velocity of a chemical rocket. The upper Limit to debris velocity lies somewhere in the ranre 3000 to 30,000 Km/sec, that is, between 1 per cent and 10 per cent.of the velocity would depend on the design of the vehicle. The problems of radiation dama. e and shieldin for r^.chinery and crew would decrease exponentially with the mass available for shielding. Missions in the 10,000 Km/sec class would cost about 1011 dollars for a payload of 104 tons,. Be- cause 10,000 Km/sec is 1 parsec per century, these missions could reach many nearby stars in the course of a few centuries. . • •

(NSA: 24: 19123). 624).Guinn* 1.P;

WORLD-WIDE DEVELOPMENTS IN ISOTOPES, RADIATION, AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Nucl. News, 7: No. 10, Oct. 1964. 47-9. Contd... - 296 - Abstract: A summary is civen ol" the Geneva Conference papers on the applications of at'omic eheray, radiation chemistry, radiation processing, activ?tion analysis, and applications of isotopes and ra.llatipn sources in the physical and life sciences. •..' (NSA: 18: 44004). 625) Johnson, G.W. ,-' .•''.' INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEUS EXPLOSIONS. : ' -\ California Univ., Livernore, Lawrence Radiatio'n Lab''."-- UCRL-5840. Jan. 13, 1960- 34p. .'' -1"' Abstract: Information is given for a series of under- . *\ ground and surface nuclear explosions ranging from 0.055 to 19 kt in size. A model of four stages is developed and applied to the case of the Rainier explosion::-' (l) Nuclear Reaction, microsecond range*. (2) Hydrodynamic Phase, millisecond range. (3) Quasi-Static Phase, secb- ' , ndminute range. (4) Longer-Term phase, minute-year range'. Data are given for the growth rate of the Rainier cavity - up to 75 msec, partition of energy in the second stage, • and ditribution of temperature 5 months after the Rai- nier explosion. The following generalizations were made for tuff soil.: Radioactivity can be contained completely underground at depths of D=400 W1/«5 or greater, where W is the energy release in kilotons; the cavity initially formed has a radius'of R=50 W1/3; and 65 to 80 percent of the fission-product activity is in dilute (O.lppm) glass solution. The purpose ai-'. scheme of the three current AEC projects, Gnome, Project Oil Sand, and project Chariot, are given. Also, some experiments to be done with nuclear explosions are suggested=for space research, production of transplutcnic isotopes, neutron resonance, other cross sections, earth's structure, and seismology.

(NSA: 14: 12667).

626) Landry, J.W. THE SEQUENCED GAS SAMPLING EXPERIMENT. Final Report.

Contd... - 297 - 1lenn. Oak Ridge national lab. PNE-103 F. Au^. 1962. 35p. Project Gnome. Abstract• Six samples were drawn, in a predetermined time sequence., from the prompt sampler in the radio- isotopep recovery experiment of Project Gnome. *To material from the detonation was detected in the samples. Samples and' specimens, from other Project Gnome experiments relating to the chemical applications of nuclear explosions are mentioned.

(NSA: 16: 31693) . 627) Morten-thaler, G.W. INTERSTELLAR EXPLORATION MISSION PROFILES. Ann. ff.Y. Acad. Sci. 4 Sept. 1969, 559-80. Abstract; Various nuclear propulsion systems that might "be used for interstellar exploration are considered. In the nuclear pulse engine concept, a large number of small nuclear explosive devices (-0.01 kt each) would be stored within the vehicle. They would be surrounded by inert neutron-abosrbing debris, ejected to the reai at a rate of one per sec. and detonated. The momentum of the debris plasma would act against an ablating push- er plate at the rear of the vehicle. This transmits acceleration to the vehicle through a shock absorber system. Such vehicles might be as lar;re as 10,000 to 30,000 tons. In the fi: sion rocker concept, using solid core nuclear reactors, a litrht-molecular-weight working fluid, such as hydrogen, is heated -o .hii-h temperature and is expelled to give specific impulses of 800 to 1000 sec. With prevailing mass ratios, this is not nearly enough for interstellar flight. It was concluded thai; fission rocket propulsion will not provide the velocities and accelerations needed for desirable missions out to several light years. In the fusion rocket propulsion scheme, the two fusion elements are injected into a magnetic bottle (-105G). They are confined lon«- enough at temperatures of the order of 10°K. for large burnup fractions to be realized. The bottle, is then opened' at one end, allowin.: the plasma to escape and to produce thrust. Photon rocketa (matter-antimatter rocket) are also-examined.

Contd... - 298 - 6?8) Rav/son, D.E.

REVIEW AIID SUMMARY OF SOME PROJECT GNOME RESULTS. Trans, Am. Geophys. Union, 44: Mar. 1963. 123-35. •abstract: A summary of some results of the Gnome unier ground nuclear explosion in bended rait ip presented. The report deals primsrily with .the environment pro-' duced by the explosion, touches else on isotope production feasibility, feasibility of power production, seismic measure me nts, shoc±c studies, and neutron experimentation, and discusses tne venting which accoa- panied the explosion. (MSA: 17: 17633).

TIT*A. HEAVY ELEMENT PRODUCTION

629) Bell, (J.I. PRODUCTION OF HEAVY NUCLIDES BY MULTIPLE NEUrROK CAP- TURE IN NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., N. Mexico. Los ii.lac.os Scientific LaL. IiA-DC-7111. 1965. CONF-650706-18. 5p. Abstract: The production of h^avy nuciiaes by neutron capture in nuclear explosions is discussed. Results are reported in a table for a neutron energy of 20 kev where the s and p wave contributions to capture are comparable. In the table one observes even-odd fluctu- ations for each 3 chain. Averaging over tven-odd pairs, one sees that (l) the Np cross sections are larrest followed by Pa and U in that order, and (2) the cross sections for each Z decrease as a Increases.

(NSA: 19: 38786).

Contd... - 299 - 630) CANE PROGRAM. Term, Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-33l4(p.207-8). Abstract: The sequenced gas samples functioned as designed in the Gnome test. Preliminary work on the hyper- velocity jetting of U cones indicated that recovery of irradiated U targets from an underground detonation may "be possible. Chemical studies of isotopic exchange of H isotopes in the Hg-water system, with either materials from natural salt formations as catalysts or with high thermal energy from a plasma jet at 10,000 to 12,000 K, indicated that tritium produced by a detonation in salt will be lost to environmental water. Stud- ies of the oxidation of Hg to water by the sulfates in natural salt show that this mechanism also leads to mixing of tritium with environmental water. (USA: 16: 32904). 631) Carson Mark, J.

CHEAT ION OP HEAVY NUCLIDES WITH THE-AID OP NUCLEAR EX- PLOSIONS . Los Alamos Scientific Lab. N. Mexico. GONF-481-70. 21p. Abstract: The Production of nuclei of A > 238 in underground nuclear explosions' is discussed, and, in particular, nuclei of A > 257 are considered. (NSA: 18: 32729). 632) Cowan, G.A. PRODUCTION OP CALIFORNIUM-252 IN THERMONUCLEAR EXPLO- SIONS. Los Alamos Scientific Lab. N. Mexico. LA-DO-10021. 1968. 6p. (Atomindex. 11: 15: 5736). 633) Diamond, H., Fields, P.R., Ghioroso, A. Thompson, S.G. Brown, C.I., Smith, H.L.., et al. HEAVY ISOTOPE ABUNDANCE IN MIKE THERMONUCLEAR DEVICE.

Contd.. - 300 - Phys. Rev., 119: Sopx. 15, 1J60. 2000-4. Abstract: The Hov. 1, 13b2, thermonuclear exDLosion L^ike) producerl all of trie uranium isotopes 23% ^Uy^ tacr\j through multiple neutron capture by "%. The long-lived produptu of successive p decays from" these isotopes were measured mass spectromutrically and radiometrically. The logarithms of the abundances decline smoothly with increasing mass number; the even- mass abundancess slightly exceed the eometric mean of adjacent odd-mass abundances. Some nuclear properties of neutron-rich heavy nuclides, not subject to'ordinary investigation, are inferred. 634) Dorn, D.W. HEAVY ISOTOPE PRODUCT ION BY HUCLEAR BEvICSS. .California Tniv., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation liab. UCRL-7770. 1362. COKF-470-4. 18p. Abstract: Since the 1952 thermonuclear detonation, 'Mike, vThere has been interest in use of nuclear explosives to achieve very hich neutron exposures, greatly in excess of those available from reactors. Fields which could benefit from these grossly increased fluxes are: nucleogenesis, nuclear structure of the very heavy elements, fission processes, stability trends in the heavy nuclei, and chemistry of new elements- Counting Mike, there have been four successful experiments in this field. A fijjure of merit for these shots is the ratio of the amount of elements produced with mass number equal to 246 to that o^ mass number 245. ?his ratio, R, depends sensitively on tL- thermal flux achieved. / (NSA: 18: 20126) . 635) Elson, R., Boardman, G., Cooptrstein, R. (Others). COACH PROCESSING: A STUD? OP PROCESSES FOR COiJCEHTHAI- ING ACTIHIBES P0RM3D IH A HCGISAR DETONiSIOS HI A SA rJT MEDIUM. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. May 25, 1965. 275p.

/ - 301 - Abstract: The- ccach processing effort was designed to determine the technical feasibility of separating about 1 1 g of transcurium actinides from an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 tons of impure salt, resulting from a nuclear detonation in the Solado formation near Oarlesbad, New Mexico. The association of actinides with specific compounds was investigated in an attempt to devise .specific separation procedures based on the chemistry of these compounds. Since > 88 per cent of the material originally present wss soluble in water, an efficient and economical means of removing the bulk of material was an aqueous leach, leaving the actinides in the water-insoluble residue. The actinides, alonr with nost of the water-insoluble residue, could then be solubilized by treatment with acid. The actinides were then concentrated with di- octylpyrophosphoric acid, since this acid is relatively insensitive to interfering ions and has a high solvent power for the sctinides. A program wss undertaken to test Various unit operations on a small engineering scale. De- bris from the Gnome event, detonated .in the same location as that planned for Coach, served as material for most of the studies reported. Topics covered include: aqueous processes; high-temperature molten-sait processes; bench- scale engineering tests; preliminary cost estimates; association of actinides in ore; use of the t r ansplut oni cs . as neutron sources; and determination of Pu, Am and Cm. 636) Fields, P. PRODUCTION OF TRAKSPLUCONIUM ELEMENTS IN THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. Arsonne, Nat. Lan. Rev., 3: July 1966. 65-6. Abstract: The production and isolation of fermium and einsteinium in the MIKE thermdnuclesr test in 1352 are reviewed. Attempts to produce the higher actinides in underground tests are summarized. Results of BARBELL and PAR tests in producing elements through, element 100 and masses through 157 are summarized. Plans for product- ing fj stable isotopes of elements 100 through 108 and 23 the use of targets of 8u,242pUj 243^ 24^JEJ 248cm and /dD<;0f are considered. (NSA: 21: 4646).

