Copyright by Naoko Kato 2013
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Copyright by Naoko Kato 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Naoko Kato Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Through the Kaleidoscope: Uchiyama Bookstore and Sino-Japanese Visionaries in War and Peace Committee: Mark Metzler, Supervisor Nancy Stalker Madeline Hsu Huaiyin Li Robert Oppenheim Through the Kaleidoscope: Uchiyama Bookstore and Sino-Japanese Visionaries in War and Peace by Naoko Kato, B.A., M.A., M.S.I.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Emiko and Haruichi Kato. Through the Kaleidoscope: Uchiyama Bookstore and Sino-Japanese Visionaries in War and Peace Naoko Kato, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: Mark Metzler The Republican period in Chinese history (1911-1949) is generally seen as a series of anti-imperialist and anti-foreign movements that coincide with the development of Chinese nationalism. The continual ties between Chinese nationalists and Japanese intellectuals are often overlooked. In the midst of the Sino-Japanese war, Uchiyama Kanzō, a Christian pacifist who was the owner of the bookstore, acted as a cultural liaison between May Fourth Chinese revolutionaries who were returned students from Japan, and Japanese left-wing activists working for the Communist cause, or visiting Japanese writers eager to meet their Chinese counterparts. I explore the relationship between Japanese and Chinese cultural literati in Shanghai, using Uchiyama Bookstore as the focal point. The ongoing Sino-Japanese tensions surrounding the “history problem” overemphasize the views of the right-wing nationalists and the Japanese state, dismissing the crucial role of left-wing groups. Uchiyama is a key link to understanding the ideological connection between Pan Asian anti-war activists in the pre-war period with peace activists in post-war Japan who were often accused of being “China’s hand.” Uchiyama, valued for his prewar connections with prominent Chinese intellectuals, becomes one of the founding members of Sino-Japan organizations upon his return to Japan after the war. I situate non-governmental Sino- Japanese organizations within the larger peace movement in Japan, which are transnational, in contrast with intergovernmental organizations that operate on the basis of nation-states. This work will contribute towards a growing recognition of histories that transcend nations, by focusing on both Chinese and Japanese cosmopolitan individuals who continued to form ties with each other, even as their respective nation-states were either at war, or did not have normalized diplomatic relations. I hope to also shed new light on histories of Republican China and post-war Japan, as well as explore issues related to empire and globalization in East Asia. v Table of Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Method/Approach ...........................................................................................3 Kaleidoscope..........................................................................................4 Voices of Cosmopolitan Individuals...............................................................8 Chapter 1: The First Turn: Christian Bookstore (1875-1917) ...............................13 Christian Foundation.....................................................................................14 The Prodigal Son...........................................................................................16 Niijima Jō and Dōshisha University .............................................................18 Uchiyama’s Mentor Makino Toraji ..............................................................21 The China Mission: Makino Toraji, Uchiyama Kanzō, and Shimizu Yasuzō24 Uchiyama’s Role Model Uchimura Kanzō...................................................26 The Founding of Uchiyama Bookstore.........................................................29 Chapter 2: The Second Turn: Pan-Asian Dreams (1878-1913).............................30 Uchiyama’s Pan-Asianism............................................................................31 Kishida Ginkō ...............................................................................................34 Arao Sei ........................................................................................................38 The Tongwen Spirit and Japanese Teachers........................................42 Chapter 3: The Third Turn: Sino-Japanese Bookstore (1917-1924) .....................46 Japanese Christian Customers.......................................................................46 Visions of Universal Humanity ....................................................................49 Christian Socialist Networks.........................................................................54 Fountain of Knowledge for Returned Students of Japan..............................59 Chapter 4: The Fourth Turn: Sino-Japanese Cultural Salon (1926-1930).............67 Publishing, Translation, and Book Culture...................................................68 Shanghai’s Extraterritoriality........................................................................72 Shanghai Customs for Japanese Visitors ......................................................75 Lu Xun and his Followers....................................................................82 vi Cultural Forum: Mandankai .........................................................................88 Expansion and Japanese Language School...................................................93 Chapter 5: The Fifth Turn: Safe Haven (1927-1936) ............................................96 Guo Moruo....................................................................................................98 Lu Xun’s Hideout .......................................................................................101 Woodblock Print Movement.......................................................................107 Lu Xun’s Japanese Translators and Comrades ...........................................114 Masuda Wataru ..................................................................................114 Ozaki Hotsumi ...................................................................................115 Kaji Wataru........................................................................................121 Lu Xun’s Funeral ........................................................................................126 Chapter 6: The Sixth Turn: In Search for Peace in Midst of War (1925-1945) ..128 Christians in Search for Peace ....................................................................129 Japan Fellowship of Reconcilliation..................................................131 The Kingdom of God Movement.......................................................136 League of Nations Association of Japan............................................140 Japanese Christians Taking a Stance .................................................143 Romans Chapter 12...................................................................144 Christian Actions in War ..........................................................146 China Information Portal ............................................................................148 Military Police ...................................................................................152 Mandan ..............................................................................................154 Lived Experiences, Not Written Words....................................155 Story Time ................................................................................157 Counter Images of China ..........................................................158 Knowing China ...........................................................................................162 Chapter 7: The Seventh Turn: Japan-China Friendship Association (1945-1959)169 Prewar to Postwar Peace Movements.........................................................170 Christianity, War Guilt, and Repentance ....................................................173 vii The Closing of Shanghai Uchiyama Bookstore..........................................179 Back in Japan ..............................................................................................185 Japan-China Friendship Association...........................................................187 First Aim: Decolonization..................................................................190 Atonement Through Woodcut Prints........................................192 Second Aim: Cultural Exchange........................................................194 Third Aim: Trade Promotion .............................................................196 Fourth Aim: Peace .............................................................................198 Postwar Mandan ................................................................................198 Chapter 8: The Eighth Turn: Epilogue.................................................................206 A Bridge through books..............................................................................206 Uchiyama Bookstore in the Present and in Memory ..................................208 Appendix: Uchiyama