CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Professor Constantin Iordachi Supervisor: Professor Istvan Rev Radio Free Europe’s Operation in the 1950s and the 1960s the and the 1950s in Operation Europe’s Free Radio Technical Infrastructure, Noise, and Geography in Geography and Noise, Infrastructure, Technical In partialIn fulfillm Cold War Engineering: WarEngineering: Cold Central European University ent ofthe requirementsent for the degree of Department ofHistory Budapest, Hungary
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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Revolution Hungarian in 3. “Non 2. Objects 1. Introduction Observing DisturbingNoise ObjectObserving Sounds: asan Research of 1. 1. 1.1 ActorsMultiple theRadio “Network”: Dependencies,Communication in a Links, 2.2. 2.1 3 2 1.3.4. Antennas 1.3.4. Teletype 1.3.3. Magnetic tapes 1.3.2. Communicationlinks 1.3.1. 1. 1.2.1 . . Objects and External Companies as . Reconstructing the Radio’s Infr The Term “Network” as aSelf The Emergence of Precise Ionosphere Predictions Technical Monitoring: From Political Mode of Hearing Accumulationto Data of 2 .2.Relay
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CEU eTD Collection 4. 1985), Press, CambridgeUniversity Kenez, behavior thereby and emotions, thinking, people’s ofaffecting hope the in values political and social 1 technological the were What waves? radio the of path the in obstacles other the were th did How politics? local Towhat extent theoperationglobal jamming? failures did on depend and inthefight against and success their evaluate they did How depended? operation whole the which on groups, way the about learn can we answers, their From foreigner. a of eyes the with issues, organizational and technical of RFE journal voices as either dimensions: their of both heard have many but “seen”, have scientists only that impulses electric waves, invisible with Curtain Iron the behind “enemies” attack to task broadcaster of army to whole a possible mobilize it was How radio. symbolic the of existence successful the doubt under put occasionally,to least at afraid,be not shouldHistorians error? and trial of instancesunstable the when moments the but facts, solid today’s not examine knowledgeunderstanding half our of thatdrew ofthe the20thcentury. second communist of sounds deafening the against fighting was RFE towers, transmission powerful its With Bloc. Eastern the in regimes the against resistance the to contributed and world” “communist the to world” “free the from war propaganda the in player key a was radio the that Europe Free Radio than example better a hardly is historicalThere facts. solid with deal we if as questions, without approach we est which understanding beyond, and War Cold the throughout that, knowledge
I use the term “propaganda” following the definition of propaganda by Peter Kenez: “anKenez: Peter by ofpropaganda definition followingthe “propaganda” use I theterm The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917 ofMethods Mobilization, Mass Soviet State: Propaganda the of Birth The a w afr t lo mr coey n acp a ifrn satn pit i we if point: starting different a accept and closely more look to afford we Can Many interesting questions emerge, looking at the shared knowledge, specifically at at specifically knowledge, shared the at looking emerge, questions interesting Many ists or monotonous sounds of jamming? soundsofjamming? ormonotonous ists Cold War War Cold
wis f h wahr nlec te hl poes n what and process whole the influence weather the of whims e
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s, technical personnel, facilities, and places with the with places and facilities, personnel, technical s, ts imagined successful propaganda. successful imagined ts 3
amn. l sc sois omd solid formed stories such All jamming.
that constantly transmitted messages transmitted constantly that se same facts were still floating, still were facts same se
bihd ra o common of areas ablished (RFE) . It is a commonplace a is It . - 1929 attempt to transm attempt to 1
(Cambridge: What were the the were What
.” .” Peter Peter it it CEU eTD Collection 3 University Oxford 2 * broadcasting. War Cold of aspects non and humans tools, their and s social “f recommendation: context historical this study extensive in back objects “bring to try will I words, actors important equally as objects living r of analysis history my in mind in keep constantly I will that aspects several are there paradigm, this In TechnologyStudies. “actor of tool methodological Stalin, Lenin, than often more much Khrushchev,and Brezhnev puttogether? resonated Hertz Heinrich of name their the in when, speech, technicians the from learn still we can What amateurs? radio living of apassion made who practitioners radio mysterious These history? War Cold for interesting particularly engineers are Why verbalized. was propaganda where studios the in microphones the behind colleagues their by asked question technical small every the all to known well were they towers, radio the of charge in technicians the being Besides RFE. of maintenance the in engaged were day, the whole operat complex in technologies communication the were Which Curtain? Iron the overcome to innovations
Ibid. 68. Ibid. Latour, Bruno I n Latour’s terminology, they are “actants”. are they terminology, nLatour’s I will approach the Cold War War Cold the approach will I and night who, people the engineers: radio the mostly concerned questions these All kills so as to render more durable the constantly shifting interactions.” shifting constantly the durable more render to as so kills
Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to to Actor Introduction An Social. the Reassembling
Press), 70 Press), of dynamic and durable associations between humans and non and humans between associations durable and dynamic of lo te cos n hi waig hog tig te hv add to added have they things through weaving their in actors the ollow . Through extensive archival research, archival extensive Through . .
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network theory”, a central concept in the field of Science and and Science of field the in concept central a theory”, network
- humans, will be part of this history study of the technical the of study history this of part be will humans, adio practice. Following Latour, I will consider the non the consider will I Latour, Following practice. adio
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Bruno Latour, “From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik or How to Make Things Public,” in Bruno Latour and Peter LatourPeter and in Bruno Public,” Things Make How to or Dingpolitik Realpolitikto “From Latour, Bruno Politics “Turningaround Latour, Bruno o sharp di sharp political terms, in w in terms, political bjects Focusing
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I am paraphrasing Callon and Law who write about the construction of an airplane see: ofan airplane construction write the whoabout Law and Callon am I paraphrasing words: InLatour’s on call “negotiation space”: “negotiation call on
mize or even eliminate the occasions in which “et cetera” and other such other and cetera” “et which in occasions the eliminate even or mize My research examines a dynamic system of system dynamic a examines research My This is an obliging methodological approach: methodological obliging an is This action research, this In .
Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change Studies Sociotechnical Society: in Technology/Building Shaping
in turn gene turn in Action should remain a surprise, a mediation, an event. It is for this reason that we should that reason this for is It anmediation, event. a remain surprise, a should Action
- history of the links that led to a brief technical report of few short short few of report technical brief a to led that links the of history
us’ as we would ordinarily do, but rather from the under fromthebut rather do, ordinarily would weus’ as archival traces the researcher must constantly revisit the historical the revisit constantly must researcher the traces archival
rate a range of intermediaries, of range a rate ho founded the whole field, Science and Technology Studies, Studies, Technology and Science field, whole the founded ho
and technical work are work technical and a space and a time within which a local network might be might network local a which within time a and space a 7
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nd rules used by the real actors, the local people, in order to base our conclusions on a on conclusions our base to order in people, local the actors, real the by used rules nd Clifford Geertz, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture,” in ofCulture,” Theory an Interpretive Toward “Thick Description: Geertz, Clifford Garfinkel, Harold
Latourill Critical Concern,” of Matters to ofFact Matters From Steam? of Runout Critique “WhyHas Latour, Bruno Cliffor s enough to destroy the machine. the destroy to senough
30 (Winter 2004) (Winter 30 So far, everything sounds good, but the problem is that engineers are not the most the not are engineers that is problem the but good, sounds everything far, So Ideally, d Geertz, Geertz, d ustrates his notion of notion his ustrates
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tcncl rbe ocr, o isac, hn e a se specific see can we then instance, for occurs, problem technical a 10 225
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” On Latour’s reflections on the term “network,” its use, and the notion of the and notion of use, its “network,” theon term Latour’sreflections On ”
ed o eald ecitos of descriptions detailed to lead precisely You thought the Columbia shuttle was an object ready to flysky, readythe in to wasobject an shuttle Columbia thethought You
(New York: Basic Books, 1973). Books, Basic York: (New Networks, Societies, Spheres Spheres Societies, Networks, . The shuttle Columbia was not an object whose substance whosesubstance notwas anobject Columbia shuttle The our, is to be sensitive to to sensitive be to is our,
through through (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1967), 22. 1967), Polity(Cambridge: Press, n, you realize that it needed NASA and its complex and NASA needed that youit n, realize
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Thomas Kuhn, Thomas Kuhn, rts thus are particularly valuable because they keep both things that were taken for for taken were that things both keep they because valuable particularly are thus rts rhvl ore, hog which through sources, Archival Since my task is to look deeper into this daily operating radio radio operating daily this into deeper look to is task my Since
and all innovations all and The Handbook of Science and and Science of Handbook The The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Scientific of Structure The ,”
(Access date: May(Access date: International J International include include
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CEU eTD Collection ( 21 2010) Press, University Central European (Budapest: Documents and Studies of Collection A Eastern Europe: and Union on Soviet Impact the Broadcasting: War 20 Documents and eds., Parta, 19 1997). Brassey’s, 18 University Stanford 17 1983 Publishers, Praeger 16 1963). Company, 15 14 Europe Eastern and Union Soviet the on entitled radio the of role the on essays of collection richest Rev Istvan by explored are jamming of aspects cultural and and elements Mickelson, Sig as such authors bykey written are history Europe’s Free Radio on Books InternationalBroadcasting. declassified for Board RFE, the from reports at Annual and Agency, department Intelligence Central the Affairs from documents Public the from messages propaganda and depar engineering the from specifically accounts, informal interesting including thesis doctoral a as written initially was book The departments. radio’s the about studies detailed most the of one and first the book the use will I document, description comprehensive a journal specialized a from publications with analysis 1 late the from concerns the of roots the to refer constantly Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2000 Press, ofKentucky Lexington: University
Arch Jamming,”in: Radio “Cold War Woodard, W. George R.Eugene and Johnson A. Ross in Hungary,”in: Europe Free Radio of Impact “Just Noise? Rév, István Michael Nelson, Johnson, A. Ross Sig A.Michie, Allan Holt, T. Robert
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Puddington, h scnay ieaue on literature secondary The Co ld War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Collection of Studies Studies of Collection A Europe: Eastern and Union the on Soviet Impact ldWar Broadcasting:
(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010) Press, University Central European (Budapest: issues
America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty Radio and Europe Radio Free Storyof the Voice: Other America's Radio Free Europe Free Radio 16 War of the Black Heavens: the Battles of Western Broadcasting in the War the Cold in Broadcasting Battles Western of the Heavens: Black War the of
Voices through the Iron Curtain: The Radio Free Europe Story RadioEurope Free The Curtain: the Iron through Voices
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The CIA Years and Beyond Theand Years CIA Liberty. Radio and Europe Free Radio Press, 2010) Press, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Libe Radio and Europe Free Radio of WarThe Cold Triumph Freedom: Broadcasting
os Johnson, Ross
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the broader history of history broader the
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(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958). 1958). Press, ofMinnesota University (Minneapolis: 17
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Cold War broadcasting. Technical, political, Technical, broadcasting. War Cold A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta, eds., eds., Parta, R.Eugene and RossJohnson A. nl rhvl ore icue p include: sources archival onal constitutes
by Robert Holt published in 1958. in published Holt Robert by Broadcast News Broadcast 18 .
who Cold War Broa War Cold 19
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2015 Badenoch, Badenoch, 27 Richard Cummings Richard
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: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 Macmillan, : Palgrave and , - Andreas Fickers Andreas evident description of RFE, examining “networks” as an indispensable indispensable an as “networks” examining RFE, of description evident Andreas Fickers, Christian Henrich Christian Fickers, Andreas of the thesis thesis the of Materializing Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Project the and Infrastructures Transnational Europe: Materializing media
(Vilnius: R. Pleikys, 1998). Pleikys, R. (Vilnius: 23
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The problem of “effectiveness” in Radio Free Europe’s history is an integral part of a broader research research broader a of part an integral is history Europe’s Free Radio in “effectiveness” problem of The e research was the second step in assessing effectiveness; a whole research process, which mobilized whichmobilized wholeprocess, research a effectiveness; in step assessing wassecond the research e The second chapter focuses on the heart of the Cold War War Cold the of heart the on focuses chapter second The The last part of the study will add a special dynamic to the analysis of the technical technical the of analysis the to dynamic special a add will study the of part last The see
the Engineering Department, but audience research is another important problem for furtherfor important problem is another research audience but Department, theEngineering :
R. Eugene Parta, Parta, R.Eugene
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(Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2007). Press, Institution California: Hoover (Stanford,
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ed with the last years of the communist regime in Bulgaria before its end its before Bulgaria in regime communist the of years last the with ed concern is different. I was born in the late 20th century and had too little little too had and century 20th late the in born was I different. is concern mportant elements in the history of the symbolic Radio Free Europe Europe Free Radio symbolic the of historythe in elements mportant y are. I must say that I am neither an engineer, nor a radio a nor engineer, an neither am I that say must I are. y e is a writer of genius, but few people have read all his all read have people few but genius, of writer a is e policies 12
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Paul Veyne,Paul I believe that one way to awaken personal curiosity is to get back to the stories from stories the to back get to is curiosity personal awaken to way one that believe I - 71.
