Degradación Biológica De Celulosa Por Ascobolus Furfuraceus Mercuri, Oscar Alberto 1987

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Degradación Biológica De Celulosa Por Ascobolus Furfuraceus Mercuri, Oscar Alberto 1987 Tesis de Posgrado Degradación biológica de celulosa por Ascobolus Furfuraceus Mercuri, Oscar Alberto 1987 Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Mercuri, Oscar Alberto. (1987). Degradación biológica de celulosa por Ascobolus Furfuraceus. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_2122_Mercuri.pdf Cita tipo Chicago: Mercuri, Oscar Alberto. "Degradación biológica de celulosa por Ascobolus Furfuraceus". Tesis de Doctor. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 1987. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_2122_Mercuri.pdf Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES DEBRADACIDN BI[JLDGICA DE CELULÜSAPÜR ASCÜBÜLUSFURFURACEUS Autor: Lic. Oscar A. Mercuri Director: Prof. Dra. Maria Esther Ranalli Lugar de trabajo: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (U.B.A.) ,2in ¿J , 2' Tesis presentada para optar por el titulo de U I DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS -1987­ A1 Ïibro y su conciencia de madera Quiero agradecer a todos aqueïios que en 1a buena me tendieron una mano y a todas aque11as manos que tomaron mi mano en 1a mala Y una voz ta1 vez especia] para quienes ya no oirán pero que quisiera tener a mi 1ado Por su ausencia no deseada y su presencia incorruptibïe. Gracias. 1: ANTECEDENTES 1 .1: Introducción: Ceïuïosa y Ce1u1olisis 1.1.1: Aïgunasconsideraciones históricas 1.1.2: Ce1u101isis 1.1.3: Perspectivas 1.1.4: Evaïuación de las necesidades regionaïes 0101-15 1.2: Ceïuïosa: estructura y biosintesis 1.2.1: Generaiidades, distribución 1.2.2: Estructura de 1as paredes ce1u1ares de p1antas 1.2.2.1: Morfoïogia (O 1.2.2.2: Organización moïecuïar y macro­ mo1ecu1ar de 1a ceïuïosa 12 1.2.3: Biogénesis de ias paredes ceïulares 17 1.2.4: Propiedades de 1a ce1u1osa en re1ación con 1os mecanismos de degradación 20 1 .3: Organismos ce1u101iticos 1.3.1: Deneraiidades 22 1.3.2: Aproximación taxonómica 24 1.3.3: Aproximaciónecofisioïógica 27 1.3.3.]: Degradaciónde ceiuïosa nativa en tejidos no Iignificados 35 .3.2: Degradación de ce1uïosa nativa en tejidos 1ignificados 40 .3.3: Degradación de ce1u105a modificada en e] tracto digestivo de herbivoros 47 .3.4: Degradación de ceïuïosa modificada en e1 estiérco] de herbivoros 50 : Biodeterioro de ceiuïosa procesada industriaïmente 1.4: MecaniSmosde degradación de sustratos iignoceïuiósicos 1.4.1: Generaiidades 56 1.4.2: Producción de Ios sistemas enzimáticos 57 1.4.3: Inducción-represión de ios sistemas enzimáticos 64 1.4.4: Caracterización de los sistemas enzimáticos 68 1.4.5: Medición de 1a actividad enzimática 71 1.4.6: Modode acción de ios sistemas ceiuioïiticos 73 1.4.7: Ap1icaciones de ias ceiuiasas 79 1.5: Ascoboiáceas. Ascoboius furfuraceus 81 1.6: Addenda 2: PLAN DE TRABAJO. OBJETIVOS 82 3: MATERIALES Y METODOS 3.1: Organismos 83 3.2: Medios de cuïtivo 3.2.1: Medios sóiidos 84 3.2.2} Medios 1iquidos 84 3.2.3: Preparación de ios medios de cuitivo 91 3.3: Condiciones de cu1tivo 92 3.4: Métodosanaiiticos 3.4.1: Cosecha de] mice1io 93 3.4 2: Estimación de] peso seco de miceiio 94 3.4 3: Estimación de proteina tota] 95 3.4 4: Estimación de proteina soiubie en sobranadante 96 3.4.5: Estimación de hidratos de carbono totales 97 3.4 6: Determinación de] pH 97 3.4 7: Determinación de ce1uiosa consumida 98 3.4 8: Determinación secuencia] de crecimiento y utiiización de ceiuiosa 99 3.5: Preparaciones microscópicas 103 3.5.1 : Preparaciones para microscopía óptica