Contd... - 302 - 637) Gerrard, M. RADI0IS0T0PE PRODUCTION BY NUCLEAR PXPLOSION. Isotop. Radiat. Technol., 3: Summer 1966. 315-16. Abstract: The distribution of 242Cm 241Am 23^Pu ^ 2iupr!2u4a?ljand3H fron a mciear explosion'in a" salt deposit and the means by which these nuclides miF;ht be recorered are discussed. Data indicated that the" nost important minerals formed by reactions of the rock with the atmosphere and with materials .introduced into the shot room or by reactions among the rock components were magnetite, olivine, kirschtenite (or montieellite) • with considerable iron substitution, and lead compnands. Activity was distributed in the lower thrid of the cavity but inhomo/reneously. 638) Seckman, R.A. ISOTOPE PRODUCTION WITH NUC JEAR EXPLOSIVES. California Univ., Livermcre, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-7963. July 16, 1964. CONP-718-1. 33p. Abstract; The production of isotopes by capture of the neutron fluxes associated with a nuclear detonation is discussed. The phenomenology of contained underground detonations in different geological media is * iven. The chemistry of the desired isotope nay dictate the choice of nuclear explosive yield and the detonation medium. Suitable choice of the detonation medium will allow higher product recovery as well as lower overall processing and purfication costs. Small quantities of undesirable impurities in the medium may scaven/e the product with significant increases in processing costs. The neutron flux and energy spectrum found in a thermonuclear explosion may be exploited to produce unique isotopes. The high energies" associated with thermonuclear burn may produce (n, 2n) and (n, particle) reactions. The fluxes of these hi~h energy neutrons are orders of magnitude . reater than those presently available from reactors. A further type of nttelear reaction capture in time periods so short thsit beta decay cannot occur between captures. Cost estimates are derived for the effective costs of neutrons from nuclear explosives. A relative cost comparison of isotopes produced by this CJontd.... - 303 - method and conventional sources is included. The applicability of this method to produce new and useful radio- tracers for nuclear medical studies is discussed in some detail. (NSA: 18: 43747). 639) Hoffman, D.C. " -. PRODUCTION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS IN A RECENT LOS ALAMOS r.2)W.R- MONUCLEAR TEST . California Univ., 5i Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. 1966. CONF-660817-3. 8p.

Abstract: A low-yield thermonuclear device, desit"ned to give a high-neutron-flux region for the purpose of producing heavy elements by multiple-neutron capture, was recently tested underground in Nevada. This device Cyclamen, containing 238y g^ 243 ;im target material, was the ost successful heavy element producer to date, giving an order or magnitude more "^Ym than any previous Nevada Test. The mass abundance data indicated that still heavier nuclides should have been produced in amounts sufficient to permit detection, but no evidence for them has yet beem found. Although it was not expected that the even mass chains would have survived, predicted a half liver for ^S^Fm and259Md are 20 years and 80 days' and it might be expected that their spontaneous fission half lives would be in the range of nuclides were produced with an abundance of l/30th that of the mass 257 chain, present ;lata permit the following half life limits to be set: for 259Fm, tl/2(SF) < 5.5 hr or > 7.5 years and ti/2(a) > 30 years, arid for 259Md,~ti/g(o) > 30 years. The""implications of the failure to find~"evidenee for mass 259 are discussed.

640) Horwitz, E.P., HE Au. THE PROCESSING 0 / ROCK DEBRIS FOR TRANSPLUTONFJM ELEMENTS PRODUCED BY UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATIONS. 111. Argonne National Lab. ANL-7134. Feb. 1966. 24p. (Atomindex. 11: 12: 4530).

Contd... - 304 -

641) Izrael, Yu. A.

CONDITIONS OP THE FORMATION OP PARTICLES 0? RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT AND ERACTIONIKG OP ISOTOPE HI AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR BURST WITH THE ESCAPE OP C-ASES PROM IHS GROUND. This is translated from Dokl. Akad. tfauk SSSR, 160: TT-66-35168. 1966. 6p. 573-6. Abstract: The formation of radioactive particles, including their isotopic composition, in an underground nuclear explosion in which gas is discharged from the ground, is compared to ground and atmospheric explosions. Calculations indicated that in a cavity the hirfh temperatures produced by an underground explosion, with gas discharge from the ground, is "maintained for a prolonged period of time, ""he temperature of about 1500 decree 0 equals the melting point of the ground. This produces weak fractionation of radioactive products. The most highly pulverized fragments are in the upper part of the cloud; finer fractions may "be expected in the siiort range trail and. minimum fractions in' the crater zone, where fallout occurs from a zone that has retained a hif:h temperature for a long time.

(NSA: 21: 10495) . 642) Kahn, J.S., Smith, D.K. MBTERALOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE DEBRIS OP THE GNOME NEAR CARLSBAD, NEW MEXICO. Aster. Mineral., 51: UCRL-7879. July 1966. 1192-9. Abstract: Mineralogical studies on debris formed during the underground Gnome nuclear explosion in a salt hori- zon of the Salado formation near Carlsbad, New Mexico have shown that significant quantities of olivine and Kirschsteinite are present in the water insoluble fraction. Particles containing these minerals are generally strongly radioactive and suggest the minerals have had a role in localizing fission products. The size (10-500) and spherical shape'of the silicate particles suggest that they were immiscible droplets in the salt melt which preferentially dissolved the fission products before crystallizing. The subsequent crystallization excluded the actinides from within the crystallites, Contd... - 305 - leaving them on the crystallite boundaries. (NSA: 20: 43464). 643) Karrakf.r, D.G. ISOTOPE RECOVERY PROM A NUCLEAR DETONATION IN SALT. Du Pont de Nemours (E.I) and Co., Aiken, S.J., Sava- nnah River lab. CONF-470-1. Feb. 25, 1964. 18p. Prom 3rd Plowshare Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, Davis, California. Aor. 1964. . Abstract: The production of isotopes by the detonation of a nuclear device involves recovery of the debris from a contained explosion, and separation of the products . from the shot debris by chemical processing. The choice of a salt formation for explosion of the device is extremely favorable for chemical processing, since the solubility of salt in water affords a natural beginning for recovery in ?n aqueous system. The major problem of chemical processing is the separation of a few ppb of products isotopes from the mass of salt and other minerals present in the shot debris. A simple model of the nuclear production process and data from the debris of the Gnome experiment indicates that the product isotopes are associated in the debris with minerals of roughly the same volatility; thus a 'carrier' mineral retains most product isotopes and permits the removal of the salt by water leaching without significant/loss of most products. The product isotopes are concentrated and recovered by chemical processing of the 'carrier'. Processing methods that can be applied to. the recovery of isotopes of the alkali, alkaline earth; rare earth, actinide, and transition metals are outlined. (USA: 18; S0121). 644) Karraker, D.G., Perkins, W.O. RECOVERY OF &CTINIBES PRODUCED BY A NUCLEAR DETONATION IN.SAl/r K)RMATIONS.

Du Pont de Nemous (R.I) and Co., Savannah River Lab. Aiken. DP-956. June 1965. 47p. . . Contd... - 305 - Abstract: A chemical process WPS developed for the recovery "of actinide elements produced by the explosion of a nuclear device in impure salt. The process includes separation of salt by dissolution : water, metathesis of sulfate minerals to carbonates with.ammonium carbonate solution, dissolution of the metathesized solids in 6M nicric acid, prenipi-cation cf sii-ica from the solution by gelatin, and two alternating solvent extraction and evaporation steps to produce' a concentrated product solution. Developmental tests of the process with samples cf debris from the Gnone test indicated that gram quantities of actinides couiri "be recovered in greater than'85 per cent yield from '& x 104. tons of .debris. The two solvent extraction cycles demonstrated a separat_vn of actinides from major cationic impurities. 0a^ +, Mg2+, and Fe3+- \>y a factor of >105 and, combined with evaporation, gave a product solution equivalent to 100 gallons per 104 tons of original salt debris.

(NSA: 19: 44156). 645) Nathans, M.W. ISOTOPE PROGRAM. ?inal Report. California Univ., Lirermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PNE-102 P. Jan. 1965. 120p. Project C-nome. Abstract: The r>urpose oi the isotope program in Project Gnome was +o ^vi; the diotributicn ~iA the disposition of a number of nêliês follo'tfir ; a nuclear detonation in a salt mediun -is well e.s the means b;; which those nuclides might "be recovered. The rûlts of''t-ie- study are to be applicable to P. future experiment in which one or more ueoful isoto-p^s ^.y~.. to be producer. (NSA: IP: 38787). 646) PLOWSHARE PROG-RAE -fflD mSD£SES2iJi Washington, D.G., p. 167-80 of 'Fundamental Nuclear Energy Research1, GPO, 1963. Abstract: The neutron physics and seismological research, conducted during Project Gnome are summarized., together with some plans for Project Coach. Tr ansplut onium Gontd.• - 307 - elements were produced in a test in the Coach device development. (NSA: 18: 10215).

647) Qupng, R.f McNabb, J.fi» CHEMICAL PROCESSING FACILITY TO RECOVER ACTBUDE ISO- TOPES PRODUCED IN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50499. Oct. 23, 1968. 18p. Abstract t A facility was-developed to chemically process kilogram quantities of silicate rock containing minute quantities of transuranium isotopes produced in low- yield thermonuclear explosions. Operating on a batch- feed basis, the plant can process 5 kg of ground rock and isolate the aetinide-lanthanide fraction in 16 hr, with recovery as high -is 90 to 100 percent. Up to 15 kg can be processed in 24 hr by concurrent operation. Most of the processing equipment consists of conventional items such as steel drums, propeller-type mixers, chemical pumps., and tube-and bath-type heat exchangers, all modified for use with corrosive chemicals and for remote operation in shielded cells. The process consists of an acid leach with combined HP and HC1, liquid-liquid extraction into di(2-ethyexyl) pyrophosphoric acid, hydrolysis of the pyrophosphoric acid, back extraction into an HCl-Fe (III) solution, and concentration by evaporation.