Writing History. Essay on Epistemology on Essay History. Writing
such as politics, everyday life, public opinion, media, propaganda, Cold Cold propaganda, media, opinion, public life, everyday politics, as such
istemology, families, technologies, antennas, radio crystals, crystals, radio antennas, technologies, families, istemology,
entury is the Open Society Archive in Budapest. We need need We Budapest. in Archive Society Open the is entury 29
in Paul Veyne’s words. Although this craft requires a requires craft this Although words. Veyne’s Paul in 13
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George L. Graveson, Memorandum, Radio Free Europe, May 9, 1958 in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Funds Archive, 298, inOSA HU 1958 May9, Europe, Free Radio Memorandum, L. Graveson, George official CIA in the also but mediapublications, in not only is used number wrong the same seen, have Aswe and above discussed the photographs to attached are Similarreleases press inOSA HU 1958 May9, EngineeringDepartment, Europe, Free Radio Memorandum, L. Graveson, George spondence from 1957. See from 1957. spondence n hs hpe, wl flo Graveson follow will I chapter, this In ” I n
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Russel Geiger, Memorandum, September 12, 1956 in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, 3, Series Subfunds 1, Archive,298, Funds 1956inOSA HU 12, September Memorandum, RusselGeiger, Ro 2 . bert T. Holt, Holt, bert T. Reconstructing the Radio’s Infrastructure orts throughout the Cold War. The point is to overcome the self the overcome to is point The War. Cold the throughout orts In the late 1950s and the 1960s, RFE’s installations gaine installations RFE’s 1960s, the and 1950s late the In n ya ltr i Arl 97 te aaig dtr f h seilzd journal specialized the of editor managing the 1957, April in later, year One operation 50 Radio Free Europe Free Radio
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CEU eTD Collection 55(5): 1946) 58 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 57 monitoring” ofRFE’s afterexplainingfunctions thestructure tr and Circuit “Cue of importance the to again return will I sound. own RFE’s to listening was Holzkirchen Circuit “Cue called was reports monitoring monthly Radio Monitoring, Content were: above, described three, first The Moosburg. and Schleissheim in stations receiver by initially, Europe, and wirel US the between information press received and which transmitted years, postwar the in industry telecommunications American the of giants the of Oceanth Atlantic the across traveled signal the Schleissheim, reaching before 1950s, the of end the By operation. entire the coordinate to requirements political specific and messages, official ra the Munich, in office editorial the with Along York. New from sent transmissions program for terminal receiving a as served Schleissheim broadcasting. for information obtaining of process the in functions radio or wired via connection, case, of in this lines were theGerman these communications Post. text typewritten sending to related again was principle The II. War
Charles A.CharlesSiepmann 1957 23, September Memorandum, RusselGeiger, ess links. There were four main operations addressed in the monthly technical reports from the from reports technicalmonthly the in addressed operations main four were There faci the monitoring, media Besides rough a short a rough 1263
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59 CEU eTD Collection Materials Other and Reports Engineering Correspondence: 63 also t location this From Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 62 61 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 60 w Portugal distance, its With programs. identical transmitted a and as Biblis acted of which duplicate Portugal, in located station, wave short largest the to Germany from 1966. by Holzkirchen function. radio specialized special this with of charge status in were autonomous who employees an had which operation”, “Relay name separate h to only wave medium on broadcast location. convenient the of that because Czechoslovakia station only the was This programs. radio office a communicationof Deutsche inMunichwas wired web Post. editorial the and Biblis at station transmitting the between link The transmitters. eight the to Munich in studio the from lines voice incoming five accommodate to engineers RFE by kW) 10 of 4 andkW, 20 of 1 kW, 50 of (3 transmitters power high and medium eight using Bulgaria) and Romania, Czechoslovakia, short a Curtain. Iron the behind sounds first the beamed they where Lampertheim, from “Barbara” transmitter mobile first their moving after 1950, in towers transmission build nea Biblis, town, small a in established was station transmission first The War. Cold the during 1. d mr iprat seilzd ak cuil o h etr oeain Te cl i b a by it call They operation. entire the to crucial task, specialized important, more a ad
2 Monthly Technical Report, December 1966 in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Archive,inFunds OSA HU 1966 December Report, Technical Monthly 3, Series Subfunds 1, Archive,298, Funds 1957inOSA HU 23, September Memorandum, RusselGeiger, Greenmeyer Paul Subfunds 1, 298, Funds in:Archive, 2 page 1957, OSA HU 23, September Memorandum, RusselGeiger, .2. Relay r Frankfurt. This was the first radio broadcasting station, where the engineers began to began engineers the where station, broadcasting radio first the was This Frankfurt. r some successful attempts to transmit a dece transmit a to attempts somesuccessful In Holzkirchen, 33 km south km 33 Holzkirchen, In signals transmitted Europe Free Radio which from places, key three were There - wave station that served all five five all served that station wave , Transmitting , Radio Free Europe’s Broadcast Operation, Broadcast Europe’s Free Radio 63
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CEU eTD Collection 65 64 between lines relay three by multiplied (again transmission radio for material same the at team the not, If operation. colleagues their ask the could Maxoqueira of point next the Lisbon, towards broadcast wave short by transmitted was it clear, as sound the considered he If signals. three of out best a frequencies: three of channels” “trunk jargon radiothe of revealedsense the station This Germany.fromarrivingsignals the quality the of check to was point this of function only The Lisbon). of east km (32 Portugal Maxoqueira, the signalsIron thestations behind the from Curtain. Portugal and Germany between line relay services.” other from extremely under frequentlyunfavorableresult atmospheric, from conditionsjamming,and which interference even Lisbon at material program the of reception satisfactory wave insured short separate three with explain Geiger, operation Russel engineer, RFE The frequencies. channels” “trunk called so a maintained Portugal program entire the transmitting of capable system relay Munich as (such line wired with bro could simultaneously. Portugal and instantaneous Germany in almost stations and the that synchronization so transfer, perfect communication ensure to had engineers that was problem the But waves. short transmitting for place strategic better a as described publicly
Ibid. Ibid.
n hs ae i ws mosbe o onc te dtra sui ad h transmitters the and studio editorial the connect to impossible was it case, this In Once passed across the relay line, the signal reached a speci a reached signal the line, relay the across passed Once in all five all in
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This system consisted of 10 kW transmitters, which transmitters, kW 10 of consisted system This ason why the receiving stations monitored the radio the monitored stations receiving the why ason in Germany to set better frequencies and send back send and frequencies better set to Germany in 65
with the same precision, with which they heard heard they which with precision, same the with 26
receiver operator in Maxoqueira chose the chose Maxoqueira in operator receiver
ed that “this duplication of facilities facilities of duplication “this that ed output from Munich Studios Studios Munich from output al receiving station at station receiving al adcast to CEU eTD Collection Materials Other and Reports Engineering Correspondence: 70 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds 69 68 67 News/RCA News Broadcast 66 gr fast and complex most the maintained RARET broadcasting. others. two were there February by and transmitter, wave short kW 50 a had already station the 1951 lat years ten US the to back shipped eventually was it before trip last its taking Portugal in station the of foundations the laid “Barbara” transmitter mobile Gloria. site transmission the to materials broadcast of forwarding final the of charge in were Air problems. technical any of case in tape magnetic last adding and Maxoqueira from sound the up tuning to related was activity of type first The editing rooms: of types three with equipped were 16 by process the coordinating Americans also were there but Portuguese, were them of most building, the in in worked people 450 were. RARET of headquarters administrative the where station receiving the Between in towers the and Maxoqueira Retransmissao). Radio de Anonima (Sociedade RARET called corporation affiliate local a by maintained was it and operation radio whole month per 1000 reached frequencies of changes such periods, some In Portugal). and Germany
Russel Archive, inOSA HU 1960 February 5, January1960, for Report Department Moffat, Engineering W.H. Ibid. 58 Ibid. Greenmeyer Paul - hours Teletype hours - iue hne i te rga cnet Te eod tp a sud eodn on recording sound was step second The content. program the in changes minute
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66 rm otgl te is vie wr sn it te te o Jl 4 15 we the when 1951 4, July on ether the into sent were voices first the Portugal, From 68 Geiger, Memorandum, January1955 Memorandum, Geiger,
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in: HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Archive,Funds in:OSA HU ) .
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in CEU eTD Collection Correspondence 71 the extent what to evaluate to task the received crew radio the wave, short via conveyed as “approx described are dates Someofthe Fig 1954 September 1954 24, February 1953 25, December 1953 24, December 1953 November July1953 June1953 April 1953 1952 25, December 1952 20, December 1952 15, December 1952 12, December 1 11, November July1952 1952 27, February 1952 February January1952 Early1952 1951 24, December August, 1951 July4, Completion or Inception of Date whe commemorating of thestationinPortugal. mission the buildings, including details numerous includes archive, RFE the in stored list, The years. 3 first the within infrastructure the of inventory chronological the see to enough is it development, rapid this visualize To system.
