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The London School of Economics and Political Science the Crafting Of The London School of Economics and Political Science The Crafting of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1945-1951 Seung Mo Kang A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2020 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,908 words. 2 Acknowledgements I really could not have done this project alone and I owe thanks to so many people. I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Antony Best for always being willing to talk to me and for his meticulous review of my work. Throughout the course of my studies, he has taught me how to prioritize, summarize, clarify and most importantly to engage and write like an historian and not simply copy-and-paste interesting facts that previous books and articles did not mention. I also thank my examiners, Dr. John Nilsson-Wright and Professor Matthew Jones, for their meaningful and concrete suggestions on how to further improve my argument, especially on the works dealing with John Foster Dulles’ role in negotiating the Japanese peace settlement. Otherwise, I could have overlooked some very important works and overstated my contribution. I am also thankful to Professor Steven Casey, who shared some of his Dulles papers early during my first year. It helped me a great deal in understanding Dulles’ view of Korea in 1950. I am also grateful to my former colleagues at Seoul National University, Ben Engel and Keiran Macrae, who read more than half of my thesis and provided valuable insight from an outsider’s point of view. I took so many things for granted, thinking that my writing would be self-evident and that the reader would have no trouble understanding what I was trying to say. Without their input, I would have failed to provide enough context in many instances and left the reader in suspense. I am also thankful for my friends at LSE, especially my cohort, Liam Connell, Danielle Davenport, Isami Sawai and Javiera Soto. I dearly miss our café get-togethers near school and hope we can meet up again in not-so-distant future. I also thank the administrative staff at the International History Department and PhD Academy for their behind-the-scenes support. They usually go unnoticed, but they are the ones keeping the students up-to-date with important notices and taking care of necessary paper works for a range of task from fieldwork application to viva arrangement. I must also thank the security staff members, whose names I unfortunately cannot recall. On multiple occasions during my first and second years, I often locked myself in or out when working late hours at the PhD Academy or Sardinia House, either because I lost track of time and worked 15 minutes past opening hours or forgot to bring my student ID or fob keys when going to the restroom, and had to call them for help. My doctoral studies were also greatly facilitated by the LSE studentship. Having seen how many of my friends struggle with their lives as doctoral students because they do not receive financial support, I have always appreciated how I was relatively care-free when it came to financial stability for my studies. A generous eight-month stipend from the Japan Foundation, meanwhile, allowed me to spend time in Tokyo to work with Japanese materials and substantially revise two of my chapters, while adding two new ones. It was at Tokyo, where I discovered that some of my arguments were nothing new and had already been analyzed in detail by Japanese scholars in the 1980s. Had I not been to Japan, I could have overlooked these crucial pieces of historiography and thereby undermined the credibility of some of my findings. While in Tokyo, I also had the chance to regularly consult Professor Asano Toyomi, whom I first met in 2015 at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and who has since then been my informal mentor in many ways. I also got to know Professor Iokibe Kaoru at the University of Tokyo, who allowed me to attend his study group and present at the Japan History Group workshop he organizes. At this workshop, I had the honor of having Professor Morishita Jōji, a real-world expert in fisheries, as a commentator on my chapter on postwar Japanese fisheries and receiving priceless feedback. The Roosevelt Institute of American Studies also provided a generous travel grant, allowing me to gather substantial material from the Council of Foreign Relations papers, which proved to be 3 extremely useful in understanding the viewpoints of the major actors, who were involved in making the Japanese peace treaty. Lastly, I thank my family for bearing with me all these years, especially my wife, who has had to move around with me to different cities and countries and work (except in Japan) to meet extra costs. I could not have completed this work in four years without her support. Fingers-crossed, for all the sacrifices made, we will be more stable and financially secure soon. 4 Abstract This study traces how the Treaty of Peace with Japan was negotiated between 1945 and 1951. Originally, the treaty was based on the principle of demilitarization and democratization to prevent Japan’s re-emergence as a threat. As tensions increased with the Soviet Union and the PRC, however, the US decided that the peace treaty must be geared towards containing communism, which entailed revitalizing Japan’s economic and military capacity and anchoring it to the West. For this purpose, the US sought to eradicate punitive elements from the treaty. However, the US often clashed with its friends in that process, as many countries had not forgotten Japan’s wartime atrocities and harbored suspicion that Japanese militarism could revive. Hence, the US had to make important concessions, such as obligating Japan to pay reparations and excluding the Chinese Nationalists from the treaty. Nevertheless, thanks to the widespread consensus among America’s friends of the need to combat communism, the US was able to steer the treaty in a way that was lenient and conformed to its containment policy. This study is significant in that it focuses on a number of aspects of the Japanese peace treaty and its negotiation that have hitherto been underappreciated, and thereby offers a fresh perspective. It also has contemporary significance as it seeks to better understand how today’s problems, such as territorial disputes and “history issues” regarding Japan’s past, originated. 5 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 The Question and Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 9 Review of the Existing Historiography ..................................................................................... 10 Outline of the Chapters ............................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 1. The Early Attempt to Draft a Peace Settlement and Its Failure, 1945-1947 ............... 24 The Early Principles behind the Postwar Japanese Settlement ................................................. 25 The Initial Attempt for a Peace Settlement ............................................................................... 25 Dissolution of the 1947 Peace Conference ............................................................................... 31 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 44 Chapter 2. The Dormant Years, 1948-1949 .................................................................................. 45 Paradigm Shift, Postponement and Transformation of the Peace Treaty, 1948-1949 .............. 45 The Rekindling of Momentum, 1949 ........................................................................................ 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 3. The Formative Years and the Japanese Peace Treaty, 1950-1951 .............................. 60 Towards a Consolidated US Position, 1950-1951 .................................................................... 60 The International Discussion on the Japanese Peace Settlement .............................................. 66 Bipartisan Foreign Policy .......................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 4. The Question of Chinese Representation .................................................................... 81 The Emergence of the Question of Chinese Representation ....................................................
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