(USA: 23: 4719). 648) Stevenson, C.E., Pal-re, D.M. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON AQUEOUS PROCESSING. Reactor Fuel-Process. Technol., 10: Summer 1967. 241-52. Abstract: Means of dissolving U-Zr alloys, Zircaloy- clad ZrOg-UOg ceramics, and uranium in graphite-matrix fuels are.being studied. The recovery of actinides after nuclear detonations in volcanic formations is reviewed.. Neptunium extraction from Purex wastes and

Contd.. - 308 -

231Pa purification are described. Plant and equipment development is reviewed. (NSA: 22: 6382) . 649) Walterscheid, Ed.

TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS THROUGH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES. Nucl. News, 9: July 1966, 16-18. Abstract: The production of transuranium elements in underground .nuclear explosions is discussed. The pra- cticality of this idea results from the total inter- grated neutron flux estimated to be 1.2 x 1025 N/cm2 from the detonation. (USA: 20: 33439).

Til<, B . NEUTRON PHYSIOS

650) Bell, G.I. FISSION AND THE SYNTHESIS OF HEAVY NUCLEI BY RAPID NEUTRON 'CAPTURE. Phys. Rev., 158: LA-DC-8513. J^ne 29, 19-6?. 1127-41. Abstract: The role of fission is examined in the synthesis of heavy nuclei by multiple capture of neutrons in thermonuclear explosions. Evidence from the recent Tweed and Cyclamen experiments indicating that neutron-induced fission is a serious source of depletion in neutron capture chains which start from targets of 242Pu and 243Am is reviewed. An analysis of Tweed abundances-is made to ootain capture-to-fission ratios for the odd-A plutonium isotopes through A=253. The liquid-drop model of Myers and Swiatecki plus empirical shell corrections and pair- ing energies is then used in order to correlate and predict spontaneous fission life times and fission barriers. For nuclei having Z< 101 and N< 157, the shell correction is extrapolated, assuming it to be a function of Contd. - 309 - N plus a function of Z. Thus, neutron binding energies, fission barriers, and spontaneous fission lifetimes for neutron-rich heavy nucLei are obtained. Capture- to-fission ratios are estimated for many of these nuclei, and qualitative agreement is found with laboratory and Tweed results. The' extrapolation is continued out to 11=159 and Z=104. It is concluded that by usin£ the liquid-drop model plus semiempirical shell corrections, one can obtain capture-to-fission ratios and spontaneous fission half-lives which are usefully accurate. However, for predicting properties of nuclei having Z> 104, N> 159, one needs, in this formalism, an accurate way of predicting shell corrections or nuclear masses* 651) Bergen, D.W., Silbert, M.G. HBSQNiiHCE ANALYSIS OP THE 233U FISSION CROSS SECTION.

Phys. Rev., 166: LA-DO-8946. Feb. 20, 1968. 1178-89. Abstract: The neutron-induced fission and capture sections of ^33u were measured by time of flight with nuclear detonation as the neutron source. Cross-section data are presented from 20 to 106 e¥ for fission and from 30 to 63 eV for the capture-to-fission ratio a. A study of cross sections derived from two and three hypothetical resonances under various conditions of interference is presented to determine Ijhe validity of the resonance, parameters derived from'the multilevel fit. 652) Brown, W.K., Diven, B.C. Seeger, P.A.

NEUTRON CROSS-SECT ION MEASUREMENTS UII RADIOACTIVE NU- CLIUBS USING NEUTRONS FROM AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR - EXPLOSION.

• Ark. Eys., 36: 1967. 47-55. Abstract: The method developed techniques at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of using time-of-flight techniques in combination with a neutron burst from the underground detonation of a nuclear explosive has opened new possibilities in neutron cross-section measurement. The enormously high neutron flux generated in such a burst can be used to give correspondingly large reaction rates in targets. An obvious exploitation of this circumstance lies in the measurement of the cross section of radioactive nuclides.

(USA: 22: 32616). Contd... - 310 - 653) Carnahan, C.L.

PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULAT ION 0? KBnTHQN ACTIVATION OP AN INFINITE HOMOGENEOUS MEDIUM. Palo Alto, California., Hazleton-Nueiear 3cie^c-i Cor HHS-1229-54. Sept. 15, 1964. 62p. Abstract: A method for the calculation of ouantitios of radionuclides induced in infinite, homogeneous media by neutrons from underground nuclear detonations is developed theoretically and a proceudre for practical application of the theory is presented. Results of c?l- culations are given for radionuclides, having half lives greater than 0.5 years, induced by neutrons 'rom fusion reactions and from fission reactions in media having the compositions of the average earth's crust, average carbonate rocks, an'l The Tatum salt dome, Hattiesbug, Missi- ssippi. Seprrate calculations are made for cusion neutrons and for fission neutrons because of the ^reat difference in the initial neutron energy- distributions and in the total numbers of neutrons produced, per unit energy yield, by the two processes. The following types of reactions are treated: (n,^),(n. p), (n, a), (n, 2n), and (n, np) . Secondary reactions and second-order reactions are not considered. Effects due to activation of device and emplacement materials are not considered, ?nd effects due to special neutron-moderating and absorb- inr materials placed around the device are considered only very superficially. A sample calculation-is included,

(NSA: 22: 21225) . 654) Dabbs, J.W.T. " FEASIBILITY OF CERTAIN EXPERIMENTS USING UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. - Term. Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL-P-2389. 1966. 5p. Abstract: Two types of experiments using underground nuclear explosions are discussed; experiments with nuclei oriented at very low temperatures, and direct measurements of fission lifetimes. In the first type, it was concluded that 3uch experiments, especially fission experiments, probably should not be performed using an underground nuclear explosion as a neutron

Contd... • - 311 - source, because of unavoidable heating associated with the rapidity of the experiment. It was found that only a small number of unusual cases are ?t all feasible. In the second type, a new experiment was proposed in which the passage of a recoiling compound nucleus through a crystal lattice may provide direct tiine-of-fli;4it determinations of the lifetime a;;ainst firpio1!. The experiment utilizes the recently discovered, 'blocking' or anti-channeling1 effect in crystals. The feasibility of the experiment was discussed, with the conclusion that such neutron fission experiments are possible only with under*round nuclear explosions as neutron sources.

(NSA: 20: 43460). 655) Dickneon, W.C., Bowman, CD. CONCEPT FOR AN ENERGY DEPENDENT NEUTRON-NEUTRON SCATTER- ING EXPERIMENT USING A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UORL-70376. Mar. 17, 1967. CONF-670302-3. lip. Abstract: An experiment that could be used to determine the n-n scattering lensrbh using a nuclear explosion as the neutron source is proposed. The experimental geometry is discussed in detail. (NSA: 21: 23405) . 656) Mven, 3.C. APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS IN CROSS-SECT ION MEASUREiilENTS . N. Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. TID-7695(p.25-30). Abstract: The use of underground nuclear explosions as pulsed neutron sources for neutron measurements is discussed. Comparisons are made with laboratory neutron sources and the types of measurements especially suited to the explosion source are described. Before the explosion source can be exploited properly, many questions must be answered concerning production and use of be^-s from these sources. An outline is presented for a program of studies of detectors and neutron beam characteristics. This program will develop some of the techniques

Gontd... - 312 - necessary to use nuclear -.lttonations in neasur'-ments which cannot be carried out in the laborotory. (HSAl 18: 436557) . 657) Diven, B.C. NEUTRON EXPERIMENTS WITH UinERGROUND SUOL^j EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., N. Mexico., Los Alamos Scientific Leb. LA-DG-7304. 1965. C0NF-65C706-22. 18p. Abstract: Techniques were developed that use nuclear explosions as pulsed neutron sources for i;imc»of flif .:t experiments. Measurements of capture and fission cross sections were made. Some preliminary results are presented. (HSA: 19: 44157). 658) Diven, B.C. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. • California Univ., N. Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. LA-DC-7272. 1965. 28p. Abstract: Laboratory neutron sources are compared with explosion sources. The pd/Biita/res of explosion sourcc-s are pointed cut. Few experiments that were performed using explosion neutrons are discussed. (HSA: 20: 27077). 659) Diven, B.C. USE OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS 13 PULSED NEUTRON SOURCES. California Univ,, IT. Mexico, Los Alsmos Scientific Lab. LA-DC-7799. COHF-660303-19. 4p. Abstract: The use of nucltar explosions as neutron sources for C3*oss-section measurements is briefly discussed. The status and f ture development of the method are considered, as well as plans for future measurements. (NSA: 20: 24304). Contd... - 313 - 66C) Ng, Y.G. flETTPROH ACTIVATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT AS A RESULT OP UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UORL-14149. June 22, 1965. 41p. Abstract: The neutron activation products induced in the terrestrial environment following unde-rg-round nuclear explosions are identified, and estimates for their production are presented. Th se estimates are requixe^ for the assessment of the biological implications associated with large-scale nuclear excavations.

Estimates for indnced radionuclide production in granite are presented, sad the activation products produced in substantial quantity are identified. Ade- quate estimates can be made fpr production in rocks differing in composition based on parent- element concentrations and yields calculated for granite. When the fission-to-fusion ratio is 0.01, activation products from rock or soil will generally be comparable to fission products in activity, if essentially all the fusion neutrons are released .to the environment, and will be less prominent if the neutrons released are reduced through tho use of nonactivating neutron, ab- sorbers . (NSA: 19: 46473). 661) HUCLSAR DECAY PROPERTIES OP HEAVY MICjIDES PRODUCED IN THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS: PAR AND BARBEL EVENTS. Phys. Rev., 148: UCRL-14500. Aug. 19, 1966. 1192-8, Abstract: The nuclear decay properties of heavy nuclides IA < 257) produced in two low-yield, thermonuclear explosions, the Par and Barbel events, were studied with the following results. The cc-decay branching of 253Cf was observed, Ea - 5.978 * 0.005 MeV, a/(a_+ p) =0.04 per- 255 cent. The a-decay branching of ES was observed, Ea= 6.300 + 0.003 MeV, a/(a + p) = 8.5 * 0.3 percent. The spontaneous fission half life of 250&a was remeasured and was found to be 1,74 * 0.24 x 10^ years. Upper limits for the half lives of 252 Cm and 25lBk were set at 2 and 3 days, respectively. The existence of 80-day 257^ was

Contd... - 314 -

257 confirmed; a sample of 7in fron ^he pr.r event dec^ with a half life of 94 * 10 days. Attempts to oroduce and detect <^Fm by irradiating P?x 257^ in a'reactor neutron flux were unsuccessful. Upper limits f3r~the half life of 258]?ni were determined.