Geiger, Memorandum, January 27, 1955 in: HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series 1, Subfunds Archive,298, Funds in: OSA HU 1955 27, January Memorandum, Geiger, . 1. 2. 1951 2. The operation did not stop with sending sound into the ether. Once the signal was signal the Once ether. the into sound sending with stop not did operation The
The rapid development of the system of Radio Free Europe in Portugal between 1951 and 1954. and 1951 between Portugal in Europe Free Radio of system the of development rapid The
952 : Engineering Reports and Other Materials. Materials. Other and Reports : Engineering
imate.” 71
28 50 kw Short Wave Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short rhombic 4 antennas studios 12 building Transmitter Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short fromYork receive New to 3 and Germany from receive to Antennas Rhombic Receiving 3 Receivers SingleSideband Carrier Diversity Exalted 2 Triple relay equipment radio VHF rhombic 2 antennas (Barbara) wavetransmitter ½kw short 7 Facility of Description 3 kw Cue3 Transmitter 2 Transmitter kw Wave Short 100 building transmitter Additionto site transmitter at Building kw Cue3 Transmitter Cuekwwith 3 use for Antenna Rhombic 1 kva line power kv, 10,000 60 Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short Transmitter kw Wave 50 Short Receiver Diversity Exal 2 Triple Receiver SingleSideband Carrier Diversity Exalted 1 Triple Portugueseoperation NCFE monument commemorating of Dedication Transmitters kw Short Wave Two50 building transmitter Additionto site transmitter at Housingproject
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- CEU eTD Collection Liberty Radio RossJohnson, A. information”. this for source the than ofrather becameconsumer a early“theCIA writes that RossJohnson ofRFE/RL capability research and monitoring the Concerning 73 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, 72 impossible. been have would information of circulating and transcribing, recording, which without machines, teletype and tape, magnetic machines, recording sound include: locations, different between information. of accumulation signal radio elements ofnumerous War Cold was one in only broadcasting. th that is accounts engineers’ the in points main the of One “system.” and main the see thus can We Europe. Free Radio of infrastructure technical the in links System 1. equipment ofRFE’s monitoring, the that before But chapter operated April 1957.) until threeVienna formonitoring stations a inBerlin, technical installed RFE operation, radio own its of product final the evaluate later, to order explore In jamming. will I as importantly, most and conditions, natural the infrastructure, the a overcoming Curtain Iron the behind heard really was broadcasters of voice
Media information was used not only for pr for not only usedwas information Media Series 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds in: OSA HU 1957 May8, Report, Annual EngineeringDepartment, 3
. external actors external material components of the formation which in the 1950s was called a “network” or a or “network” a called was 1950s the in which formation the of components material Objects and External Companies as , e ae led rcntutd h mi gorpia sts tcncl objects technical sites, geographical main the reconstructed already have We the of element crucial and last this to return will I Engineers paid special attention to the monitoring stations, which contributed to the to contributed which stations, monitoring the to attention special paid Engineers where
. The CIA Years and Beyond (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2010), 43. 2010), Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford, Beyond and CIA . Years The
, I will discuss will I I will look more closely at the process, described above, described process, the at closely more look will I
in the operation the in edn ifrain ewe dfeet points different between information Sending
72
the importance of importance the 73
relay, e atr, cos h etr sse o co of system entire the across actors, Key , as well as some as well as , opaganda messages, but also in messages,but also opaganda
and
transmission stations transmission 29
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of
for the most important most the
nd Istanbul. Turkey stationin (The nd technical infrastructur technical
radio technician’s daily practice daily technician’s radio
Components inthe . intelligence intelligence
e transmission of radioof transmission e of the radio system system radio the of Radio Free Europe Europe Free Radio
in order to identify identify to order in analyses.
objects from the the from objects ll obstacles in in obstacles ll mmunication e
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places and , and and . CEU eTD Collection to see thecomplexity entireimpress ofthe audience. and operation to Budapest to Angeles Los from transmission experimental an do to decided RFE The event. withcelebrated a inaugurated speci and transmitter was 250kW particulara new occasion, this On Freedom. for Crusade campaign the during purposes propaganda for experience sign radio locations was ofinterest, a matter concern, calculations. observations, scientific and obse outside abstract in only for invisible Though operation. entire the of not part tangible physical, a as also but links, categories, communication the all controlled and observed Engineers 1.3.1. and specific objects askeytheradio technological in elements machinery. institutions external of role the examine will I practice, technicians from examples concrete c to impossible is it thought War, Cold the in role precomponents,of these their I the UnitedEurope. exploresome will States and connections betweenwireless waves, transatlantic micro depended radio wires, ontelephone al sent from America to Eastern Europe. They were asked to publish their practical practical their publish to asked were They Europe. Eastern to America from sent al Communication links Communication links On February 13 1964, the engineering department observed closely the path of a a of path the closely observed department engineering the 1964, 13 February On th from example An vr, o te nier, ah ie o wrls cneto bten different between connection wireless or wired each engineers, the for rvers, e engineering records shows the radio infrastructure in action. in infrastructure radio the shows records engineering e
30
over all heterogeneous elements. Using elements. heterogeneous all over
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al CEU eTD Collection amounte probably circuits cable and wire of length total the used, was cable Atlantic the “since Angeles: Los point, distant a Fig. 1. 3 .1 In this case, radio engineers were asked to calculate the path of the radio signal from signal radio the of path the calculate to asked were engineers radio case, this In . The Engineering Department observed the signal f signal the observed EngineeringDepartment . The L.A. Speaker Holzkirchen Maxoquerra
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CEU eTD Collection to contribute could ordinarypeople time, 1950 War Cold Broadcasting, Behind Cummings, H. Richard see: campaign thisis behind person idea The Materials Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds kwin newtransmitter 250 of theinauguration 74 becauserecording. componentanother radio was sound main Curtain Iron the behind listeners the by heard not was radio the time this at that mean not latt the in hours 1:10:00 lasting interruptions 8 and line former the in program. broadcasting the to damage severe cause could problem each and transmitters the to studio Munich and line) (relay Munich lines: communication main the maintain to was task whose Post, techn with time total by the entered engineers “Outages” caused called column a in was month, Each actors. external communication internal of interruption an when times the on statistics collapse. might operation whole the Posts, German the in breakdown a was there instance, for if, because frequencies. before modalities telepho different bloc: Eastern the several reaching into transformed also was signal The institutions. Germany.” in personnel was and alone, system, AT RFE by the additionally supervised within points different seven least at at monitored twenty of excess in was distances circuit
John Patterson, Thumbnail Description of the Program Circuit, Los Circuit, Program ofthe Description Thumbnail Patterson, John RFE’s audience audience RFE’s eald nweg o al omncto lns a esnil o te engineers, the for essential was links communication all of knowledge Detailed
In January 1967, for instance, there were five interruptions lasting 51:39:00 hours hours 51:39:00 lasting interruptions five were there instance, for 1967, January In ical interruptions in Germany. The issues were reported monthly to the German the to monthly reported were issues The Germany. in interruptions ical
Such “surprises” were expected daily by the engineers who kept strict strict kept who engineers the by daily expected were “surprises” Such received advertising mes advertising received -
John Patterson John
Biblis (transmitting line), because there was a direct link from the from link direct a was there because line), (transmitting Biblis 74
its
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Radio Free Europe’s “Crusade for Freedom”: Rallying Americans Americans Rallying Freedom”: for “Crusade Europe’s Free Radio 1960 T nier i te ntd tts n Deutsche and States United the in engineers &T mission ewrs tastatccbe hr ae wt different with waves short cable, transatlantic wires, ne
( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010 Inc., Company, & McFarland Jefferson,N.C.: , Crusade for Freedom’s executive president. Onhis president. Freedom’sexecutive for Crusade , Portugal (13 February 1964), 24 February 1964 February 24 1964), February (13 Portugal
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CEU eTD Collection 77 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering Correspondence: 76 O and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 75 employees. full twelve to nine were there where Athens, and London, Vienna, in offices large and interviewer an was there where Istanbul, in organization small the from size in ranged They American. an usually correspondent, “micro offices o parts different from information received team RFE offices, field 9 had radio the 1960s, late the In War. Cold the of context tapes: magnetic of functions main the recording and monitoring broadcasts o radio of two seen have we far, So reels. empty used year. same the August radio the 1966, July In month. every issued were radio which wasat tosound listeners heardthat music particular intended not time. sma these While removed. were noises technical all tape had Lisbon in studios The plan. backup a was there transmission, the affected directly that problems technical liv in Even lines. wireless and postal the through time every “stand on put and studio the in recorded were programs the of Most above. described campaign, 1.3.2.
Robert Holt, Holt, Robert RFE 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Funds Archive, OSAHU 1966, December Report, Technical Monthly 1966 August and July Reports, 1966 Technical Monthly Magnetic tapes - y o mgei tp, ed t b pae; hrfr, hy ee o “transported” not were they therefore, played; be to ready tape, magnetic on by” But there was a third feature that makes them even more significant for the political the for significant more even them makes that feature third a was there But tapes blank of Thousands tapes. magnetic of amount impressive an used staff RFE lik air” “on broadcast were programs radio all not First, ” 77 Radio Free Europe Free Radio
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75
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104.
f foreign radio stations. f foreign stations. radio 33 a typist in addition to the correspondent, to the to correspondent,the to addition in typist a
in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds inOSA HU ther Materials ther
received 3840 blank tapes, and 4120 in in 4120 and tapes, blank 3840 received ll failures in the system were repaired, repaired, were system the in failures ll f Europe. f
Robert Holt called the field field the called Holt Robert e broadcasting, in case of of case in broadcasting, e
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from which the which from
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Georgi L. Georgi Decemb Report, Technical Monthly 104. Ibid, ail were essential. In December 1966, for instance, the radio received 200 magnetic magnetic 200 received radio the instance, for 1966, December In essential. were ail Teletype n re t miti ifrain ahrn ad omncto bten o many so between communication and gathering information maintain to order In omncto bten e Yr ad uih eedd any n wireless on mainly depended Munich and York New between Communication
Graveson, Graveson, 79
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HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Funds Archive, OSAHU : 1,0 e hu fr w tasitn channels transmitting two for hour per 10,50 $ d: 34
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CEU eTD Collection 199. page Cables, Telegraph ofSubmarine Aspects Military and Strategic R.Headrick, Daniel See 84 May Permanent link: 83 200. 2009), Press, MIT The MA: (Cambridge, Implications theThe Seas. under Communications (eds.) DaqingFinn Yang and Bernard 82 1956). UNESCO, (Paris: the Press and Telecommunications FrancisWilliams 1950s: the in UNESCO by published 81 dream the was This history. teletype the in embedded was communication private of dream secret information. text military ciphe installing of possibility the was communication of form pre the in called telephone, and Press the used (400wordspioneering per ofcombining simultaneously text serviceminute) of transmission army The Europe. in fronts military the and US the between strategy. well a was cables telegraph transatlantic cutting when II “mobil War World during were which companies communication the among Press was strategy. precisely military Wireless American older an with coincided that aim another was There main the among were companyinvestors inthis transatlantic exchangewireless for inf of Tribune Chicago and Tribune, Herald York New Times, York o in New companies. telegraph cable transatlantic by provided exchange service same the for expenditure news international for technology wireless new a in invested newspapers several when 1929 in founded was company The Inc. Wireless transmitting$ channel and one for hour per 6,00 $ for channel communication this use to continue might radio the
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CEU eTD Collection Universi Hopkins John (Baltimore: 87 Waves 86 Incorporated, Company Century Appleton London: D. York, 85 one in signals of types different fit time first the for which service, teletypewriter introduced them transmitting when be equivalent could as treated images and speech, “text, that showed which Labs), Bell at again (developed 1920s. the in operators switc automatic of invention older the on based was It telex. of teletype called later units, intermediate without telephone and of telegraph functions the combined which points, two between communication direct for device 1930s, the in experiments laboratory through fulfilled after the telegraph taken by afew the telegraph operators, like the telephone girls, are doomed disappear, to and their places will be which will become automatic switching exchanges, very like automatic an telephone exchange, and In years course the of this new development will have a teleprinters’ expectations: high 1925, synchronism.” momentary only requiring and keyboard typewriter a with provided telegraph’s the 1920s, “start for projects technical in envisioned was alternative the mechanical In chain. communication the in links “personal” important t switches, automatic of introduction the After was. message the what knew practically and lines the in contact provided who operators had lines telephone and telegraph 1920s, late the Until interm the eliminating of
David A. Mindell, David Murray, Don Harlow, AlvinF. , 505. 505. , h Junl f lcrcl Engineering Electrical of Journal The h ie o piae n isatnos esnl orsodne a gradually was correspondence personal instantaneous and private of idea The
ee a n ne fr eehn oeaos bt h tlgah ie sil used still lines telegraph the but operators, telephone for need no was here Journal of Electrical Engineering Electrical of Journal engineers and mechanics wandering about in the deserted operating rooms, looking Old Wires and New Waves: The History of the Telegraph, Telephone, Wireless and Telephone, Telegraph, the of History Waves: The New Wires and Old - switching apparatus. Between Human and Machine. Feedback, Control, and Computing Cybernetics Computing before and Control, Feedback, Machine. and Human Between
The second level of innovation was the theoretical assumption assumption theoretical the was innovation of level second The ediaries and possible interferences between two separate persons. persons. separate two between interferences possible and ediaries ty Press, 2002), 131 2002), Press, ty
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(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1952) J. (Leiden: E. 103 The International Telecommunication Union: an Experiment in International International in Experiment an Union: Telecommunication International The
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known militarytechni known (Budapest: Central European University Central European (Budapest:
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vation and research. que: “International radio jamming is extensively used during usedduring jamming is extensively radio “International que: 45
was to maintain a strict schedule for the adjacent the adjacent for schedule maintain strict a was to increasingly crowded radio spectrum of20thincreasingly crowded radio International Communication. History, Conflict, Conflict, History, Communication. International
the Iron Curtain. This chapter examines chapter This Curtain. Iron the
Press, 2010), 52. 2010), Press,
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RossitzaGuentcheva Ibid. R.Euge and Johnson A. Ross in Hungary,”in: Europe Free Radio of Impact “Just Noise? Rév, István Ibid, 217. Ibid, Ibid.
n h ohr ie f h Io Curtain, Iron the of side other the On sounds Radio wl epoe h wr o te nier rltd o h scientific the to related engineers the of work the explore will I Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Collection of Studies Studies of Collection A Europe: Eastern and Union the on Soviet Impact ColdWar Broadcasting: 106
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Using Ibid. 1955 August 24, Memorandum, RusselGeiger, .
