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Réfugié », Identité Transversale Les Réfugiés À Delhi Au Sein Des Dynamiques Institutionnelles, Communautaires Et Associatives Identit´e" r´efugi´e", identit´etransversale.Les r´efugi´es`a Delhi au sein des dynamiques institutionnelles, communautaires et associatives Julie Baujard To cite this version: Julie Baujard. Identit´e" r´efugi´e", identit´etransversale.Les r´efugi´es`aDelhi au sein des dy- namiques institutionnelles, communautaires et associatives. Anthropologie sociale et ethnolo- gie. Universit´ede Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. Fran¸cais. <tel-00350124> HAL Id: tel-00350124 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350124 Submitted on 29 Jan 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITÉ AIX-MARSEILLE I - Université de Provence U.F.R. Anthropologie N° attribué par la bibliothèque I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ AIX-MARSEILLE I Formation doctorale : Anthropologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Julie Baujard Le 17 décembre 2008 Identité « réfugié », identité transversale Les réfugiés à Delhi au sein des dynamiques institutionnelles, communautaires et associatives _______________ Directeur de thèse : M. François Robinne _______________ JURY M. Michel Agier M. Luc Cambrézy Mme Véronique Dupont M. Jean-Luc Racine Pour Claire et Jean-Louis Pour Jean À Pierre Identité “réfugié”, identité transversale Remerciements La thèse est une longue épreuve solitaire, mais elle est également un grand travail d’équipe. Mon équipe fut formidable, voici quelques-uns de ses membres : François Robinne suit mon travail depuis ma maîtrise et le dirige depuis mon DEA. Très encourageant, attentif et clairvoyant, il a su me pousser dans mes derniers retranchements et m’apporter un appui sans faille dans les moments de doute. Il a joué un rôle important dans la mise au point du cadre conceptuel de cette thèse, sans compter que ce fut un grand plaisir de travailler sous sa direction. Pôleth/M. Wadbled m’a inspirée, aidée, conseillée, épaulée depuis mes premiers pas en sociologie jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Ses remarques, ses questions et ses suggestions ont beaucoup apporté à ma réflexion. Michel Agier, par sa bienveillance et sa disponibilité, m’a encouragée à progresser dans cette recherche sur les réfugiés. Les nombreuses opportunités qu’il m’a offertes ont joué un rôle important dans mon cheminement intellectuel. Mes parents ne se sont pas contentés de m’apporter un soutien indéfectible, ils m’ont aidée dans la réalisation de ce travail, en particulier ma mère, Claire Boucher, dont la fine plume a grandement contribué à améliorer ce manuscrit, et qui a passé avec moi les derniers jours, les meilleurs, avant la remise du mémoire. Soucieuse de ne pas rendre jaloux mon père, Jean-Louis Baujard, je l’ai sollicité à chaque fois que des chiffres se présentaient et l’ai entraîné dans de savants calculs de réfugiés. De nombreuses autres personnes ont contribué à améliorer ce travail par leurs relectures, commentaires, critiques, conseils judicieux : Le personnel et les chercheurs du Centre de Sciences Humaines, sous la direction de Véronique Dupont, et tout particulièrement Samuel Berthet et Cyril Robin, ainsi qu’Éric Leclerc, Bertrand Lefebvre et Stéphanie Tawa-Lama. Mes amis chercheurs, en particulier Grégoire Schlemmer, Renaud Egreteau, Julie Humeau et Raphaël Voix, sans oublier l’Association Jeunes Études Indiennes. Le personnel et les chercheurs de l’Institut de Recherche sur le Sud-Est Asiatique et de la Maison Asie Pacifique, et surtout Françoise Douaire-Marsaudon, Christian Paris, Sabine Partouche et Louise Pichard. Marie-José Canelli et le personnel du HCR. Rahul Bhasin et mes autres amis de Delhi. Marie, Yvan et Samuel qui m’ont donné l’asile et choyée pendant le dernier mois de rédaction, et tous ceux que je ne peux nommer ici mais dont le soutien, de près ou de loin, fut très précieux. Enfin et surtout, les réfugiés que j’ai côtoyés pendant ces cinq années et qui sont pour beaucoup devenus des amis. 1 Identité “réfugié”, identité transversale Sommaire REMERCIEMENTS.....................................................................................................................1 SOMMAIRE...................