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Propaganda, Information and Psychological Warfare: Cold War and Hot

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PROPAGANDA, INFORMATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE: COLD WAR AND HOT A List of Holdings Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Page 1 of 69 Page 2 of 69 Compiled by: David J. Haight April 2008 INTRODUCTION Such terms as “information,” “political warfare,” “propaganda,” “psychological strategy,” and “psychological warfare” are frequently used, often interchangeably, but are difficult to define. In preparing this guide, the Library staff recognizing this difficulty, have, therefore, interpreted the meanings of these related words broadly to cover actions, activities, symbols, thoughts, beliefs and media aimed at influencing public opinion at home and abroad. Efforts to “win the hearts and minds” of people have been attempted through many means including such conventional methods as radio and television broadcasts, public speeches, leaflets, newspapers, and the like. In addition, these efforts have covered such things as trade fairs, cultural diplomacy (a term which may itself mean different things to different people), the People-to-People program as well as actions of governments themselves and developments within countries. For example, efforts to restore and protect civil rights for minority groups within the United States certainly had and continue to have an impact on opinion at home and abroad. Wide use of labels such as “Free World,” is, itself, a form of propaganda intended to influence particular audiences. One of the best known “psychological warriors,” C.D. Jackson, pointed out that psychological warfare (or any of its related terms) cannot be separated from the actions of the sponsoring entity (in Jackson’s case and in most instances listed herein, the United States Government). Instead, each policy implemented or action taken by the government has an impact on national and/or international opinion. This guide includes a select bibliography of works which address various aspects of information (or propaganda). Users are urged to consult these and other studies of the subject to gain a better understanding of information and propaganda activities. Please also note that given the nature of the subject matter covered by this guide, it is highly unlikely that all possible sources of documentation in the Library’s holdings on this topic are cited herein. Therefore, the guide should be considered as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, finding aids to the Library’s 530-plus manuscript collections. Page 3 of 69 Page 4 of 69 Collections: Adkins, Bertha S.: Papers, 1948-1971 Box 29 [Trip to Finland, Norway, Sweden and Soviet Union, August-September 1959] (1) Box 30 [Trip to Finland, Norway, Sweden and Soviet Union, August-September 1959] (2)(3) Box 30 [Good-will Trip to Poland, November, 1959] (1)-(3) Anderson, Robert B.: Papers, 1933-1989 Box 26 Miscellaneous (4) [torture of American POWs in Korea] Box 119 He-Hi (1)-(5) [H. Struve Hensel re William Godel] Box 227-229 Asia Foundation [including Asia Foundation Board meetings; budget] Box 230 Centennial Fund Campaign [American University at Beirut] Box 299 King Ranch [life in Cuban prison; Latin American reaction to Castro and Bay of Pigs] Box 323 Campbell, Paul, et al. [America Needs an Ideology] Aurand, Evan P.: Papers, 1934-1972 Box 8 Air War College, 1953 Study No. 3, The Current World conflict [ideological basis of conflict] Aurand, Henry S.: Papers 1873-1978 Box 54 [Subject File:] Washington Trip (Army Commanders’ Conference), December 1950 (1)- (2) [Karl R. Bendetsen on Korean War, international communism and U.S. sponsored covert operations] Bacon, Edward A.: Papers, 1864; 1896-1968 Box 25 Yarrow, Bernard “Bernie” 1964-67 [re Free Europe Committee] Barker, Ray W.: Papers, 1942-1946 Box 2 Leaflets dropped into occupied countries Bauer, Robert A.: Papers, 1939-1998 (closed pending processing) Box 1 Manuscripts, Lectures, Etc. [historical issues of the VOA Broadcasts to Austria, 1945-55; McCarty attack on the VOA] Box 1 Manuscripts, Lectures, Etc. [the art of persuasion in foreign affairs Box 1 India [Women’s Training College and USIS; USIS monthly reports Box 1 Post Reports [Bauer’s coverage of the Hungarian Revolt and Middle East Crisis] Edward L. Beach and Evan P. Aurand: Records, 1953-1961 Box 21 People-to-People Program [visit by Hope ship to Indonesia; Canberra; Italy] Page 5 of 69 Benedict, Stephen: Papers, 1952-1960 Box 1 8-25-52 New York City, American Legion Convention [liberation of captive peoples; Communist expansion and subversion] Box 4 10-3-52 Statement to be broadcast to Iron Curtain Countries By Radio Free Europe Box 4-5 10-8-52 San Francisco, California (1)-(3) [foreign policy speech; Cold War] Box 8 Speech Suggestions (Mostly non-Staff) (1)-(3) Benson, Ezra Taft: Papers, 1952-1961 Box 16 Russia (1)-(6) [Christianity in Russia; booklet on communist ideology] Boillot, Claude E.: Papers, 1934-1984. Boillot served with British