Technical Monitoring: From Political Mode of Hearing to
Through research and distribution of large amounts of data, n data, of amounts large of distribution and research Through Russell Geiger, the Assistant Director of Engineering at RFE, sent this definition of definition this sent RFE, at Engineering of Director Assistant the Geiger, Russell n oiia ts o te od a: rahn the “reaching War: Cold the of task political in -
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Russel Geiger, Memorandum, Summary of activities of the Radio Free Europe Engineering Department EngineeringDepartment Europe Free Radio ofthe ofactivities Summary Memorandum, RusselGeiger, Memorandum RusselGeiger, This is Radio Free Europe Free isThis Radio RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Archive,Funds inOSA HU 1966 September Report, Technical Monthly tet hc ws n hre f seil tde cnenn jamming.” concerning studies “special of charge in was which rtment vr tcncl cin udrae b “h opsto” a osre coey and closely observed was opposition” “the by undertaken action, technical Every u sc dt wn byn prl poesoa ad nenl icsin. One discussions. internal and professional purely beyond went data such But - measures undertaken by theopposition.” measures undertaken
in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE Correspondence: Correspondence: RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds inArchive, OSA HU (1964), Hoover Institution, youtube channel, youtube Institution, (1964),Hoover , August 23, 1957. August , 23,
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Board for International Broadcasting. Final Annual Report, 1979 (Covering the period from October 1, 1, from October (Coveringperiod the 1979 Report, Annual Final Internationalfor Broadcasting. Board Ibid. Ibid. ies of these reports were sent to the President of the United States and the Congress of the United States. theUnited Congressof theStates and United the of werethe President to sent reports ies ofthese budget
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had a common technical staff technical common a had Available at Hathi Trust Digital Library, Permanent Link: Permanent Library, Digital Trust AvailableHathi at in order to “ to order in y lines ay a rom studies of noise are preserved in the radio radio the in preserved are noise of studies rom 49 part of the Board’s “primary mission” to assessto mission” “primaryBoard’s the of part
97 hn the when 1977 address a variety of problems concerning concerning problems of variety a address .” 116
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in 1977 in ich directly determined the annual the determined directly ich , by The Board for International for Board The by , .
( * BIB Access Date: AccessDate: 117
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CEU eTD Collection observations. fromonlytheir inferred not be * RFECorresponde 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds 120 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering Correspondence: 119 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 118 workedas techni technicians 11 day. theduring broadcasting installations byradio the * was table That 100%. and 80, 60, 40, 20, 0, options: six with intelligibility of percentage day. next the until AM 4:00 from starting hours, 24 depicted wit sheets received engineers day, working documents. two using sound radio the in noise registered Engineers stations. the of each place took work The 1960s. the from reports intelligibility monthly from documents preserves department engineering the of archive The location. specific a from radio the monitored persons two or one either day, working one during and, shifts the t that, authorizedpossible is number personnel, it andobserving of periodsthe of duration the from judging but, shifts, in or together always worked they whether monitors”, whereas twoemployeeswereSalo hiredstationin at the “technical as worked persons three Vienna, and Berlin in 1960s, the of end the By Greece). (Thessaloniki, Salonica in station new a to assigned were tasks its and functioning cease and Istanbul. Bulgarian in evaluated of was broadcasting quality Romanian the whereas Vienna, from checked Vienna. was and program Berlin Hungarian points: two from simultaneously monitored was Czech and Polish 1.2) figure (See Bulgaria. and Romania Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, countries”: “target five the to possible as close as location a provide to order in chosen was Istanbul. and Berlin, Vienna, in located were RFE, of budget the generated noises technical ofall wascharge in which Munich unit in monitoring was technical a also There Although the table had space for 24 hours, the technical monitors had specific limited schedule which could schedule limited specific had monitors hours, the technical 24 for space had the Although table
Monthly Technical Reports, 1966 Reports, Technical Monthly 1966 Intelligibility Evaluation, Europe. Free Radio The following observations are based on Radio Free Europe. Intelligibility Evaluation, 1966 inOSA HU 1966 Intelligibility Europe. Evaluation, Free Radio on based are following observations The rm h dcmns aalbe n h egneig rhvs w cno determine cannot we archives, engineering the in available documents, the From h frt n ws nild Itliiiiy evaluation.” “Intelligibility entitled was one first The
- 1967in HU OSA Archive, Archive, OSA HU 1967in
h empty tables with two main axes. The first axis firstThe axes. main two with tables emptyh 50 - 1967. in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds inOSA HU 1967.
nce: Engineering Reports and Other Materials Other and Reports nce: Engineering
118 Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds
fe 15, h sain in station the 1957, After
120 *
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under strict standards in standards strict under The geographical place geographical The cal monitors in Munich. Munich. monitorsin cal
119
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hey workedin main
types of types Istanbul
CEU eTD Collection st 122 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds 121 heterodyne code, voice, jamming, noise: unwanted of types 8 between differentiated study The jamming. to limited not were possibilities the case, this docu Archive February 1967. 25 and 19 between different frequencies in 4 transmitted program the Polish in graphics. was recorded which intelligibility 2.1. Fig to order in percentageradio of intelligibilityevery for“target country.” collected was data the all month, the of end the At transmission. radio for frequencies and languages different for formed were curves Similar curve. final a into merge dashes these all shift monitoring the of end the at because w the for important were skills peculiar These noise. of percentage lower It indicate or higher whether for theyresponsibilitytodecide to was eachlistened. their hour corre the of each for intelligibility of percentage the evaluate to was technicians the of task The bands. radio different on quality different with heard be could program the thus time same oneach 10times multiplied andard operation in radio frequency electronics called “frequency translation, whereby all the signals in a in thesignals all whereby translation, “frequency called frequency inelectronics radio operation andard
This type of noise is part of the everyday selection and adjustment to new frequency for the radio. is a It radio. the for frequency new to adjustment and everydayselection the of part oftypenoiseis This E Free Radio on based are following observations The ment, the so called technical monitors registered specific causes for unclear signals. In signals. unclear for causes specific registered monitors technical called so the ment, sponding frequencies. They used pen or pencil inserting small dashes in “percentages” in dashes small inserting pencil or pen used They frequencies. sponding
Technical monitoring at Radio Free Europe included constant evaluation of percentage of ofpercentage evaluation constant included Europe Free Radio at monitoring Technical The second type of documented study included more information. more included study documented of type second The
page because the radio broadcast frequencies;atthe different on theradio page because
In
th is archival graphic we can see an intelligibility report for for report ansee intelligibility wecan graphic isarchival 51
urope Reception Reports, 1966 in HU OSA Archive, inOSA HU 1966 Reports, urope Reception
122
form a single curve for the the for curve single a form , local man local , -
mad 121 Source: OSASource: oe operation, hole
In a separate a In e noise, low noise, e
CEU eTD Collection 124 123 Applications amount. the by same shifted component is lowera to frequencyband. or band higher a to frequency shifted are band frequency given Information US the by sponsored Belgrade and Helsinki in operated stations ex monitoring from opinion” their “second of hearing received subjective RFE on only colleagues. rely not did They research. their in step final one Hungary after1964. were quality a in embedded constantly as of background broadcasting Western imagined that RFE of audience can we this profession, peculiar From noises. additional on only concentrated were monitors technical the whereas broadcast, the of content the in interested was station radio secret the of listener the Because recogn hardly could listener ordinary an that sounds of types analyzing and listening signal” politically were which themost neutralterms. man “local typed or machines the of actions the revealed directly and “jamming” indicated technicians the whether mattered” “it month, each of end the at political numerous after amicro wasOne list created such a using typed, was document typewriter. a Such interference. other atmospherics, signal, nil or
István Rév, “Just Noise? Imp “Just Noise? Rév, István “V” “jamming”, meant “J” instance, ofFor typenoise.each for was abbreviation one There hog tee ouet, ehiin as dmntae ter xeine with experience their demonstrated also technicians documents, these Through Before proceeding toward the final percentage of intelligibility, the radio team made team radio the intelligibility, of percentage final the toward proceeding Before
123 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 46. 46. 2009), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge:
constantly The final result was a detailed list of predominant noises throughout the day. the throughout noises predominant of list detailed a was result final The amn sounds jamming 124 - ae os” nta, r simpl or instead, noise” made
n h ether the in act of Radio Free Europe in Hungary” Europe Free Radio of act
er hw ay ifrn noises different many how learn
throughout the Cold War. War. Cold the throughout ” S ” ee: Jon B. Hagen, B. Jon ee: vn fe jmig tpe, hc ws t was which stopped, jamming after even 52 “from the opposition” opposition” the “from
Radio y “other interference” or “low or nil nil or “low or interference” “other y
- technical Similar experts. ternal , 245. , and Circuits Electronics: Frequency decision hs nuances These
ee hea were s and behind the Iron Curtain, Iron the behind statements because, statements d rm h secret the from rd
Every spectral Everyspectral f or sound poor of -
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CEU eTD Collection Materials. Other and Reports Engineering 127 Enginee Correspondence: RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, 126 Materials. A OSA in HU 1962 February, MartinCebbecks, to Letter Leinwoll, Stanley See: indicated. be should noises specific 125 docu the all examined he where York, New in office radio the at worked He reports. jamming and effectiveness of analysis and analysis propagation radio of charge Leinwoll In was department, Engineering in Radio the FreePropagationat Europe. Manager Analysis 2. awithout hugecalculation machine. sou second the forecasts, ionosphere the at closely more look will I Europe, Free Radio in analysis IBM called so the of role the examining Before manually. processed be not could that number a frequencies, the only instance, for months, two these For 90% languages.efficiency its each for of over reached Europe Free Radio Systems, Computer IBM the to according when, a keeps th archive for analysis IBM an of document comprehensive The data. large analyzing and calculating for were computers experts by engineering the supported where York, New and Munich in offices the to monthly type and frequencies, multiple transmission, of place languages, time, days, different to according collected was stations five from information quality ofthe VOA signal the for calculations identical did technicians These Division. Frequency Agency,
2. 2. In one archival letter, technicians from RFE and VOA exchanged instructions about the waycertain the about instructions exchanged VOA and fromRFE technicians letter, archival Inone Memorandum, June 19, 1957 in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE Correspondence: Correspondence: RFE 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds Archive, inOSA HU 1957 June19, Memorandum, Archive,inOSAFunds HU 1955 23, February 1954, November and October ofRFE, Case,Reception Ann The Emergence Preciseof Ionosphere Predictions rchive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE Correspondence: Engineering Reports and Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Funds rchive, s rsl o ti atvt, h rdo cuuae a ue mut f aa because data of amount huge a accumulated radio the activity, this of result a As n pi 15, tne Liwl to te oiin f ai Frequency Radio of position the took Leinwoll Stanley 1957, April In
125
and sent monthly for reports rce of information that, in the 1960s, was impossible to be obtained obtained be to impossible was 1960s, the in that, information rceof
126
Percentages are based on a huge amount ofvariables.a amount Percentages huge on are based station in Berlin observed a total of 2,815 radio 2,815 of total a observed Berlin in station 53
ring Reports and Other Materials. Materials. Other and Reports ring
some of theRFE’s some programs. e period of October and November 1954 November and October of period e
of noise. All this information was sent sent was information this All noise. of
through Computer
ments sent by by sent ments
and
127
CEU eTD Collection 129 119 Sons, 1979), Scribner’s 128 layers”, F2 and “F1 called segments ionosphere higher to move and layer this overcome during disappearing only, hours daylight during appears layer “this km: 64 of altitude average an with layer”, “D the layer, ionospheric lowest the to attention special pays engineer The energy. solar on depending accor varies ionosphere the how describing solar from off cut been has ionosphere the when darkness, radiation. of hours during primarily occurs This layers. ionospheric various the in ions the with recombine to begin X and ultraviolet the of strength the If Earth. to waves radio e so ions, surrounding atmosphere. upper X and light ultraviolet of photons said is it electrons, of number each normal When its electrons. has or atom electricity, negative of units by surrounded nucleus charged positively a of up made matter, of unit fundamental a is atom The atoms. of composedare gases matter, all Like defined the ionospherewithamicro theimportance of analysis ofma Leinwoll details. in sound of problems the knew and analyst propagation radio a as years many for worked who man a of acumen scientific the perceive to important is it Europe, of history the for but, physics, in textbooks many in found be may waves radio and ionosphere between relationship the of definition a Certainly, interested. professionally was Leinwoll which in phenomenon a conditions; atmospheric by influenced are waves whyto explain radio book his Iuse will satellites. earlyAmerican the Guglielmoto Marconi Communication called book a published Leinwoll theprocessimpact transmission. in of weather conditions ofradio the evaluating of task the with entrusted also was He monitoring. technical for stations the
Ibid, 121. Ibid, Communication( Radio ofA History Satellite. to Spark From Leinwoll, Stanley plig i sld rcia eprec, fe te n o hs aer t h radio the at career his of end the after experience, practical solid his Applying To his micro description of matter, Leinwoll adds a drawing of atoms and goes on by a of ofmatter,Leinwolldrawing atomsTo hismicroand description adds 128
Te ok xmns h hsoy f iees omncto satn with starting communication wireless of history the examines book The . (...) ach layer of ionized gas acts as a metallic conductor and can therefore reflect therefore can and conductor metallic a as acts gas ionized of layer ach - h fe eetos ihn h lyr cn oe neednl o the of independently move can layers the within electrons free The 120.