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................5 LA CATEGORIE « REFUGIE » COMME OBJET D’ETUDE ANTHROPOLOGIQUE ..............................5 CHOIX METHODOLOGIQUES ..................................................................................................... 38 CHAPITRE 1 LES REFUGIES EN INDE ET A DELHI : CHOIX ET CONTRAINTES………………………………………………………………………………….48 1-1 LE CHOIX DES REFUGIES POUR L’INDE ET POUR DELHI .............................................. 48 A - Le choix de l’Inde................................................................................................... 48 B - Le choix de Delhi.................................................................................................... 60 1-2 L’INDE, LE STATUT DE REFUGIE ET LES REFUGIES ...................................................... 72 A - L’Inde et le régime international de protection des réfugiés............................... 73 B - L’Inde et les réfugiés .............................................................................................. 77 C - L’Inde, les Tibétains, et les réfugiés sous mandat des Nations Unies................. 85 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 98 CHAPITRE 2 DYNAMIQUES TERRITORIALES ET RELATIONNELLES DES REFUGIES A DELHI…………………………………………………………………………..100 2-1 IMPLANTATION SPATIALE DES REFUGIES DANS LA CAPITALE................................... 100 A- Delhi – un aperçu depuis l’Indépendance........................................................... 100 B- Implantation des réfugiés dans la ville................................................................ 113 2-2 LES REFUGIES DANS LEURS RAPPORTS AUX INDIENS................................................ 133 A- Relations conflictuelles......................................................................................... 133 B- Coopérations......................................................................................................... 147 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 155 CHAPITRE 3 LES REFUGIES FACE A LEUR ORGANISATION DE TUTELLE……………………………………………………………………………………….161 3-1 LES TIBETAINS ET L’AUTORITE TIBETAINE................................................................ 161 2 Identité “réfugié”, identité transversale A- L’Administration centrale tibétaine et le Gouvernement tibétain en exil......... 161 B- Prise en charge du réfugié................................................................................... 167 3-2 LES REFUGIES SOUS MANDAT DES NATIONS UNIES ET LE HCR............................... 181 A- Les « solutions durables » préconisées par le HCR........................................... 183 B- Mise en œuvre de la politique du HCR à New Delhi.......................................... 185 C- Evolution de la politique du HCR : entre « vieux » réfugiés et nouveaux arrivants, un traitement différent............................................................................................. 196 3-3 PERCEPTIONS DES CADRES DE TUTELLE PAR LES REFUGIES ..................................... 202 A- Les Tibétains, entre gratitude et indifférence ..................................................... 202 B- Les réfugiés du HCR, entre résignation et contestation..................................... 207 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 231 CHAPITRE 4 LE SOUTIEN POLITIQUE AUX REFUGIES ET SES REPERCUSSIONS SOCIALES..................................................................................................... 234 4-1 DES SOUTIENS PLURIELS ............................................................................................ 237 A- Les appuis indiens................................................................................................. 237 B- Les soutiens occidentaux...................................................................................... 250 4-2 LES RETOMBEES AU SEIN DES GROUPES DE REFUGIES .............................................. 265 A- Activité politique à Delhi : reconnaissance symbolique et assistance matérielle 266 B- Une stratification sociale spécifique................................................................... 274 C- Dans un monde d’hommes, le poids des organisations féminines..................... 280 D- Accès à un « système-providence » ..................................................................... 284 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 298 CHAPITRE 5 LES REFUGIES
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