intelligence during World War II and participated in missions into Nazi occupied France. Check finding aid for complete folder list. Box 1 CALPO Box 1 Operation “Decoy” Box 1 Operation “Francois” Box 2 Progress Reports (1)(2) Bortman, Mark: Papers, 1956-1967. Mark Bortman was Chairman of the Civic Committee of the People-to-People Program and member of People-to-People’s National Board of Directors. His papers constitute a source of documentation on the role of cultural and personal diplomacy in fostering international understanding and consequently, projecting a positive image of America abroad. Please consult finding aid for a list of folder titles including countries, agencies, and general topics. A few selected folders are listed below. Box 3 [Department of State Course on Ideological Conflict] (1)-(3) Box 3 Hope-People-to-People Box 3-4 Information Agency 1963 (1)-(4) [includes material for 1964, 1965, 1967] Box 7 War College (1)-(3) Box 10 Dwight D. Eisenhower Box 10 Eisenhower-Chairman of PPP Box 12 Hubert H. Humphrey Box 12-13 Johnson, Lyndon B. (1)-(3) and background material Box 13 Kennedy, John F. (1)-(3) Box 15 Rowan, Carl, Director, USIA Brownell, Herbert, Jr.: Papers, 1877-1988 Box 17 H (1)-(4) [GOP work with foreign language groups] Box 25 DR (1)(2) [John Foster Dulles re Harold Stassen, Korea trip] Box 27 S (1)(2) [Martha Schmidt re Radio Free Europe] Box 61 State, Secretary of (1)(2) [holdings of U.S. libraries abroad] Bull, Harold R.: Papers, 1943-1968 Box 1 Miscellaneous Military Letters 25 Oct. 1943-5 July 1946 [8 folders] Contain scattered references to OSS and SOE activities Page 6 of 69 Burns, Arthur F.: Papers, 1928-1969 Box 210 [Rylaarsdam, J. Coert. “The Arab State of Mind”, 1956] Butcher, Harry C.: Papers, 1910-1959 Box 1-5 Correspondence 1942-1945 [scattered items regarding press relations, censorship] Box 16 Correspondence June 1945 [General Ed. C. Betts re OSS war crimes motion picture] Box 16 Items Concerning Operations of DDE Which Could Be Used for Speeches [POWs and war crimes] Byroade, Henry A.: Papers, 1940-1992. Henry Byroade served as Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian and African Affairs under President Truman and later was U.S. Ambassador to Egypt, the Union of South Africa, Afghanistan, the Philippines and Pakistan. Box 1 News Articles Miscellaneous [Arab newspapers commentary on U.S. Understanding of Arab culture] Cabot, John M.: Papers, 1929-1978 [Microfilm copies]. John Cabot was a career foreign service officer, serving in the Department of State in Washington, DC and in posts in China, Colombia, Brazil, Finland, Sweden, Poland and Yugoslavia. Reel 6-Folder #9 Yugoslavia, 1947 [Embassy correspondence] Reel 6-Folder #10 Yugoslavia, 1947 [Embassy correspondence and personal speeches] Reel 10-Folder #128 Poland 1962 [Embassy correspondence] Reel 10-Folder #129 Poland, 1962 cont. [Embassy correspondence] Reel 10-Folder #130 Poland, 1962-65 [speeches] Reel 10-Folders #131-133 Poland, 1963 [Embassy correspondence] Reel 11-Folders #135-139 [Poland 1964-1965] Cochran, Jacqueline: Papers, 1932-75 I. General Files Series Box 98 People-to-People Program 1958 (1)(2) Box 106 People-to-People Program 1959 (1)(2) Box 106 Radio & TV Broadcasts 1959 [Voice of America] Box 128 People-to-People Program 1960-61 Collins, J. Lawton: Papers, 1896-1975 Box 28 Lansdale, Edward G. (Colonel) (1)(2) Box 29 Militant Liberty Plan Box 31 United States Information Agency Box 33 Advisory Committee on Non-military Instruction-DOD, 1962 (1)(2) Combined Chiefs of Staff: Conference Proceedings, 1941-1945. Should check for discussions of policy of Unconditional Surrender and its psychological impact on Axis Powers. See for example, Box 1- CASABLANCA Conference for reference to announcement of this policy. Also see Box 3, TERMINAL Conference for application of concept to Japan in summer of 1945. Page 7 of 69 Cook, Gilbert R.: Papers, 1908-1959 Box 3 German Anti-Allied Propaganda, 1920s Box 5 Morale of the U.S. Army, Study of, 1941 (1)-(3) [by H. Howell for New York Times] Couch, Virgil L.: Papers, 1927-1980. Virgil Couch served in the Federal Civil Defense Administration during the Eisenhower Administration where he helped direct U.S. civil defense programs aimed at preparing the general public for a possible nuclear attack. While possibly technically not psychological warfare in a narrow sense, the materials contained within the Couch Papers reflect U.S. Government activities having psychological impact on the American people. Users should consult the finding aid for complete list of folder titles and description of the collection. A few folder titles are listed below. Box 2 Civil Defense Facts, Speakers Kit, 1955-1956 [information on fall out and evacuation; women in civil defense] Box 2 Defense Against Disaster, Speakers Kit, 1957-1958 [speeches for different audiences on civil defense] Box 3 Human Behavior under Disaster Conditions Box 3 Operation You, Your Role in Civil Defense, Information Kit, 1955 Devers, Jacob L.: Papers, 1939-1949.
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