- rays from the sun bombard these various gas atoms high in the in high atoms gas various these bombard sun the from rays the hours of darkness.” of hours the rm pr t Stlie A itr o Radio of History A Satellite. to Spark From 54 ig o h saos n prs f h day, the of parts and seasons the to ding
to be neutral. The ionosphere is formed when formed is ionosphere The neutral. be to 129 - radiation decreases, the free electrons free the decreases, radiation
The goal of the engineers was to was engineers the of goal The
process of recombination of process tter: New York: Charles Charles York: New
Radio Free Free Radio ,
CEU eTD Collection 132 and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds 131 130 fromshot the gas geysers luminous of eruption enormous with of state constant the in be to appears sun “The “sunspot”: called phenomenon a introduce to t and layers ionospheric communication.” the of characteristic the disturb radiation solar in Variations layers. reflecting various the are in electrons radiations the of “solar presence the for that responsible explains engineer the minute, to minute from even and hour activity. this invest in to and radiation solar in changes constant monitor to important was it why language, plain RFE? to important is: letter the of title The Egan. toConerey director, RFE’s letter a sent department, Engineering the of director a was who Harris, Claude 1957, professional the political financialand relatedto correspondence of part were activity solar of importance the about discussions similar bad which in days predict to them for important were radiation solar for prognoses particular, in circuits.” the preventing the spectrum, of the of reflection region shortwave the in waves radio absorbs layer D the tremendously, increases radiation solar when storms, solar “During layers: atmospheric co weather negative are there that is problem The surface. Earth’s the above miles 300 to 100 about at are which
Ibid. ClaudeHarris, Ibid.
radio signal was inevitable.
Leinwoll’s book was not just an abstract theoretical reflection of a talented engineer: talented a of reflection theoretical abstract an just not was book Leinwoll’s Starting with the fact that the ionosphere undergoes marked variations from hour t hour from variations marked undergoes ionosphere the that fact the with Starting 130
This explains why radio technicians constantly monitored the weather forecasts;weather the monitored constantly technicians radiowhy explains This „What are sunspots and and sunspots „What are 132 ai wvs n teey asn sga fiue n long on failure signal causing thereby and waves radio
131 The engineer also includes a picturesque description of the sun in order in sun the of description picturesque a includes also engineer The
dtos etitn te ces o h ms efcie n high and effective most the to access the restricting nditions
h am wa aim The
why are they important to RFE?”, April 30, 1957. inOSA1957. HU April 30, RFE?”, to important whythey are s to explain, using serious scientific arguments, but in but arguments, scientific serious using explain, to s 55
aspects of the whole operation. On April 30April On operation. whole the of aspects What are sunspots and why are they are why and sunspots Whatare
interior like fire from a flame a from fire interior like
Other Materials. Materials. Other eey affect hereby - ag radio range
o CEU eTD Collection 135 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series Subfunds 1, 298, Funds 134 133 ionosphere study to instruments laboratory years, postwar the In latitudes. geographical infor issue to and day the of hours different the continued to according megacycles in frequencies usable maximum laboratory the years, postwar the In analyses. communication. radio military of purposes the for world st the of 44 parts various had in phenomenon already atmospheric Forces Allied the 1944, In II. War World to back of Bureau National traced be can CRPL the from The forecasts ionosphere global first the of history The Standards. at (CRPL) Laboratory Propagation Radio Central The from ionospheric muchbetter storms thantopoor”. thevague “fair of intensity the described quantity, physical precise a numbers, Sunspot 1957. in engineers n “sunspot factor daily precise most the included RCA from mid the In good. and good, to Forecasts fair fair, poor, to Range fair poor, with: evaluated Long was day Each propagation. nighttime called and so the on Communications. relied RFE 1950s, the In institutions. external by provided forecasts on depended radio the activity, this In signal. propaga radio the adapt to and quality signal poor with which of was concernengineers matter radio among a prime thein1957. hi the reach thus may activity solar the 1957 during that expected is It 189. about was number sunspot average the when 1778 of that is thrower.”
J. H. Dellinger H. J. January forecasts, Longrange Memorandum, Europe, Free Radio Ibid.
Thus, after 1963, the radio changed its main supplier of weather fo weather of supplier main its changed radio the 1963, after Thus, days predict to was task engineers’ the detail, in phenomena atmospheric Studying
133
A historical argument follows: “The highest sunspot maximum so far recordedfar so maximum sunspot highest “The follows: argument historical A , “ 135 The The 134
h CP ws h Aeia ui i cag o wrie ionosphere wartime of charge in unit American the was CRPL The
Ionosp A separate forecast for each day of the of day each for forecast separate A
here - 1960s weather forecasts already become more sophisticated and sophisticated more become already forecasts weather 1960s ,
”
The The Scientific
Monthly 56 ghest level it has had for at least 200 years”, 200 least at for had has it level ghest
(August,1947) umber”, heatedly debated among the the among debated heatedly umber”, - December 1956 December nda to the best days of broadcast broadcast of days best the to nda
month was given for daytime for given was month
65
(2): 117
in HU OSA Archive, inOSA HU
tos o monitor to ations recasts using data data using recasts ain about mation
CEU eTD Collection 139 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003404434;view=1up;seq=2 Base Predictions manyproblems. for propagation is adequate computer electronic mediumsize small maps, or a numerical the Given circuits. of number largefor predictions problemsan propagation morecomplicated for useful particularly are methods Computer predictions. these of application effective most and efficient the possible makes i factors Additional necessarycalculations. the all performing the computer problem, particular a for computations all usedfor may be computer electronic an maps, numerical these Employing table. in the given coefficient theappropriate e time, and longitude latitude, of functions elementary of consisting terms ofsimple series finite formhas of the ofthe characteristic, map” as the “numerical to referred function, This characteristic. wo the whichrepresents function a defining coefficients “ forecasts: ionosphere 138 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 137 136 VOA.” the for curve a draw to machine the for seconds 4 about took “it explained: he As 1963. in computing of type th already wereusing America (VOA)of colleagues VoicetheirThe from that emphasized Leinwoll predictions. CRPL the from results accurate more obtain to able was department more in of Standards. Bureau National the by handbook a distributed manager, propagation and frequency pr operations. such “allow” that computers of introduction the was radios commercial about information external laboratory these from different laboratory instruments. rockets. scientific and analysis, geomagneti of recordings waves, radio laboratory included: storms
edictions based on IBM analysis in 1963. On May 28, Stanley Leinwoll, the radio radio the Leinwoll, Stanley 28, May On 1963. in analysis IBM on based edictions S. M. Ostrow, M. S. 1, Subfunds 298, Archive,Funds inOSA HU May 28 1963 Geiger, Russel Letterto Leinwoll, Stanley 126. Ibid, Stanley Leinwoll, Letter to Russel Geiger, 28 May 28 1963 Geiger, Russel Letterto Leinwoll, Stanley In the 1960s, the laboratory provided the first forecasts designed specifically for for specifically designed forecasts first the provided laboratory the 1960s, the In formation using an electronic computer. an formation using clients, among which was RFE. The possibility of processing large amount of of amount large processing of possibility The RFE. was which among clients,
137 T ionosphere detailed time, first the for discussed, department Engineering he d on Numerical Methods of Mapping (Washington: National Bureau of Standards, 1962), 1. 1962), Standards, of Bureau National (Washington: ofMapping Methods Numerical on d
The document shows how to use new ionospheric predictions based on much on based predictions ionospheric new use to how shows document The an expert from the National Bureau of Standards describes the role of the computers in the the ofthein computers therole describes Standards of Bureau theNational from anexpert n propagation may be added to the computer program as required. The computer, therefore, therefore, computer, The the computeras required. to program mayadded be npropagation The basic form of the F2 the formof basic The
139
136 hs a te is opruiy o ban rcs dt on data precise obtain to opportunity first the was This
nros mut f aa a acmltd n the in accumulated was data of amount Enormous - layer predictions in the new series is a table ofnumerical table is a newseries the in predictions layer ” See: S.M. Ostrow, Handbook for CRPL Ionosphere CRPLfor Ionosphere Ostrow, Handbook S.M. See: ” 57 rld rld
138
-
wide and diurnal variations of an ionospheric an ionospheric of widevariations diurnal and Through Engineering technology, this the d for quantity production of detailed ofdetailed quantityfor production d
(Access (Access sm and aurora, meteors meteors aurora, and sm Date : ach multipliedby ach
May 25, 25, 2015 ) .
is CEU eTD Collection 141 140 recor of set or “The record correct cards.” punched of place the find tape, of reel a in through scan to ability its tape in lay machine the of of nature “Automatic” use “the meant this objects, technical of can datum any which from device, memory ofdata. amounts large processing for externalinstitutions models (withe older replaced a teaminstalled 2.2 Fig. with the implementation ofnew type redundant became gradually cards punch in data of storage 1950s, late the In development. this ensured infrastructure computers’ in element new A RFE. as such “clients” particular more even was it and world the in stations various from data of amounts huge on based was Laboratory Propagation Radio Central The of prognosis planned path countries” propagation any over monthly numbers “sunspot
Paul E. Ceruzzi, E. Paul Ibid.