662) Paul, R.A., Day, W.C.

TRACE ELEMENTS IH COMMOH ROCK TYPES AND THEIR RELATIVE . IMPORTANCE III NEUTRON-INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY CALCULATIONS. California, Livemore, Army Engineer Huclear Cratering Group. PNE-5006. June 1966. 31p. Abstract: The chemical composition of the rock surrounding an underground nuclear detonation must be known or assumed when calculations of the resulting neutron-induced radioactivity are attempted. A typical chemical analysis of rock samples does not include certain trace elements which have high neutron-capture cross sections. A literature search was undertaken to determine the average and range of content, of these trace elements in co- mmon rock types to permit an evaluation of their relative importance in neutron-induced radioactivity calculations. The elements considered in the study were Dt, Gd,3u, Sm, Nd, Cd, Ag, Co, Cr, V, Sc, 01, S, 3, and Li. Data are reported giving contents of these elements in ten igneous rock types and three sedimentary rock types. The five elements CM, Eu, Sm, 3, and Cl were found to occux- in most rock types in quantities which would significantly affect neutron-induced radioact-vity calculations. Cal- culations of induced radioactivity were performed for granite using maximum average, and minimun trace element values obtained from the literature search. Calcu- lations were also performed usin,T average trace elements values for four other igneous rocks and two sedimentary rocks. It is concluded that, in general, use of the average values for trace elements presented in this^report is adequate for assessing the production quantities of radionuclides induced external to the device for use in feasibility studies for larre scale excavation projects and other underground nuclear detonations when detailed chemical analyses of emplacement media are not avail .^le.

(NSA: 20: 41067).

Contd... - 315 - 663) Seeger, P.A. NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS WITH NUCLEAR DEVICES. California Univ., K. Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. LA-K3-6897. CONP-650104-1. 13p. Abstract: The possibilities of using nuclear explosions as sources of neutrons for cross sections measurements are discussed. Basically the method is to detonate a nuclear device underground and bring the neutrons to the surface through a vacuum pipe 200 to 400 meters long. This is a singLe-pulsed reactor with a very high flux; the flux from a typical low-yield' bomb is as mu?h as could be produced in 25,000 years with an accelerator, (NSA: 19: 18093) . 664) Seeger, P.A., Hemmendinger, A., Diven, B.C. FISSION CROSS SECTIONS 0? 241Am AND 242m Am. Nucl. Phys. A96. LA_DC-7624. 1967. 605-16. Abstract: The acquisition and analysis of neutron cross section data from an experiment using an underground nuclear detonation are discussed with specific reference to fission cross sections measured in the Peterel event in June 1965. 665) Simpson, O.D., Fluharty, R.G., Moore, M.S., Marshal, N.H. THE FISSION CROSS SECTION OF 241Pu PROM 20-200 eV AS DETERMINED FROM A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION. California Univ., H. Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Apr. 1966. 25p. Abstract? A nuclear explosion was used as a neutron source for a measurement of the neutron-indueed fission cross section of 24lpu. Over the region from 20-200eV the region of thermal neutron energies of the source . the flux was high enough to permit the determination jf fission cross sections with a minimal error. A Compari- son of these data with previous measurements of the fission cross section of 24lPu source that a signifi cant improvement was made, both in resalution and in Contd... - 316 - statistical accuracy. Ihe data below 60 eV are analyzed with the use of a multilevel for-mula.

VII. C. SEISMOLOGY

666) Archambeau, C .3., Flinn, B.A., Lambert, Q.G. DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF TELESEISMIC SIGNALS. I. COMPRESSIONAL PHASES PROM THE SALMON EVENT. J. Geophys. Res., 71: July 15, 1966. 3483—3501. Abstract: The travel times and amplitude spectra of first and later-arrival P phases from the Salmon event are computed on the basis of polarization filter out- puts. The interpretation of the P wave radiation field is made in terms of crust and mantle structure using the first-and. later arrival P phase and their amplitude spectra. The observed seismic field corresponds with that expected from P. symmetric, purely comprassive source. The essential features of the observed travel times and amplitudes ara axplained in terms of regional mantle structures. These structure provide first-order fits to the observed data and are characterized by low-velocity zones which termins^e with ra Id and continuous increases in velocity near depths of 130 km. The velocity structures also show a strong velocity near 330 km. The regional models differ most strongly in the relative extent and magnitude of the velocity decrease in the low-velocity zone. (NSA: 20: 36968). 667) 3er^, J.W. THE GNOME EXPLOSION AND ITS BEARING ON NUCLEAR TEST DETECTION. Technical Note No. 62-11. Washington, D.C., Institute for Defense Analysis. AD-428227. March 1962. 7p. Contd. - 317 - Abstract; The early analysis of frhe seismic data from the GNOME salt underground explosion (Dec. 10, 1962) are assessed with respect to nuclear test detection. The source, propagation paths, recordin_ sites, and effects on Geneva Criteria are discussed. Some su£e:ested shot programs for Vela Uniform are given.

(NSA: 18: 31045). 668) Chevallet, M. DETECTION OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. Sci. Avenir; No. 271. 774. Sept. 1969. 738-45. Abstract: The distinction between a seism and an underground nuclear explosion, though subtle, may be made by an original Grench technique even at a distance of'thous- ands of kilometers. Principal types of waves registered by an explosion are noted as P and S, and the Love and Rayleigh surfaces waves. The variation of amplitude of the P wave with distance from the epicenter is noted, and propagation through various components of the earth (crust, mantle, nucleus) is detailed. Localization of the epicenter by evaluation of the S wave pattern is described. Possible camouflage methods are outlined. These may be circumvented by ampLification of singals at a position where the background level is 5 or 6 A. Analysis of the ran e of frequencies registered may e.lso be used to detect explosions. The combination of date received from several stations may also be used to reduce noise. Criteria for distinction include analysis of signal shape, and new methods of treating the pressure wave and the Rayle igh wave.

(NSA: 24: 14113). 669) Clark, D.M. . LONG RANGE SEISMIC^ MEASUREMENTS : YUBA. Alexandria, Va. Teledyne Industries, Inc. Earth Sci- ences Div., AD-631105. Mar..17, 1966- 30p. Abstract: An analysis of seismolo^ical data from an underground nuclear explosion as a continuing study to provide information to aid'in distinguishing between J Contd... - 318 - earthquakes anrt explosions. A table cf travel tim^s and amplitudes of P, Pg, Lg, and surface waves are included alon.- with other unidentified nhr-.se s. (NSA: 21: 1475) . 670) Clcary, J.R., Muirhead, K.J. COMPARISON OP CHE 1968 P TABLES WITH TIMES PROM mJCQEAR EXPLOSIONS. I. LONGSHOT AND C-REELEY. Sci. Lett. Nov. 1969. 119-24.-- Abstract: The chief differences between recent determinations of the P travel time curve beyond about 24° may be expressed in each case, as. a deviation in the slope of the curve which is approximately constant throughout the ran. e. If one" of these curves is used to calculate the residuals of P times from a seismic event, with station corrections applied, then it is possible to solve simultaneously for the value of this deviation and for the source correction. This has been done for the nuclear explosions kong-shot and Greeley, using the 1968 P tables and the Herrin-Taggart station corrections. In both cases the calculated deviation was close to that of the Cleary-Halts carve. The analysis of the Longshot data was repeated. u.sing the times and station corrections derived by Liiwall and Douglas, and essentially the same result was obtained. (NSA: 24: 9536) . .671) Duclaux, P., Albaret, A.P.H., Perrier, M. SEISMIC STUDIES EFFECTED FOR THE UNDERGROUND FRENCH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. CEA, Paris. Ann. Geophys. 25: Jul-Aug-Sept. 1969. 681-92. (In French). Abstract: The direct seismic effect of underground nuclear explosions can be characterized by averaging the deconvoluted signals after a precise calibration of the seismic recording instruments. The signals obtained at a depth of 42m are much more coherent than those obtained on the surface. Some results concerning

Gontd... - 319 - amplitudes and spectrr. of seismic waves as well are given. Secondary phenomena following the detonation provide a relation between the time of formation of the final radius of the cavity; the study shows the ii- versity of the phenomena4 Finally a seismic method for probing the mountain mass reveals three concentric zones affected by the explosion;'cne of them corresponding with some geological observations.

(HSA: 24: 9538).' 672) Griggs, D.T., Press, F.J.G. PROBING THE EARTH WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. J. Geophys. Res., 66: Jan. 1961. 237-58. Abstract: Progress in seismology is reviewed with emphasis on the usefulness of past nuclear weapon tests in determining the internal structure of the earth. Shot times and locations are tabulated for 169 U.S. atomic explosions, with seismic data recorded at Pasadena, California. The advantages of using large chemical explosions and future nuclear explosions detonated under the Plowshare program as controlled energy sources for carefully instrumented seismological experiments are discussed. An international program of explosions for seismolagical research is proposed, and specific sugg- estions 'are made for attacking severax outstanding problems in. seismology by means of chemical and nuclear explosions and the instrumentation network proposed at Geneva for nuclear test detection. Deep oceanic seismo- meter lines are proposed as a means for making important,, improvements in seismic knowledge of the world and possible improvements in the detection of atomic explosions. It was concluded that these programs will consti- tute a very important aspect of the use of. nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes. (NSA: 20: 5610). 673) Hake, L.