. This picture shows the data processing center at RFE at processingcenter data the shows . picture This Computers hi mi caatrsi ws ht isrcin ad aa ee trd n h same the in stored were data and “instructions that was characteristic main Their 140
behind the Ironbehind Curtain. the new A History of Modern Computing Modern of History A computer for data analyses. The machine was Digital Equipment, model PDP model was Equipment, machine Digital The analyses. data for computer
eae ky opnn i te oopee rdcin bcue the because predictions ionosphere the in component key a became th IBM punch cards) used used punch cards) IBM th
ds, perform some process in it, and return the results again to to again results the return and it, in process some perform ds,
of machines.
(Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2003), 23. 23. 2003), Press, MIT (Cambridge: The be retrieved as quickly as any other. any as quickly as retrieved be 58 until
the 1960s when the radio relied mainly on relied whenradio the the1960s - Munich in the 1970s when the radio technical whenradio the the 1970s in Munich difficult to individualize this data to data this individualize to difficult
o te ie target five the for
141 - 11, which 11,
In terms In CEU eTD Collection 143 142 other more neutralnuances ofhuman “effectiveness”, propaganda final of percentages in politicized also were which “ from noise: skills evaluated complex Such propaganda. and a rhetoric through operation radio the of knowledge shared the in political place their found figures technical War Cold in used actively were that figures pre Conclusion precise ionosphere forecasts. emerged reports technical monthly pe the in computers, electronic produced mass first the of developments the with Along seconds.” “4 for issued forecasts monthly d data. of amounts large to access and direct rapid offered storages disc first the 1960s, the in until, processing and reading data lab processing card punched made That another. to machine card punched one from cards of decks large carry to had who people by performed were tasks these installation, card punched a In tape. irectly affected Radio Free Europe whose engineers were impressed by the new accurate new the by impressed were engineers whose Europe Free Radio affected irectly
rcentages of “effectiveness” of radio broadcast based on accurate analysis of noise and noise of analysis accurate on based broadcast radio of “effectiveness” of rcentages Ibid. 200. Ibid. 30. Ibid, - history of numbers considering the engineers the considering numbers of history
that allowed them to differentiate between numerous modalities of politically nuanced politically of modalities numerous between differentiate to them allowed that Starting from one one from Starting
rcie n perception and practice levels and types of noise. Throughout the propaganda war, engineers developed developed engineers war, propaganda the Throughout noise. of types and levels
Soviet or - intensive.” ” jam ”
ming generated by “the opposition” through natural atmospherics natural through opposition” “the by generated ming particular 142
antc ae dd o cmltl eiiae rbes in problems eliminate completely not did tapes Magnetic -
example of percentage of “effectiveness”, I traced the traced I “effectiveness”, of percentage of example - p generated sounds. generated sounds. ltcl mode olitical 143
These multiple shifts in computers’ infrastructure computers’ in shifts multiple These 59
’ practice before publishing such facts and facts such publishing before practice ’
of hearing hearing of
hog wih technicians which through
to various various to - , CEU eTD Collection Science Natural of Philosophy the in Facts Scientific of Woolgar, LatourSteve and Bruno are paradigm this in publications key Amongthe work. technological or scientific ofspecific place a butnoise, as and isthis sound case not settings the laboratory which approached 1980s 146 145 220. 1987), Press, University Harvard 144 with complex research more became chapter, first the in discussed infrastructure, had access monthly totheeffec final rates only of again, who, broadcasts, radio in participants other the for even hidden remained that events produced activity engineering very the that was problem third The footage. propaganda su its on engineers of work the presented narratives propaganda that was issue Another operation. radio the of aspects financial and politicalabout discussions in behi hidden remained War Cold the of aspect laboratory This Curtain. Iron the behind waves radio propaganda of movement the about evidence scientific irrefutable achieve to aimed e machines laboratory War Cold the of part indispensable an became computers action.” the in used objects technological and tools scientific the to attention special Latour pays place. and knowledge “gaining of process the to conceptfamous his engineers,introducing book his In War. Cold neutral seemingly
I use the term “laboratory” in the tradition of the Science and technology studies from the late 1970s and and 1970s late from the studies technology and Science ofthe thetradition “laboratory”in use I theterm 232. Ibid, Scienti Follow How Action. to in Latour, Science Bruno nd at least three cultural layers cultural three least at nd technica This specific type of work accumulated a huge a accumulated work of type specific This The problem of the Cold War War Cold the of problem The
. In addition to the radio the to addition In . 145
xplored fragile sounds, attacked by many noises. Such scientific observations observations scientific Such noises. many by attacked sounds, fragile xplored
olwn te nier fo RE w cn e hw h frt electronic first the how see can we RFE, from engineers the Following l and scientific work scientific and l
(London: Sage, 1979) and Ian and Hacking, 1979) (London: Sage, optr nlss n ifatutr mblzd o te upss f the of purposes the for mobilized infrastructure and analysis computer cec n Action in Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) 1983) University Press, Cambridge (Cambridge:
machines - in engineers “the following means this words, other In .
one is that such calculations of effectiveness were used were effectiveness of calculationssuch that is one , ” technical
144 , Bruno Latour focuses on the practical work of of work practical the on focuses Latour Bruno ,
of a “centres of calculation” proposing sensitivity proposing calculation” of “centres a of as a place where something “natural” is revealed, in myin isrevealed, “natural” wheresomething place as a to scientific work scientific to
60 in Germany and Portugal, the radio the Portugal, and Germany in
geography related to the radio transmission radio the to related geography Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics Topics Introductory Intervening: and Representing sts and Engineers through Society (Cambridge: (Cambridge: Society Engineersthrough and sts tiveness. tiveness.
amount of data data of amount Laboratory Life: The Social Social The Life: Laboratory
in a specific historical context historical specific 146 rface using statistics in statistics using rface that was processed by processed was that
where personnel andpersonnel where
ai sound radio Construction Construction
operation CEU eTD Collection in quoted Press), University 148 2008). Press, MIT The (Cambridge: Studies Technology ofScienceand Handbook The (ed.) Hackett inEdward 147 chapter.third whic action of mode different a into switched and far, so described machinery dim important an was This laboratories. or calculation” of “centers in locked facts took War Cold the in everything not accumulated However, jargon. and documents engineering which department, Engineering the at actions everyday where tosee becamethings it possible not for feedb better places needed simply transmitters powerful with systems sophisticated the enough, places” legitimizing of investment the RFE. justify called operation entire the and in resources effectiveness the assess to impossible otherwise was it was it there from because importance gained areas geographical these Salonika, All Helsinki. and Belgrade, Istanbul, Berlin, Vienna, noise: studying for locations geographical included
Christopher Henke and Thomas Gieryn, “Sites of Sc “Sitesof Gieryn, Thomas and Henke Christopher Karin Knorr Cetina, Cetina, Knorr Karin
possible l tee motn eeet o te rpgna a rmie hde behind hidden remained war propaganda the of elements important these All , but there were moments when the engineers abandoned all graphics and rates, rates, and graphics all abandoned engineers the when moments were there but , ack, closer to the Iron Curtain in order to establish a “laboratory environment “laboratory a establish to order in Curtain Iron the to closer ack,
to perceive sound from behind the Iron Curtain. Alt Curtain. Iron the behind from sound perceive to Epistemic Cultures: How the Science Make Knowledge Make Science the How Cultures: Epistemic 147
Christopher Henke and Thomas Gieryn, “Sites of Scientific Practice “Sites ofScientific Gieryn, Thomas and Henke Christopher in the complex complex the in
geopolitical con geopolitical
visible elsewhere.”visible 61 ientific Practice: The Enduring Importance of Place,” ofPlace,” EnduringImportance The Practice: ientific In this sense, “legitimate knowledge required knowledge “legitimate sense, this In
et fteCl War Cold the of text 148
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard MA: Harvard (Cambridge, ension of the propaganda propaganda the of ension hough it sounds obvious, sounds it hough h I will examine in the in examine will I h . Interestingly ”.
place in place CEU eTD Collection technical measures. h exactly what know not did studios the in broadcasters the Meanwhile, before. ever than better sounded radio The disappeared. … jammers communist the of sounds deafening the concern, greatest RFE’s unnecessary. were efforts such speaking, Technically revolutionaries. the to sound radio clear provide to mission the with important some discuss objective prerequisites fo will I text, media analyzing Without pre 1956. of the representations explore to revolution; the into insight trucks. heavy on installed systems antenna mobile and jammers, transmitters, radio with maneuvers communication betterHungarian example 1956. thanthe in revolution hardly is There complexity. their in technology and politics War Cold understand to order problems the of dynamics b sealed work daily their of rhythm the altered and themselves engineers the surprised that events the were “non on information keeps also Europe Free Radio at department atmospherics and jamming 3. 3. “Non ntehsoia cneto h eouin Iwl xmn titytcncl events, technical strictly examine will I revolution, the of context historical the In I In the autumn of 1956, the employees of the Engineering department were entrusted were department Engineering the of employees the 1956, of autumn the In
have examined routine scientific research of two well two of research scientific routine examined have - Details fromDetails the routine” Cold in WarActions Broadcasting: hn lre mut f ehia dt. t s motn t osre unusual observe to important is It data. technical of amount large ehind
r the creation of media messages
pee i te ho o te eot Te nee “non needed They revolt. the of chaos the in appened of the technical infrastructure and geography and infrastructure technical the of n te wrs I il nevr o ec a uuul technical unusual an reach to endeavor will I words, other In
asd y oa atvt. u te rhv o te Engineering the of archive the But activity. solar by caused upiigy a te egt f h rvlto i Hungary, in revolution the of height the at Surprisingly, Hungarian Hungarian 62
- history of some important mediated mediated important some of history Revolution in Revolution
and information - known modalities of noise: of modalities known - otn”atos These actions. routine” , discussed so far, in in far, so discussed , 1956 .
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- routine” routine” a CEU eTD Collection World, 151 [1999] 2006 Press, University 150 Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series normal the 149 with simultaneously speech Khrushchev the broadcasting for channels T days. three for broadcast and tape, magnetic on speakers radio by recorded translated, was text newspaper the appeared, publication key the after Immediately instantaneous. was reaction Europe’s w Western 4 media onJune the for “secret” be to ceased but 1956, February in uttered were Union, Soviet the of history II.” War World the of outset the at suffered an history, of falsification his terror, his rule, so the by excited Europe Free Radio summer. the in came to adifferent working mode. already Budapest, had switched radio the streets broadcasters exploding the tankshells onof c the in meanings unexpected new, gained far, so described infrastructure, technical the of elements heavy All activities. broadcast daily all redefined and transformed 1956 routine”? arose which Hungarian requirements broadcasting and production therefrom.” special the and Hungary in developments the about centered Department Engineering RFE of activities operating “non of days 90 last the summarizing report special a typed Engineering, of director ontext of the mass rebellion. However, four months before the revolutionary crowd heard heard crowd revolutionary the before months four However, rebellion. mass the of ontext
Geiger, Situation Report, Memorandum, January 3, 1957 3, January Memorandum, Report, Situation Geiger, Onthe pre York: (New the End to Beginning from the SovietUnion the A Kenez, Historyof Peter ” History Workshop Journal, (Autumn, 2006) 62: 187 62: 2006) (Autumn, HistoryJournal, ” Workshop n h frt as f h Nw er o Jnay , 97 Rsel egr assistant Geiger, Russell 1957, 3, January on Year, New the of days first the In h frt in ta 15 wud hne the change would 1956 that signs first The
- 149 eouin f 96 Wa dd h rdo em nesad y h tr “non term the by understand team radio the did What 1956. of revolution history of the publication see: John Rettie, “How Khrushchev Leaked His Secret Speech to the to Speech HisSecret Leaked Khrushchev “How Rettie, see: John publication ofthe history
h egne smaie te ehia ses ae by taken steps technical the summarized engineer The - i ws osbe eas te niern dprmn poie “separate provided department engineering the because possible was his called Secret speech, in which Khrushchev denounced “Stalin’s autocratic “Stalin’s denounced Khrushchev which in speech, Secret called ), 192. ), hen the speech was published in New York Times. inNew York published speech was hen the
was among the among was 150 63 d blamed him for the reverses the country had had country the reverses the for him blamed d
Khrushchev’s words, central to the political the to central words, Khrushchev’s
in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, 1, Subfunds inArchive,298, Funds OSA HU - 193 Materials. .