HIGH EXPLOSIVES,' ARMING, AND SYSTEMATIC^, Final Report (of) Project COWBOY. SC-4823 (RR). June 30, 1960. 43p. Contd, - 320 - Abstract: Project Cowboy was a series of -nests to det<^r- mine whether exploding a high-explosive charge in the center of an underground sphere would produce seismic decoupling (relatively little of explosion energy is translated into earth motion) of the resulting shock wave. The tests were conducted in a salt mine^at 800 ft below ground in two spherical rooms 12 and 30 ft in dias. The explosive used w?s duPont Pelletol 1. Descriptions of the safety and firing procedures are given. (NSA: 14: 21187) . 674) Heusinkveld, M., Holzer, P. SHOOK VELOCITY ME-..SURELIENTS NEAR UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS BY CABLE CRUSHING. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCID-4867. Feb. 4, 1963. 32p. Abstract: A system has been developed for determining the. instantaneous position of a stress wave near en underground explosion. In this system an electrical cable shorted at the end and serving as the inductive element in an electronic oscillator extends toward the explosion center. The advancing stress wave crushes the cable progressively, changing the cable indutance and oscillator frequency. The oscillator output is recorded as a function of time. This frequency versus time record is then converted to an uncrushed cable length, and finally to a radial range versus time relation. (NSA: 21: 24127) . :. . 675) Knox, J.3., Hearst, J.R. REAPPRAISAL OF THE APPLICATION OP STATIC EQUILIBRIUM THEORY TO DECOUPLING. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-50182. Jan. 19, 1.967. 22p. Abstract: The static theory of seismic c upling of contained nuclaar explosions developed by Haskell was applied to 44 nuclear explosions, and macro-scale values of the Coulomb-Mohar constant were estimated. These

Contd... - 321 - values for granite and salt were then used to estimate the signal-reducing effectiveness of fully decoupled cavities in these media. Granite w-s found to be three times more effective. The results of the calculations indicate that for cavities overdriven "by a factor of 2 or more. Hardhat granite is about 60 per cent more effective than salt in diminshinR the reduce displacement potential. (NSA: 21: 24129) . 676) Latter, A., Latter, R., McMillan, W. THE IRRELEVANCE OP THE GNOME SHOP TO DECOUPLING. Santa Monica, Rand Ocrp. RM-3005-PR. Jan. 1962. 4p. Abstract: The Gnome shot-tamped in salt-has no relevance to the decoupling factor which, by definition, relates the seismic signal from a cavity shot in salt. An explanation is given of how the misconception about Gnome arises. The best estimate of the decoupling factor is still 300. (NSA: 16: 22404). 677) Lowrie, L.M., Mickey, W.7. STRONG-MOTION SEISMIC •MEiJSUREMENTS. Project DUGOUT. Rockville, Md. Cof.st and Geodetic Survey, Washington Science Center. PNE-605 P. May 1965. 43p. Abstract; The 100-ton Dugout row charge cratering ex- perimeriFVas monitored with strong-motion seismographs at distances from 146 meters to 1.58 kilometers. Meas- urements of transitory earth particle displacements and accelerations were made along two recording station lines, one perpendicular to the row, the other in line with the row. The primary purpose of the program was to determine whether there was any azimuthal variation in the propagation of seismic energy dependent upon the configuration of the charge. Maximum earth particle' motions indicated symmetrical seismic wavs propagation beyond 250 meters. Fourier spectrograms from recordings obtained at 600 meters Bhowed more high frequency content in line with the charge, but at 1.5 kilometers spect- tograms were remarkably similar in the two recording Contd... - 322 -

lines at a distance of 1.5 kilometers, particle motion diagrams showed some similar waveforms and no obvious dissimilarities which could "be correlated with the charge configuration. First motion travel with laboratory -determinations which suggested congressional wave velocities between 3.5 km/sec and 4,5 km/sec for the basaltic material of Buckboard Mesa* This is attributed to vesicuiarity and other inhoiaogeneities in the basalt. The conversion of total available source energy to seismic energy was estimated at about 0 3 - per cent.

(NSA: 20: 1981). 678) Luhrs, L.3., Davis, L.L. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SEISMIC DATA FOR OK-SITS INSPECTION, PROJECT VELA. Final Report. Alexandria, Va. Beers (toland P.), Inc. AD-402358. Feb. 23, 1963. 255p. Abstract: Seismic and geological data obtained around test sites before and after underground explosions were reviewed, and their significance for purposes of on-site inspection was evaluated. Corresponding data on the physical properties of the rest areas were treated similarly. (NSA: 18: 10211). 679) Marshall, P.D., Carpenter, E.W., Douglas, A., Young, J.3. SOME SEldMIC RESULTS OF. THE LONG SHOT EXPLOSION. England, Aldermaston, Atomic Weapons Research Establish- ment. AWRE-0-67/66. Oct. 1966. 15p. Abstract: LONG-SHOT, with a predicted yield of 80 kt,was detonated underground on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians and recorded at Eskdalemuir, Yellowknife (Canada), Gauri- bidanur (India) and Tennant Creek (Australia). The results of processing of the array records are presented and compared with the results from many other stations. The location of the epicenter is also discussed.

(USA: 21: 1477). Contd... - 323 - 680) Mickey, W.V. OPERATION PRE-DRIEBEB. SEISMI3 EFFECTS OP 1000 IB H-E DETONATIONS IN SAM AND SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS. Washington, D,C, Coast and Geodetic Survey. NP-13279. Aug. 1963. 41p.' Abstract: A high-explosive detonrtion program was conducted in the DRIBBIS area from April to June 1963. Several shots were detonated on or near the Tatum Salt Dome, Tables and plots of seismic data are given for the 1000-lb shots in the sedimentary deposits and salt. The COWBOY 100-lb shots in salt are included for reference. (NSAr 18: 371) . 681) Mickey, W.V., Lowrie, L.M. STROFG-MOTION AMD SURFACE ACCELERATIONS. Project HANDCAR. Washington, D.C., Coast and Geodetic Survey. PNE-800F. Nov. 1965. 75p. Abstract: The 10 kt nuclear detonation, HAOOAR, in dolomite produced larger motions at seismic stations on deep alluvial deposits than those ov. hard rock with the larger magnifications observed on the horizontal radial component. Regression equations, f.or maximum signal attenuation with distance indicated greater rate of attenuation for stations on hard rock as compared to stations on alluvium. First arrival velocities for stations beyond 2 km were near 5.26 km/sec with maximum displacements jropagsfcing at 1.09 and. 1.66 km/sec on alluvium and hard rock, respectively, with 2.03 and 1-75 km/sec for maximum acceleration. The record length on the alluvial stations was about twice as long as those on hard rock. The direction of the resultant for horizontal-first motion was normal to bedrock-alluvium contacts'. Spectral analysis indicated lower frequencies for alluvial stations and a decrease of me an "frequency with increased distance. Spectral amplitude ratios of equidistant stations on rock and alluvium emphasized the lower frequency content of the stations on.alluvium. Contd... - 3£4 - Pseudo-velocity response spectra envelopes indicated that more seismic energy was recorded at stations on deep alluvium than those on hard ronL. (HSA: 21: 3200). 682) Muirhead, K.J;, Oleary, J.R. COMPARISON OP THE 1968 P TABLES WITri TIMES FROM NUCLS'Jt EXPLOSIONS. II. THE 1YLJISHALL ISLANDS AND SAHARA SERIES. Sci. Lett: 7: Nov. 1969. 132-6. Abstract: P times from kongshot and Grc-eley have rect .t- ly been analyzed by Cleary and Muirhead, using 1968 P times and Herrin-Iaggart station corrections to derive source corrections and travel time corrections (the latter being assumed to vp.ry line irly with distance). The analysis is here extended to times from the series of nuclear explosions in the MarshaLl Islands and in the Sahara. Combination of the results for the four explosion sitec re suits in a value of -0.023 + 0.004sec/ deg for the slope of the line reprebenting the error in the 1968 P curve. 7iy comparison, the mean slope of the Cleary-Hales deviation curve is -0.022 sec/deg. The effect of the error in the slope of the 1968 ? curve would be overestimate focal depths of seismic events by about 70 km. (NSA: 24: 9537). 683) Springer, D.L. SEISMIC COUPLING OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. UCRL-14464. Oct. 20, 1965. Sip. Abstract: Seismic amplitude date, far underground nuclear explosions are correlated with detonation energy. Ampli- tudes are reproducible to 25 per cent when source media and propagation path differences are minimized. These data verify theoretical scaling relationships and establish relative coupling for various shot media. An empirical correlation of these amplitude data with dry porosity of the detonation medium indicates that a medium with 60 per cent dry porosity may couple explosive Contd... - 325 - * energy one-fourth or one-fifth as efficiently as 'loes alluvium. The relationship of te-leseisnic magnitude to explosive yield for various types of low coupling shows that dry porous media may be a significant means of preventing the detection of seismic signals generated by underground nuclear "explosions.

(HSA: 21: 19786). 684) Werth, G., Randolph, P.- SALMON SEISMIC EXPERIMENT. J. -Seophys, Res., 71: July 15, 1966. 3405-13. Abstract: The Salmon nuclear detonation of October • 22, 1964, had a nuclear yield of 5.3 * 0.5 let. The teleseisroic magnitude w?.s 4.35. P waves observed out to 2500 km show asymmetries in the propagation, with high amplitudes (mfc/sec), faster apparent velocities, and higher signal frequencies to the north and northwest than to the west. At teleseismic 'listances, many of the signals were very weak ?nd could be identified with Salmon only because the time of detonation and expected arrival time were known. If a cavity were built of a size of fully decouple 5 kt at the Salmon Site, theoretical calculations which include the nuclear shock predict a decoupling factor of about 170 or a magnitude of 2.1. If such a cavity were used for partially decoupling ?. 25-kt shot, the magnitude is. predicted to be 3.1. Drilling back into the Salmon 'shot region revealed a standing shot cavity of 20,000 m3, corresponding to a sphere of radius 17 meters.