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CEU eTD Collection 156 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering Correspondence: 155 154 125. Machcewicz, i Poznan region and Poland) (Greater theWielkopolska that belief government’s from the stemmed have may handicap this Machcewicz to According zlotys Poznan.” in 368 and zlotys Wroclaw, in 505 Lodz, zlotys in 572 Krakow, zlotysin was 1,27 capita investment per in 1956, elsewhere; than lower also was Investment zlotys. more1,000 than earned rarely that at time workersPoland in giventhat difference, significant zlotys was 100 Poznan workerin 153 152 The experiment. the after sound the of quality the checked immediately team technical The Czechoslovakia. to waves medium on broadcast usually which facility the Holzkirchen, 01:35 at CET. starting riots” the on detail in reporting Polish in program hour one special “a revolt. prepare to instructions received mass Europe Free Radio Meanwhile, a intervened. Army People’s into grew demonstration The bread”). demand (“We CHLEBA “Zispo.”13,000 of themworkedat the years, Krakow. and Warsaw with compared lower time three was there capita per investment Government economy. Polish the in town peripheral became with Poland), (Greater Wielkopolska region, Polish famous the in located is Poznan Free that knew Radio Europe at broadcasters Polish The Stalin. name, new a received years, postwar the toward moved They protest. to out went Cegielski) name former its by city the in known better factory, railway technical stepsthat programs.” Polish and Hungarian, Czechoslovakian, an industrial the salaryaverageof “in1955, that writes PawelMachcewicz 1956, Poznan on book In his Geiger, Situation Report (June 1 1 (June Report Situation Geiger, Ibid. Geiger, Machcewicz, Pawel
155
okr fo Pza’ ky atr wn ot o rts wt a anr Zadamu banner a with protest to out went factory key Poznan’s from Workers (a Enterprises Stalin “Zispo” the from workers the morning, the in early 28, June On
The radio engineers decided to direct to Poland the medium wave medium the Poland to direct to decided engineers radio The Memorandum, July 5, 1956 5, July Memorandum,
population of Poznan increased threefold reaching 380,000 people in 1956; 1956; in people 380,000 reaching threefold increased Poznan of population Rebellious Satellite. Poland 1956 Poland Satellite. Rebellious factories built in the 19th century; but gradually, by the mid the by gradually, but century; 19th the in built factories
would changeradio’s technicalwould schedule theregular later. Rebellious Satellite. Poland 1956 Poland Satellite. Rebellious s the central square, Mickiewicz, another emblematic place, which, in which, place, emblematic another Mickiewicz, square, central the s tself were already among the most prosperous areas ofPoland areas prosperous most the among werealready tself
lower per month than the average for all state industry nationally, a nationally, industry stateall for monthaverage the than per lower
-
June 30 1956), 1956 July5, 1956), June30 . in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, Subfunds 1, Series 3, RFE 3, Series 1, Subfunds Archive,298, Funds inOSA . HU 154
(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2009), 87 2009), Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford, 64
, 87
- 92 152 .
This was only the first among many among first the only was This
153
At the same time, within 10 within time, same the At 6 zlotys in Warsaw, 1,147 1,147 zlotys in6 Warsaw, . See: Pawel See: . - 1950s, Poznan 1950s,
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CEU eTD Collection Enginee RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 1, Subfunds 160 159 Holt, T. Robert see 158 157 “ also blocked: last weekJuly, theteletype system of long sent Munich from employees the because increased equipment communication the in load the even July, By endaction. of the toadifferentof had operation team shifted thatmode already the knew did they though Even Munich. to York New from information secret of inflow an such to indifferent remain to engineers reaching comparedwordsweek as earlier. 16,000 to3,000a weekend previous the as great as times five likewise was Newsroom York New the by filed traffic Press 715). to compared words (3,425 great as times five almost was traffic cipher communic new the for indicative was weekend previous headquarters. the with 1 York July and 30 New June between comparison the at worked CIA, the with communication secret the York. New in studio RFE’s the with communication of terms in busiest the as date that noted department Engineering the correspondence, internal its In army. People’s Polish the by suppressed muc have not did report.director,in his Geiger, Russell assistant the concluded design”, than rather oversight through “Probably unjammed. passed of minutes 30 first the that surprised was monitor technical RFE
On the political relationships between the political advisers at the headquarters in New York and M and York New in theat headquarters advisers the political between relationships Onthe political Ibid. Russell Geiger, Memorandum, Teletype Traffic Load, August 9, 1956. in HU OSA Archive, Funds 298, 298, Funds Archive, inOSA HU 1956. 9, August Load, Traffic Teletype Memorandum, RussellGeiger, Ibid.
h sce msae peiey nrae fv tms I ws mosbe o the for impossible was It times. five increased precisely messages secret The The engineers did not make any other technical changes in the radio broadcast. They broadcast. radio the in changes technical other any make not did engineers
The main political advisors, in charge of the main propaganda guidelines and guidelines propaganda main the of charge in advisors, political main The ation rhythm: regular teletype messages nearly doubled (87 against 46) while against46) (87 regularnearlydoubled rhythm: messages teletypeation Radio Free Europe Free Radio interviews with observers of the Poznan incident to New York. New to incident Poznan the of observers with interviews h time to react. On June 30, the Poznan protests had already been been already had protests Poznan the 30, June On react. to time h
not know the content of these messages, the whole radio radio whole the messages, these of content the know not (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), 38. 1958), Press, ofMinnesota University (Minneapolis: 157
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The second unconventional task task unconventional second The Ibid. Memorandum, August 24, 1955 August 24, Memorandum,
times
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Harris, Annual Report, Engineering Department, May 8, 1957 8, May EngineeringDepartment, Report, Annual Harris, R.Eugene and Johnson A. Ross in Hungary,”in: Europe Free Radio of Impact “Just Noise? Rév, István Geiger, Situation Report, Memorandum, January 3, 1957 3, January Memorandum, Report, Situation Geiger, RFE 3, Series 1, Subfunds Archive,298, Funds OSA HU in Hungarian in Stations Broadcasting Radio e sources were the other Western radio stations which broadcast in Hungarian such Hungarian in broadcast which stations radio Western other the were sources e In the context of the radio’s daily routine, this news was shocking. Broadcasters had Broadcasters shocking. was news this routine, daily radio’s the of context the In Thus the radio crew made one of the key strategic moves in the Cold War War Cold the in moves strategic key the of one made crew radio the Thus
Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Collection of Collection A Europe: Eastern and Union the on Soviet Impact ColdWar Broadcasting: 164 al location.
(Budapest: Central European University Central European (Budapest: h tcncl oioig f Radi of monitoring technical The portable portable o monitors in Munich was Radio Budapest, which constantlyRadioBudapest,Munichwaswhich in transmitted monitors o
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Such an event happened for the first time in the in time first the for happened event an Such 67
Press, 2010), 244 2010), Press,
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CEU eTD Collection http://www.archives.gov/research/guide 1941 its Predecessors and Service Information Broadcast ofthe Foreign Records Archives, National The see FBID of history theinstitutional Informati Broadcast wasas Foreign it redesigned 1950, Inof Intelligence. Directorate to assigned CIA to and was transferred this1947, service 25 On September broadcasts. radio foreign F on directive (FCC)Presidential by 170 102 Freedom, Broadcasting 169 Materials. Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, Series 168 Radio from information official only recorded radio October 25 to 23 from period the In made by intelligence experts. det for abroad from information media with agency the supplied which CIA the of department a (FBID), Division Information Broadcast Foreign the to line teletype news, broadcasting for information background as both sheet information These “items”. monitoring radio called documents official became stations radio the from words the Then Munich. in offices radio the to sent and transcribed, tape, magnetic on recorded was border Austrian the at antenna mobile the from strategic border. point attheAustrian their from detect to able were antennas portable with trucks monitoring the which cities majo the Among equipment. monitoring special with distance possible closest the by only detected be could stations small such from villages. and towns smaller surrounding to support revoluti the by Occupied stations. radio regional Hungarian stations” “freedom called so the from sounds first the received the of several from signals week possible was it point this from that reported Geiger Russel
The Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service was established in the Federal Communications Commission Commission Communications Federal in the was established MonitoringService ForeignBroadcast The a Amongthe 1957 3, January Memorandum, Report, Situation Geiger, h egnes sd h floig oioig tnad oc cpue, h sou the captured, once standard: monitoring following the used engineers The During the first days of the revolution, the monitoring operation had limited success. limited had operation monitoring the revolution, the of days first the During uthors who emphasize the role of the freedom stations in the revolution are: Arch Puddington, Puddington, Arch are: revolution in stations the freedom ofthe role whothe emphasize uthors
170
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On October 25, Radio Free Europe Free Radio 25, October On
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At the end of the revolution, the engineering received a document with the total number of information ofinformation number total with the document a received engineering the revolution, ofthe At end the Central Intelligence Agency, Chronology of Principal Events d Events ofPrincipal Chronology Agency, CentralIntelligence ncipal” events, through which the CIA intelligence experts were orienting themselves, themselves, orienting were experts intelligence CIA the which through events, ncipal” But on 4 and 5 November, during the second invasion of the Soviet troops, the main the troops, Soviet the of invasion second the during November, 5 and 4 on But The final results of the engineering efforts could be traced from an official CIA CIA official an from traced be could efforts engineering the of results final The
by FBID. From this document we can see the dynamics of the information flow to the flowto information dynamics ofthe wethe cansee document this From by FBID. Chronology of Principal Events during the HungarianRevolutionthe during EventsPrincipal Chronologyof the same sources, RFE and CIA received 32 items from radio radio from items 32 received CIA and RFE sources, same the
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10 Nov. 1956. 1956. Nov. 10 My observations are based on based are Myobservations the cities closest to the Hungarianthe border closestto cities the E’s monitoring stations in Germany. in stations monitoring E’s 69
Nyiregyhaza. Desperately trying to understand understand to trying Desperately Nyiregyhaza.