: 20: 36962).

fXTXXJO - 326 - VIII. AUTHOR INDEX

Adeimann, O.rt. 526 r Adelman, i'.L. 562 g, 3, 65. . Adushkin, V.v. 411 Bray, B.G. 4,-3, 493, 501,517 Agareva, E.N. 279 Brady J.D. 519- Ahlers, E.B. 306 Brinkcottr, W#R.- 49^ Albar^t, A.P.H. 671 Brodc, H.L. -318 Allen, J. 307 Brojks, L.L. 18 Brower, R. 620• Allen, R.I. 443 Brown, H. 19 - • Anderson, C.C. 104 Br-wn, K.B. 193-197,-200,527, Anderson, D.G. - 109 620 • Andrews, M.B, 569 Eroimf W.K. 652 Archambeau, C.B. 666 Brugies, -J . 147 • Armstrong, F.E.. 488 Brundr.ge, R.S. 517 Armstrong, R.H. 156 Euckhet, W.C. 20 Arnold, W.D. 185-190 Eurten, R.J. 319 Aronson, H.H. 27, 446,447,500 Butkovioh, I.R. 112,359,587 Arthur, C.E. 488 Ash, J.E. 309 Oard&r, D.S. 113 • Atkinson, C.H. 444,445,480,489, Carlson, R.H. 249,280,320, .490, 583 • • 497,498 Bacigalupi, CM. 285 Oarnahan, C.L.- 21,146,653 Bp.ldonado, O.C. 247 Carpenter, E.W. -22,679 Br.Llance, W.C., 460, 594 Carpenter, H.O. 513,514,5]? 519 Ballard, R.P., 310 Carson Mark,J. 631 Banks, D.G. 246,311,338 Cassity, C.R. 110 Barton, M.V., 346. Cp.rter, E.K. 554 Beaudet, P.R.110 Oauthen, L..T. 157,250,321 Beeder, R.H. 296 3hqbai, A.J. 586 Beetem, W.A. 572 Charnell, R.L. -322 Beikman, H.M. 557 CheveillGt, ffi. • 668 Bell, G.I. 629, 650 Ch-_stopher, W.C-. 213,323,324 Bening, R.G., 312. Circeo, L.J. £21,236,299,325-328 Berg, J.W. 584,667 Clark, D.M. €69 Bergen, D.W. 651 Cleary, J.R. 682, 670 Clossiann, P.J. 328 Berton, M. 1-4,492 \ Bishop, J.A. 313 Cloud, W.K. 113 • Biswas, A.X. 563 Coffer, H.F. 23-, 446-448,499-502 Black, R.A. 426 Cohen, J.J. 158,- Blackwell, P.L. -297 CiDhen, P. 205 Blake, G.A. 186,187,191-197,200, Colman, J.M. 3S9 527 Cooperstoin, R. • 635 Blance, R.E. 21, 198,199 Cordon, D.W. 113 • Blume, J.A. 314 Cowan, M. 114- Boardman, C.R, 111,315-317,400, Cowan, G.A- 632 528, 585,586 635 Crater^ M.W. -159 ; Crouse, D.J. 185-197,527 Bortin, L. 491

Oontd... - 327 -

Curry, R#Iu 237. Eklund, .•3 • 32 .Cutler, W»G. 449, 589 Elkins, L.H. 452 Elliot , H• 622 Dabbs, J.W.O). 654 Ellis, W.L. 334 Dagum, E.M.B. 450 Elson, R. 635 Dashkev, A.N. 300 Essig, T.H. 565 Dason, F.J. 29 Eutlor 361 David, K.T. 564 Davis, A.H. 110 Pacca, G. 530 Davis, L.K. 410 Faure, J. 341' Davis, L.L 330, 678 Fields, P. 636 Davis, S.L - 160 Fielder, R.R., 573 Day, W.C. Fillipp^nko, L.G. 504 26, 213,238,331,332 Pinney, J.W. 253 662 Fisher, R.D. 109 De Leila., O.f. 333 Fisher, P.R. 342,343,412 Delort, F. 52.9 Flenagan, I.J. 344 De Pasquals, D.L. 484,485 Flangas, W.G.' 531 Derlich, S. 115-117 Flinti, E.A. 666 Dew, J.N. 493 Fluharty, R.G. 665 Dickey, D.D. . 161., 334 Jrank, W.J. 118, 532 Dicknson, W.C. 655 .Fry, J.G. 303 Diehi, C.H. . 335 Dietz, J.R, 336 Gaines, J.IT. 345 Di Loreto,.A. 27 Galbraith, F. 346 Diveky, D. 361 Gaiton, L. 254 Diven, B.C. 652,656,657-^659, Gard, L.M. 347 664 Gerber, C.R. 6',i2,13,14,34, Dixon, R.P. 28, 590 34(a) Dokuchaev, M.M.. 337 Germain, L.S. 119,120 Dorn, D.W. 621, 634 Gerr^rd, M. 637 Douglas, A. . 679 Ginsburg, T. 35,349 Dow, J.K. 493 Girucky, F.S. 135,372,389 Declaux, F. 671 Gombc-rg, H.J. 36,37 Dudloy, W.W. 362 Govertz, H. 453 ' Duff, R.E. 443 Graves, E. 255^257 Dupuis, M. 205. Grebe, J.J. 120 Durney, AC 622. Greenhouse, K.A. 168 Dyment, R. 252 Grier, H.E. 447,499,500 Dyson, F.J. 623. Griggs, D.T 672 Easton, R. 338 Guerrini, C 121 Eckel, E.B. 41. 288 Guinn, V.P, 624 Ege, J.R. 50.3 Guillou, 'l. 378 Ehrlich, I.V.31, 309 Eilerts, O.K. 59.1 Hagopian, N, 351 Eisler, J.D. : 339 . Hair, J.L. 350,412

Contd... - 328 -

Hake, L. 673 Jaskts, R.D. • 244 Hanburger, R. 34(a),163 Joachin, C.E.- 364 Hansen, S.M. 240-242, 352,353 Joh^nsen, R.T; -490 533-536 Joh,., G. 167 Hardvick, W.R. 537 Johnson, C-.W. 47-52,102,267, Harlan, R.W. 354 2 ,6,62 Harlan, Z. 164 Johnson, W.3-. 443 Harrar, J.E. 608 Jones, G.D. 320 Harris, V.A. 505 Jones, G.K,S. "209,335, Hartman, H.L. 38, Jones, W.E. - 538 Hayes, D.B. 336 Jordan, J.K. 113 Hearst, J.R. 675 Heekman, R.A. 122,567,638 Kachadoorian, -R. 290 Heiss, . 64 Kahn, J.S. • 1-19, 642 Henmiendinger, A. 664 Kalus-peter S4 Hendron, A.J. 615 Karasne, T-.Z. 127 Herrmann, H.G. 355 Karraker, D.G. 643,644 Hess, W.H. 39, 356 Karzas, W.J. • 128 Heusinkveld, M. 357,674 Kase, K,H. 459, 168 Higgins, G..H. 49-52,102,123, Kaye, S.Y. 95 165,208,358,506, Kedrovskii. G.L. 509 359,568 Keller, A. 53 Hoffnan, D.C. 639 Kelley, J.S. 54,55 Hoiss, K. 454 Kelly, M.Ji 169 Holme-s, R.S. 256 Kelly, R.G. • 15 Hola«r, P. 40,124,455-r458,674 Kendrick, H.H. 449,589 Horv/itz, E.P. 640 Kennedy, G.O. 56 Houser, P.N. 41,125,288 Kester, J.E. 129 Houston, B.J. 246 Keys or, JJf 569 Hughes, B.C. 42,243,258-^260 Kinj, W.P. • 13 Hull, A.N.. 360 F^'nney, .G.T.- 510 Hunt, R.W. 372 Kisslinger, G.- 130 Hurd, J. 261 Kiev, R.J. • 543 Hurdlow, W.R. 409 Knox, J.B. • 59,131,210,211 Hwang, L.S. 132,361 €1-2,366,367,570 Hynds, R.J. 628 •592,593,675 Knutson, tJ.?." 448,495,501 Imai, R. 45 Kodrovskii, O.L.' 509 Isaacs, .J.D. 289 Koh, R.CY. • 132 Izrael, Yu. A. 641 Koopman, P.G. 460,594 Korver, J;A. 250,473,474, Jack, H.A. 36E, 343 • • 559,560,571, Jackson, M.W. 46 598,606, 607 Jacobs, D.G. 169 Kowalewsky, B;W. 378 Jacobs, R.B. 126,508 Krammer, J,- "351 James, R.A.' '363 Kruger, P; • 07

)ontd.. - 329 - Kudymov, B. Ya. 511 Martin, W. 607 Kulikov, A.VA.V.. 665 Mateker, E.J. ISO Kurtz, M.KM.K.. 213,214,312 May, N.M. 63 ' McArthur, R.D."111,316,528 Laimer, J.F* 512 585 Lambert, D.G* 666 Me Clendon, L. 170 Landry, J.Wi 626 Me Evilly, T.V. 130 Lamer, K.L. 323 Me Dowell, E.L. 109 Larson, K.H. 378 Me Keown, P.JJV 334 Larson, J.D. Me Millan, W. 676 572' Me Mabbi J.R. 647 Latter, A. 676 Latter, R. 128, 676 Mehas, T.C. 171 Laun, P.R. 584 Mercer, 'J.W. 599 Leisek, J.F. 368 Merritt, M.L.- 292 Lekas, M.A. 489,513,514,555 Meyer, G.L. 317,423 Le Mehaute, B.J. 132, 357 Michaud, L. 215 Lessleer, R. Mickey, W.V, 113,677,680, Lewis, A.E. 206 596 681 Lewis, L.J. 256 Miskel, J.A 376, 377 Libby, W.P. 291 Miller, A.G 269 Lilley, E.M. 415 Momyer, P3E 613 Li-San. 361 Mont an, D.N 134 Lindsley, T. 540 Moore, J.E. 426 Lokhova, T.F. 511 Moore, M.S. 6'S5 Lombard, D-* B 90J 61,370,512, Morgenstern, 0.' 64 515,516,517,518, Morgenthaler, G.W, 627 519,533,534,597,598 Mork, H.M. 378 Lomon, R.F. ' .482 Morrell, J.H. 156 Loais, H. 415 Morver, J.A. 595 Lovlyp, S.A. 511 Mueller, H.P. 360 Lowance, P.E 313 Muirhead, K.J. 670,682 Lowis, A.E. 539 Murphy. T.I.R." 521 Lowis, J.G. 369 Myers, B. 216 Lowrie, L.M. 677,681 Myers, B.A. 379 " Lulars, LrB. 678 I E.V. 120 Nair," K. 380 •" Lundberg, A.W. 66 Nathans, M.W.' 645 Lutton, R.J. ' 133,142,371,372, Hg, Y.C. 660 Lunck, E.J. ' 573 Kifontov, B.I. 65 Nordyke, M.D. '67,66,172,173 Maclver, B.H. 373 '174,217,218,219, Manguahew;, K.I. '509, 520 210-223,250,256, Mark, H. 62 327,356,381-385 Marks, R. 35,7 Norman, G.R, 168 Marler, G.V. ' 374 Novak, M.A. 386, Marshal, N.H. 665 Nugent, R.C. 135,386^389 Marshall, P.D. 679 Contd... - 330 -

Oakley, W.L. 72 ii'evi, P.J. 177 Olsen, C.W. 390- Randolph, P. 399,400,684 Otus, M. 380 Randolph, p.i,. 472 Rawson, D.E. 92,606,607,628 Paige, D.M. 648 - _, „ . .399, '400,475, Pi-.glir, D.E. 378 474,501,595 Pantanetti, F. 530- . Rappleyea, C.A. 227' Parker, A. 73 Reed, R.p. 10 " Parker, F.L. 561. Reed, J.W. 93,138,137,250, Parker, H.W. 74, 522 401-403 Parker, K. 464 Regsdale, W.P. 66 Parkin, B.R. 318 Rewes, H.A. 404' Pacseil, T.O. 148 Rhoads, W.A. 378 Patterson, D.W. 391,392 Richards» W.D. 405 Paul, R.A. 422,662 Rigdon, L.P. 608' Pedersen, K.B.- 76 Robert, R. 139 Pelsor, G.I. 393 Rodean, H.C. 406,475,506,609 Pender, E.B. 554 Rcdionov, V.N. 337,411 Perilli, M.I. 8,9 Rodriques, E.R-. 140 Perkins, W.C. 644 Rogers, I .A. 141, 404 Perla, H.F. 247 Rohrer, R. 332, 407,409,593 Perrier, M. 671 Rohwer, P.S. 95,. 169 Peterson, E.J. 304,396 Homashov, A.rJ. 337 Picq, J.M. 205 Ronald, J. 142 Pierce, R.B. 257 Rooke, A.D, 410 Piper, A.M. 574-578 Rougeron, C. 228 Plaoak, 0,H. 159,225,394 Roy, J.R. 96 Planchet, R.P. 329 Rubin, S. 148 Pohland, E. 81 Russell, P.L. 97,547,548 Pokrovskii, G.-245, 542 Rutkovich, T.R. 143 Polatty, J.M. 246' Porla, H.F.- 270 Sadovskii, M.A.. 411 Porael, F.B. 395 Samuelson, W.J. 412 Power, D.V. 1-76,370,467,600 Sanders, R. -9.8 Prentice, H.O. 303,304, 396 Saucier, K.L. . 414 Press, F.J.G. 672, Schockf R.U.- . 415 Prestons E.G.- 150, Seabrook, E.L. 34(a) Pritchard, R.L. .474, 607 Seeger, P.A.. 652,663,664 Protopopov, D;D; 65 Seguiti, T.. 549 Shcherban, A.N. 504 Quenby, J.J. 622 Sherman, W.C. . 416 Quong, R. 647 Shoemyen, J. 179 Short, N.M. 417,418 Rabb, D.D. 86-11,111,316,317, Shukolyukov, Yu.A. 145 398,528,531,536,543, Silbert, M.G^ 651 544-546,585,604,605 Silver, W.J... 168,459

Oontd... - 331 -

Simpson, 3.M. 145 Turin, G.L. 150 Simpson, O.D. 665 Twenhofel, W.S. ' 426 Sitnikov, I.E. 65 Sitti, M. 579 Vaile, H.B. 427 Smith, C.F. 476,610-613 Verber, C.R. 553 Smith, D.K. 642 Videon, ^.?. 428,^29,614 r SiLj.tH, F.L. 550 7ilkertlf \P. 151 Smith, M.E. 146 Violet, C.E. 152 Smith, R.E. 52.3,524 Voress, H.E. 6,11,12,13,14 Smith, R.J. 12 Vortman, L.J. 103,233-135,250, Smith, S.B.. 419 274-277,281,430, Sohns, H.W. 517 431-440 Spiess, E.R. 504 Yuillemot, F.L. 441 Springer, D.Ii. 420,683 Spruill, J.L. 421,422, 614 Wahl, H.A. 493 Srundage, R.S. 517 Walterscheid, D.G." 278,649 Steed, li W.. 578 Ward, D.C. 181,444,445,480- Steen, H.F. .478 482,583 Stearns, H.in. 423 Wat kins, J.W. 104, 480 Sterrett, T.S. 517 Webb, L.M.' 132 Stevenson, C.E. 648 Widermann, A.H. 109 Stone, R.L. 246 Werth, G.O. 105-108, 684 Strange, J.N. 615 West, R.G. 15 ' Strihm, W.E. 416 WhPlin, R.W. 132 Storrett, T.S, 479 Wh.eler, V. 399,400 Summer, E.F. 591 .Whipple,G.H. 183 Supiot, F. 115,.147 Whitman, R.V. 442" Swift, L.M. 148,424 White, S. 282" Williamson, M.M". 174,256,384 Talley, W.K. 99,102,100,272 Wilson, A.R.W. 554 Tr.ppan, T.T. 167 Wilson, L. 620 Pay lor, W.E. 10 Withorspoon, P.A". 483-485 Teller, E. . 101,102, 525 Wold, T.S. 486 ' Terhume, R.W., 366,407,617 Wolfskill, L.A.' 355 Tewaa, H.A. .230 Wood, R.A. 378 ' jjiialgott, R.B.. 180 Woodrugg, W.H. • 48? Thomas, FJj. 551 Woodward, T .G. '486 Tiemey, M.P. . 270 Worth, G.C. 108,106,107 Titus, R.W. .360 Woodruff, W.R; 487, Todd, D.K. . 581 Wray, W.R. 257, Toman, J. 231,240-^242,273, Wray, W. 381,385 425,596,618 Wright, L.T. .. 508 Tomblin, J.T. 552 Towes, H.A.596 Young, G.A. 153, 283,284 Trembly, L.D. 584 Young. J.B. S79 " ' Triandafilidis, G.E. 310 Young, T.R. 551

Jontd... - 332 -

Zablocici, C.J. 154 Zelotovotsk?ya, E.A. 520 Ziinmet; P'.F, 555 Zoather, H. 184,305,562,582

-* it -^~ ." ^;_ "•;• <"s

9 * * . -

• * • * - 333 - IX. REPORT NUMBER INDEX

AC-RR-64-1239 * 435 OBA-R-3594 * ...; 215 AD-271184 145 CEA-^-3756 *....'...... 147 AD-273825*** 115 GEA-R-3750 *' 115 AD-227052 * 20 0EA-R-3752(l)* ... 117 AD.-402358*** 678 CEA-R-3776 * 341 AD-428216* 395 CEA-R-3851 * 116 AD-428227 667 CEA-R-3885 121 AD-614814 153 AD-631105 669 DP-956 ** 644 AD-634674 338 AD-661451* 132 HN-20-205 ** 270 AD-669844 159 HN-20-213 24V AD-673997 311 HNS-22 ** 21 AEC-tr-4005*** 542 HNS-1229-49 516 ABC-tr-6777 65 HNS-1229-54 653 AEC-tr-7120 375 Hff-79614 * 244 AEC-tr-7121 94 AECU-4039,HN-lll-942 286 JAB-99-76 616 AED-GONF-65-213 62 JPRS-44486 S09 AED-COKF-66-203-96 ... 100 JPRS-48338 520 •AKD-C0Ni'-66-203-100 .. 23 LA-DC-6897** 663 AEB-CONF-68^.136-085 .. 499 LA-DC-7111** '- 629 AED-CONF-69-074-019 .. 72 LA-DC-7304** 657 AED-COHF-69-074-017 .. 97 LA-DC-7372 658 ABHE-R-5500(Vol.2)* .. 552 iA-DC-7624 664 ANL-7134 *» 640 LA.-DC-7799 659 AFSCM-500-8 149 LA-DC-8513 650 AFSfC-TDR-63-53*** ... 109 LA-DC-10021 632 ASD-TH-61-86 * 129 LA-DO-8946 651 AWBE-O-87/66* 679 NGG-JJR-2** 43 AWBE-TRANS-54 • 411 NGG-OIR-6 259 BMI-171-16 •* , 322 NCG-TR-5** 386 BM-IC-6219 NCG-IR-10 ** 350 BK-RI-6494 . 104 NCG-TR-14 371 490 RP-11816 209 , 488 NP-13279 680 BK-RI-6684** 488 BP-14063* 237 BM-RI-6996»* ...... ^. 537 KP-14887 615 BHWL-984 *• 565 NP-15107 309 CBA-1229-14 573 NP-15867 5 CEA-Bib-63* 2 HP-16359 33 CEA-Bib-66 • 3 HP-16699 355 aEA-Bib-129 * .... 4 HP-17717** 42 CEA-Bifc-152 1 Gontd... - 3c 4 -

N70-99-&7 ** 214 PNE-906 ** 423 NV3-26 • • ..178 i^-^^ ^ •::? NVO-289-5** ...... 351 i»!ffl-1000 •** 468 FTO-1163-165** .., 110 BiE-1 ip? *•» -.«.... 4f>8 HV0-llG3-lo8** . 419 rSiE-j.ji2 301 NV0-1229-85** ... 346 P5E-1013 , .., 599 i-..-**^-jjj. j^ ^ 0RNL-2993 * 201 P>lE-llp2** / 213 OHNL-3314 630 ??]Sll3** ' 343 OHill-416.6 ** ...... 561 l)*^ ... 354 0HNl-.38.jQ** 2C-J I'KE-l£00 ** 470 0R1T1-3945** XQ± PJSE-1300 '** • 555 OBEL-4145** 203 riiS-1400 ** 495 0HNL-P-2389** 654 POR-18Q9 ** ...... 402 0RNL-1M-81 17 Pid-1999 ** Z6i. 0R1I1-TM-177*** 198 PKE-2000 253 0xU>IIi-TM-545*** 199 PNS-2001 * * 263 0HI-IL-TM-1191** 200 PKS-2003 •** " : .» 250 OML-IM-1275** 193 rHE-2006 ** : 266 CrOTL-TM-1394** 194 PKS-P.006 ** 265 03NL-TM-1496** « 527 ^HB-oOOO ...... 257 02NI1-TM-1582** , 19£ PS3-5003 ** ..: £94 ** 197 PSE-3005 ** €•= 196 fc* ' *54 OStNli-Tll-1886** 191 ** ,556 *. 192 ** 450 136 ** 246 ISL PNE-5005 ** 387 0HKL-TM-S>2?9** 3' tMB-5005 ** f 62 13"' PnE-5009 ' * 573 iea T»j- -o ! r *-* ,\..... 14P 166 PiiE-50il *^ ..." 512 ** ...... ISi1 VBiS-5012-1 342 ISP* PHE-.JS? ** ... . 645 ORKWDM-256?** ...... 130 2SE-103 P **"....-*. 626 PTr^_i-->4 ? ^-* ...... 3*70 POR-1815 1. 410 PKS-115 F ** 351 .-5ITS-304** "-.".593 PKB-134 P ** 548 PNE-525 ...... 409 HJE-150 51 • ...... 113 PUE-507 ** ...."225 PKE-200 ?' * 394 P13E-511 ** ".'...... 332 PKB-213- f .; 3Q7 PHB-513 ** ....,323 PHE-225 F"»* ...... 378 PHE-515 ** 357 PHE-230 P ** 441 PUE-514 ** ...... 330 PiEB-240 P **..._..',.. 4oo P1SS-87? ^...^..4... 577 PHE-242 P **...... 174 PUE-905.** v.....*....- 389 PHE-315 P ** .. - - •.. 614 PNE-904 *• . PES-501 P 414