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The CEU eTD Collection Soviet ac troops, the oppressor, our before work productive resume to not Vas resolved of have people Country “Young collected; being are supplies food and reigns “Order villages”; Hunga befree followed elections.” byof theholding to Nagy Premier under government provisional a of creation for calling program a support Szolnok, Mosonmagyarovar, Gyor, Szombathely, Pecs, Szekesfehervar, Hatvan, Szeged, Debrecen, country the of parts various in workers councils on called radio “Miskolc mobilization: for calls first the recorded Europe Free ‘ fulfilled not are they as long as demands their maintain will they declaring organization) new a (apparently Country Borsod and Miskolc of Greater Council Workers’ the for announcement “an lines: following the transcribed border, monitor radio the when 26 October on radio Miskolc from came restoration of inBudapest order against counterrevolutionary elements.” on invoked been had aid “Soviet that and police” the communist the moment, that and buildings at public attacked have elements reactionary “fascist that recording propaganda, source possible only the from the information selected and USSR the day next the On against demonstrations.” for youth slanders of exploitation excitement, chauvinist condemned party “the phrase: the selected analyzers CIA the which from Budapest radio over speech Gero’s Erno at the Austrian border. receiver mobile the from sent signals radio transcribed of pieces 100 over of collage a were y “ai Fe Go rpre ntoa cucl hv be fre i near in formed been have councils national reported Gyor Free “Radio ry: The first message based on a regional radio station, recorded in the CIA archives, CIA the in recorded station, radio regional a on based message first The wi 23 October on began flow information official The n coe 3, al fr oiiain otne, hs ie rm Northeastern from time this continued, mobilization for calls 30, October On tually begins withdrawing from the territory of our country.” On October 31, in 31, October On country.” our of territory the from withdrawing begins tually
70
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- by CEU eTD Collection Mat Other and Reports Engineering RFECorrespondence: 3, 174 War,” Cold inthe Early Intern and “Intelligence Andrew, Christopher See: activities. secret in wasthis interested CIA the and agencies Agency’scryptographic Security in wereNational experts employed 9000 1956, By Walsh”. communications. Sovietdiplomatic encrypted examining Service Intelligence Army U.S. Signal program the secret a of project, Libraryof militaryThe information. secret to access had letter ofthe author that the is hypothesis One Department. 173 in military secret was which psychologicalIreply,” warfarea matter, notprepare can theengineer. wrote why RFE, of director Novemb 4 on act not did engineers the Egan, Convery of J. Director W. Harris, to M. extensively explained Claude Engineering 14, November On operation.” “psychological a such c the beyond far went fantasy this that knew engineers The Budapest. in communication military Soviet the of frequencies Walsh. S. J. by signed letter, secret a received in soldiers the to messages of transmission involved which department tanks, Soviet Engineering the in the intervention psychological but of possibilities Hungary, discussed in happening was exactly what know not byset motion in Kadar. Janos machinery propaganda communist the was information of source only the again, Yet again. blurred revolution the of “picture” radio the disappeared; areas border the from stations Revol government.” Kadar the of defense a with again air the on came Budapest “Radio sentence: short one with registered monitors radio the midnight, before minutes 15 day, same the on Later “suddenly.” air the off went radio Budapest later, minutes Seven Petofi Free Radio morning, the in early 4, November On jammed. Petofi Free Radio morning, the
It is impossible to infer the whole content of the letter based on the correspondence from the Engineering theEngineering from theon correspondence based letter the of content whole the infer to isimpossible It Claude M. Harris, Memorandum, November 14, 1956 14, November Memorandum, Harris, ClaudeM. During the second Soviet military inte military Soviet second the During First, the radio needed to know the precise frequency channel of the Soviet tanks, Soviet the of channel frequency precise the know to needed radio the First,
Congress archive stores the documents of John Walsh, an FBI agent, who participated in participated who agent, FBI an Walsh, John of the documents stores Congressarchive
But the initial of his second name i name second ofhis initial the But Review of International Studies International of Review
formation spread among the soldiers only in encrypted form. form. encrypted in only soldiers the among spread formation
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Gyor announced that the Varpalota transmitter was being being was transmitter Varpalota the that announced Gyor er: “since the subject of this letter is primarily a first a primarily is letter this of subject the “since er: s J., whereas the Engineering department typed “JohnS. typed department thewhereas Engineering sJ., 71
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CEU eTD Collection 180 179 68. 2010), Rad and Europe Free Johnson,A. Ross see German policies.” violated judgment, that, in its transmissions any cessationof immediate demand to its right reserved government that the German stated and demand, on review for monthmake themavail and one for broadcasts ofall recording retain to Radios the required interests, national German contradicting material not contain that they stipulated years,offive “licensed agreement The in signed 1955. 178 124 2008) Press, University Gemes, Andreas see: Ministry Interior Austrian the RFEand between On the tensions border. Austrian theat theiroperation 177 176 175 Warfare BranchUS Army. ofthe Psychological the unit: competent more a to request the redirect to suggestion mos by be understood probably would Russian pure that suppose “I person: speaking Russian a provide to “non a from was operation psychological the to contribute t with contract the violate “politically was it impossible” Austria in impossible”, “surely was Hungary in transmitter mobile alternatives. illusory completely were these case, this In Portugal. and Germany in plants radio all from signal powerful extremely receivin using command, local under also were tanks and range limited very had which frequencies high very the in on carried were communications “tank because fantasies War Cold the of dire had RFE if Even commander.” unit the of will the at changed be can which frequencies on tank operate groups “the because enough not was it list, frequencies deciphered get could they if Even
A broadcast license agreement between the Free Europe Committee and the German government was government the German and Committee Europe the Free between licenseagreement Abroadcast concerning authorities Austrian with the problems had department Engineering the is that Onepossibility Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.
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177 Au
to install a transmitter, whereas a too powerful signal from Germany “would Germany from signal powerful too a whereas transmitter, a install to stria and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Between Solidarity and Neutrality and Solidarity Between Revolution: Hungarian 1956 the striaand io Liberty. The CIA Years and Beyond and Years CIA The Liberty. io o te soldiers.” the of t ct access to all military communication, the idea remained in the field the in remained idea the communication, military all to access ct - 125. 125. 180
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(Stanford, California: Stanford University Stanford California: (Stanford, 178
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CEU eTD Collection 184 before revolutionaryvoices ether the disappeared returned. inthe and never recorded and “non successful a with days the of one was It Curtain. Iron the behind unjammed clearly, delivered were words These were concentra were voices they because noted be to enough “visible” these but radio, the accuse to authorities German the for evidence enough STATEMENTFIGHT MADE HUNGARIAN ARMY CALLED SOVIET(OCTOBER STRONGER 30) THAN ARMY ADVICE MOLOTOV GIVEN TO(OCTOBER USE COCKTAILS 30) ASKEDHUNGARIAN TO SOLDIERS PARTICIPATE (OCTOBER RESISTANCE 30) URGEDWORKERS WERE TO STRIKE (OCTOBER 30)
Ibid.
Calls for revolutionary action did not appear not did action revolutionary for Calls information
rnmte b rad by transmitted - routine” operation. A operation. routine”
HAD BEEN WON (OCTOBERHAD 30) 74 o ae fo Go ad ikl. e days Few Miskolc. and Gyor from waves io
mobile mobile so often in the records. There was not was There records. the in often so ted in one single day, October 30. October day, single one in ted machine with an antenna received antenna an with machine
184
CEU eTD Collection noi Thus, occur. they which in context the from isolated not was activity solar and noises of research Scientific laboratories. and installations radio precisely, technological broadcast everyday the from elements banal too invisible, otherwise these of understanding our for invaluable is archives, their in stored experience, E information. of amounts vast of analysis computer and 1956, in revolution the of tapes, magnetic by shaped were Key practice. radio everyday complex revolution Hungarian the Salonica. Vienna, united which geography technical problemsmerg transmis encrypting k involved operations technical ideology was infrastructure radio The department. Engineering the of records a long with the data on radio transmission, n transmission, radio on data the with long The terms. technical with filled archive unusual an examined has text This Certain Non in f ons md oss from noises amid sounds of sion . technological
Technology and technical work were politicized were work technical and Technology - information from isolated societies behind the Iron Curtain and a subsequent subsequent a and Curtain Iron the behind societies isolated from information living radio
technological objects were objects technological
The weak radio towers in towers radio weak The bet i terdo prto eeol emnl eta eeet in elements neutral seemingly only were operation radio the in objects ehia ifatutr ws eeoe around developed was infrastructure technical
and political visions. political visions. and equipment ed inacommon amalgamofengineeringactivities.
Ter oain i te pcfc itrcl otx, a ue in used was context, historical specific the in location, Their . lcs uh s ozice, ils Moosbur Biblis, Holzkirchen, as such places nomto ad propaganda and information ey issues in thi in issues ey teletype machines teletype
became Conclusion also crucial
75 mru oiia epesos mre n the in emerged expressions political umerous Gyor amn machines. jamming s historical period: collecting, recording, and recording, collecting, period: historical s
tools tools , antennas, mobile antennas in the context the in antennas mobile antennas, , to the wh
a nd Miscolc became strategic points in points strategic became Miscolc nd in
a huge amount of technical work in work technical of amount huge a se, which the average radio listener radio average the which se, ing . The very logical sequence of the the of sequence logical very The ole radio operation
esgs rm h Cl War Cold the from messages practice. But in their banality, banality, their in But practice.
htrcl iue and figures Rhetorical embedded in Cold War Cold in embedded od a technical War Cold
g, Maxoqueira, Maxoqueira, g, .
However, ngineers’ CEU eTD Collection sensitivity. communication global for infrastructure i were and 1950s the of context historical the into insight valuable a us gave specialists technical these of concerns and Observations Europe. perio War Cold whole propaganda operation. the of effectiveness the of measurement the in factors important become quality sound and became sounds jamming of perception key a characteristic became sound, disturbing a as just perceive may nspired by the movement of invisible radio waves and the development of a technical a of development the and waves radio invisible of movement the by nspired l tee lmns rm h tcncl nrsrcue nie ad egah i the in geography and noise, infrastructure, technical the from elements these All
s
and skills of the Cold War engineers. Throughout the propaganda conflict, conflict, propaganda the Throughout engineers. War Cold the of skills and wr coey xmnd y h Egneig eatet t ai Free Radio at Department Engineering the by examined closely were d
“ ,
a sensiti a which only an engineer could engineer an only which 76 the
90.Te er fterdolvr who lovers radio the of years The 1960s. ve issue ve ”
because categorization of noise of categorization because aspect rm h professional the from
observe with such such with observe CEU eTD Collection T yoHooverInstitution, Mapping Ostrow, S.M. FrequencyInstitute for Division, U.S. Department Basic Standards. ofCommerce Technical P.Viezbicke, Yagi1967 688,Peter Design, Antenna December, Note National Bureau Department ofStandards, ofCommerce, Digital Archive. Press Chicago Wireless, Daily 1945. January 30, Tribune, ChicagoDailyDigitalTribune, archive. J A. Ross History toCWIHP and DigitalObtained PolicyProgram contributed by Public and Archive, “GermanFreeGovernment Review ofRadioBroadcasts,” Europe 20, December 1956, Johnson. A. Ross History and Policy Public “CIA Post Liberty Collection Center DigitalWilson International Archive, History RadioFree Project, and Europe Radio InternationalThe Board for November 1956 ChronologyEvents ofPrincipalduring 23OctoberHungarian Revolution: the to4 Allan A. Dulles,MemorandumforMay Robert Murphy, 2,1957 MayExpansion, Executive Committee Meeting, Subjec National for Committee a Free Report for President’s Europe, 1952 IntelligenceCentralInformation Agency, Act,Freedom Electronic of Reading Room Department Affairs, ofPublic Photograph Collection. Recepti Intelligibility 1966 Evaluation, Technical Vienna, Berlin, Reports: Salonica, Monitoring Belgrade, Helsinki Inter Monthly 1966 Technical Reports RFE Co OpenBudapest Society Archives, Primary Sources his is RadioFreehis is Europe -
Office Correspondence 1955 on Reports, 1966 rrespondence: Reports Engineering Materials: and Other
ohnson. (Washington: Nati - Mortem Broadcasts,” onRadioFree Hungarian Europe 14,1957, January Handbook for CRPL Ionospherefor CRPL Methods PredictionsHandbook of Basedon Numerical
14,
1962
utube channel utube
Program Digital Archive, Obtained and contributed toCWIHP DigitalObtainedProgram contributed by and Archive,
(1964). Broadcasting, Reports, 1974 Annual onal Bureau 1962). ofStandards, - 1967 - 1967
- 1960
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