Contd.., - 335 -

PHB-502 F *# 422 SC-M-69T332 ** 401 PNE-503 F 139 SO-R-64-127 * lxr. PNE-505 P ** ...... 372 SC-RR-64-1704 **'.... 344 PME-506 F ** 324 S0-EL:-65-41 281 PHE-601 F ** 421 SC-RR-65-303 ** 235 PNE-602 F ** 133 SC-RR-65-478 ** 437 PH3-603 F ** 617 SC-RR-65-657 523 PNE-605 F ** 677 SO-HR-66-324 ** 433 PNE-607 F ** 463 SC-HR-66-415 ** 432 PNE-701 F ** 345 SC-RR-66-416 *• 440 PNE-713 F •* 428 SC-RR-66-47? ** 505 PHE-717 P ** ...... 170 SO-RR-66-480 227 PHE-800 F ** 681 SC-RR-67-24 ** 284 182 SO-RR-68-449 ** 233 PHE-807 P ** 620 PHE-710 P ** SCR-180 10 155 S0TM-78-59(5l) ...... 292 PHE-806 P ** 407 PHE-900 F(Rev.l)**, 403 TID-3522*Rev. 3,6,7,8)11,12,13, PME-902 P ** 384 PNE-242F •*» 6. 388 TID-3522 (7th Rev.Suppl. PNE-719 P 412 PHE-5004 P *» .... 1)* .... 13 PH2-G-4 ** 469 TID-3522 (8th Rev. PNE-G-8 ** 603 Suppl.l)* .. 15 PNE-G-9 •* 589 TID-5928 i...2oV PHE-G-12 •* 180 TID-7695 *(305-8) .. . 56 PBE-G-20 ** 602 p.321-34)*. 255 PHE-G-22 ** 598 T3B-7695 p.335-54)*. 289 PNE-G-26 460 TID-7695 p.7-10)* .. 532 PNE-G-27 594 TID-7695 p.371-84)* 533 PNE-G-41** 465 TID-7695t" 569 PKE-R-1 471 TID-16?b9 ** 436 POR-1810 431 TID-17224 *** 348 POR-1814 ** .306 0;iD-17224(Suppl)***.,. 413 POR-1826-•* 374 TID-23184 *• 444 PRNC-110 76 TID-24618 ** 334 P3N0-121 ** 85 TEI-642 290 TEI^-796 4S6 SC-4403 , 280 TEI-823 *** 557 SC-4405 ) .442 TEI-857 *• 578 SG-4781 BR)* ... , 283 TEI-868 ** 503 SC-4823 RR)» ... , 274 TBI-873 ** 576 SC-EC-65-1485 ** , 103 •JIT-66-35168 641 SC-3X3-68-4533 ** , 137 SC-DD-68-2533 93 UOID-4867 ••*• 674 SC-DC-69-1716 ..... 234 UCID-15132 (Add.) .... 473 SC-DR-67-694 ** .... 319 UCID-15136 ** 476

Oontd; ., - 336 -

UCID-15145 112 UGRL-7658 ** P--'n UCID-15251 ** 183 UGRL-7711 ** 3^6 UCL&-515 340 UGRL-7634 *v 49 UCRL-1489(Rev.2) .... 395 UCRL-7738 ** 366 UCBL-1966/14/3-28 ... 176 UCRIi-7761 ** 376 TJCRL-5675 * , 393 UCRL-5675(p.20-8)* .. 207 UCRL-7762 ** 14? UCRL-5676 83 UORL-7770 ** 634 UCRL-5676 p.71-88)*.. 275 UCRL-7773 ** 157 UGRL-5676 p.89-96) ... 498 UCRIi-7801 ** 122 UCRL-5678 p.13-20)*.. 562 UCRL-7803 * 368 -do- p.46-65)*.. 55 UCRL-7850 * 581 p.42-5)* .. 526 UGRL-7870 118 -do- p.74-9)* .. 120 UGRL-7879 , 642 -do- p..80-101)*. 521 UCRL-7916 o92 -do- 19 UGRL-7949 418 UCRL-5832 *** 625 UGRL-7963 638 U0HL-E84O * 550 UCRIi-12960 564 UCRI»-5928 545 UGRI-12131 -** ,609 TJCRL-5973-E**UCRL-5974-T*** ..... 546 UGRL-12171 ** 327 UCRL-6008(Rev.)*** . 61 UCRL-12118-** 216 U0RL-6438(Pt, landfi) * 222 UCRL-12180•** ...... 240 UCRL-6481 383 UCRlH.12180(Rev.2)** . 241 UCRL-6326 *** 570 UCRL-12224-T ** 515 UGRL-6484 . 356 UGRL-12229- . ** ...... 475 UGHi-657.8(Rev.)»..., 382 UCRL-12236 *t 559 UGRL-6588 *• 568 UCRL-12248 ** 221 UCRL-6999(Rev,H) .. 381 UCRL-1224e-l(Rev.l)** 229 UCRL-13029 *** 424 UGRL-7350 *** • 585 531 UCRL-13104 541 UCRIi-6636 * 528 UCRL-13225 ** 339 UGRL-7350(Rev%I) *** 567 UGRL-13242 ** 451 U0R1-7608UCRL-7515.**. * 544 LJRL-15354 ** 484 UCRL-7632(P.6-10)** .325 UCLIi-14125 ** 60S UCRL-7608 398 UCRL-14149 660 TJCRL-7632. * ,. 229 TJORL-14171 ** 173 UGRL-7632(C0NF-378- UGRL-1419i(Rcv.l) * . 208 TJGRL-14197-T ** ...... 543 4)* ... 164 TJGRL-14201 ** , 534 TJCRL-7632.( 00NP-3 78- UCRL-14280(aev.l) ... 400 1)* ... 223 UGRL-14294 :. 597 UGRL-7632( 00NP-378- UGRL-14311 ** ...... 506 4)* ... 305 UCRL-14330 c. 535 UGRL-7632 -do 5*... 304 UCRL-14229 ** 604 UGRL- -do- -do-3* ., 301 UCRL-14451 ** 582 UCE&-7632(p.l-5) * ..172 UGRL-14463(Rev.l) ... 408 UGRL-7632(p-17-20) *. 184 UGRL-14464 ** 683 UORL-7657* 236 UGRL-14500 661 Contd. - 337 -

UCRL-14729 ** 587 UCRL-50750 415 UCRL-14756 ** 9? UCRL-70780 • 536 UCRL-14778 *'* 379 UORL-71280- **...... 618 UCRL-14877 ** .. 483 UCRI^--71314(^ReTr.l) .. 613 UCRL-15259 158 UCnL-71-354- **- 474 UCRL-50008-66-1 ** 85 UCR-L-71356 ...... 459 UCRL-50008-66-2 ** 87 UCRL-71-4-39 • 123 UCHL-5'0008-67-1 ** 88 UCRL-71455 , 67 UGRL-50008-67-2 ** 89 UGRL-71456** 425 -do- 3 ** 90 UCRL-71489 *• 40 -do- 4 ** 91 UCRL-71624** 455 UGRL-50050 ** 363 UCRL-71901 ** 106 UCRL-5O149 ** 317 UCRL-72159 • 206 UCRL-50177 ** 315 UCRL-72175 ' 456 UCRL-50182 ** ., 675 UCRL-Irans-358 ..... 245 UCRL-50203 ** 358 UCRL-Trans-717*** ... 349 UCRL-50213 ** 352 UORL-Traas-827**^ s«. 239 UCRL150334 ** 487 UGRL-Trans-i-liO8** -.. 571 UCRL-5O330 •• 517 UCRH-!Erans-iO152**-. 96 UORL-50385 • 586 UCRL-Trans-10138** . 300 UGRL-50390(Rev.l)...... 596 UCRL-1?rans*-10188** *.• 279 UCRL-50425 ** 461 UORL-Trans-10200** . 511 UGRL-50480 ** 467 UCRL-Trans-10420 .*•. 337 UCRL-50'482 ** .., 119 USGS-474-41 ...... 125 UCRL-50499 *» 647 USGS-474-67 572 UCEL-50506 ** 560 UCRL-50523 ** 379 WP-1008 * 360 UCRE-50531 ** 367 VUP-1009- * 162 UCRL-50554 ** 479 VUF-1013 •*• ...... 308 UCRL-50562 ** 512 WP-1027 •* j. 566 UCRE-50631 •••'•• 333 UCRL-50658 ** 66 VUP-103-7 **...... 156 UCRL-50'693 ** ... 63 VUP-1038 **••....-.... 171 UCRD-70376 ** 655 VUP-1041 -** , . 181 UCRL-70470 ** 141 VTT-F-2401 ••*•* .-.. 346 tJCRL-70762 ** ..... 571 VUP-3017 •** 148 UCRi-71356 ...168 VUP-3021 ** ...... i,- 329 UGRL-71456 ** 232 WT-399 *** • '.'d..i i;. 309 UCRI^71491 ** •.... 212 WP-1105 *** 369 UCRL-50635(Rev.l)*» ... 611 WT-1834 •* ...... 417

:*; •• ,..*** denote the aviailability of the report in full size form, microfiche ' and laierocard forms at B'.A.R.O., • " Trombay, Sombay, respectively. • ;

QQOOOO - 358 -

LIST OP PLOWSRaRE'S MAJOR EVENTS

Air Vent Anacostia Barbel Bilby Blanca Bronco Buggy Cabriolet Oarryall Castla Chariot Coach Cowboy Dannyboy Dragon Tail Dribble Dugout Gasbuggy Gnome Handcar Hardhat Jangle Ketch Mike Neptune Palanquin Betrel Piledriver Plumbbob Postbuggy Prebuggy Predribble Pregondola I and II Pre-Schooner Preshot Rainier Rulison Salmon Schooner Scooter Sedan Shale Shoal Sloop Stagecoach Starfish Sterling Sulky 'j Thunderbird

RAN/gsm/10.7.70,