Técnica de coioración diferencia] 103 3.5.2: Preparaciones para microscopía eiectrónica 104 3.6: Estimación de 1a ceiuiosa adsorbida 105 3.7: Pruebas de actividad enzimática 106 3.7.1: Actividad de endo-B-1,4-giucanasas 106 3.7.2: Actividad de exo-B-1,4-giucanasas 107 3.8: Métodos matemáticos 108 4: RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION 4.1: Experiencias preiiminares 110 4.1.1: Ensayos con giucosa comofuente de carbono 110 4.1.2: Ensayos con ceiuïosa comofuente de carbono 114 4.1.2.1: Ensayos con ceiuïosa soiubie 114 4.1.2.2: Ensayoscon ceiuïosa cristaiina 121 4.1.2.3: Caracterización bioiógica dei sistema enzimático. Conciusiones 133 4.2: Optimización experimenta] de 1a utiiización de ceiuiosa 142 4.2.1: Requerimientos de vitaminas 143 4.2.2: Fuentes de nitrógeno 146 4.2.2.1: Evaïuación de ios parámetros de creci­ miento con fuente de nitrógeno inorgá­ nica 158 4.2.3: Efecto de cationes metáiicos 167 4.2.4: Fuentes aiternativas de carbono 199 4.2.5: Efecto de surfactantes 203 4.2.6: Efecto de condiciones de cuitivo: pH-temperatura 207 4.3: Experiencias adicionales 232 4.3.1: Reiación céiuias-ceiuiosa 232 4.3.2: Desarroiio de un método de Screening de hongosceiuioiiticos 237 5: BIBLIOGRAFIA CITADA 244 ABREVIATURAS UTILIZADAS EN EL TEXTO AIA ácido indoi-acético AG ácido giberéiico BSA seroaibümina bovina BG beta-giucosidasa c­ coiección de cuitivos dei 1aboratorio de micoiogia, FCEN CAMP monofosfato de adenosina, cicïico CBH ceiobiohidroiasa (exogiucanasa) CMC carboximetiiceluïosa DNS ácido dinitrosaiicilico EC Código numérico de 1a ciasificación sistemática de enzimas E9 endogiucanasa EtC etiiceïuiosa GC grado de cristaiinidad GP grado de poiimerización HEC hidroxietiiceiuiosa HEB microscopio e1ectrónico de barrido NaCMC carboximetiïceiuiosa sódica 0pm osciiaciones por minuto p/p peso en peso p/v peso en volumen PSI iibras por puigada cuadrada r coeficiente de correiación (de Pearson) rpm revoluciones por minuto SE superficie especifica n 6‘ desviación estándar de 1a pob1aci6n 6_n-1 desviación estándar de 1a muestra v/v voiumen en voiumen UDP difosfato de uridina Y vaïor medio estimado ANTECEDENTES 1.1. INTRODUCCION: CELULOSA Y CELULOLISIS. La celulosa es -por mucho- la sustancia orgánica mas abundante de la naturaleza. Tal comocualquier otra clase de molécula orgánica, re­ presenta, en última instancia, la captura de la energia solar por las plan tas; Conexcepción de los procariontes, la base de las estructuras molecu lares permanentesde los organismos fotosintetizadores es la celulosa. En la absoluta mayoría de las células de cualquier planta, las paredes es­ tán organizadas segün una estructura cristalina de celulosa que resulta el determinante fundamental de las propiedades mecánicas de los vegetales. Los innumerables usos históricos de la madera no hacen sino ex­ plotar aquellas propiedades. Adicionalmente, el poder calorifico de la ma­ dera.ha permitido su uso comofuente primaria de energia. Aünmas: el car­ bón fósil -recurso no renovable- fue hace millones de años, en su mayor parte, celulosa. 1.1.1. ALGUNASCONSIDERACIONES HISTORICAS. La celulosa ha sido protagonista, de mododirecto o indirecto, de alguna de las revoluciones tecnológicas mas trascendentes en la histo­ ria de la Humanidad. Originariamente desarrollado en China, el papel fue llevado a España por los invasores árabes. La primera‘fábrica que utilizaba pastas celulósicas para papel se estableció en Játiva (Valencia). En H90W"­ cionaba en Herault, cerca de Montpellier, Francia, el primer “molino de papel" de la historia. Uos siglos y medio después, en l445, Johann Gensfleisch, llama­ do Gutenberg, realizaba en Maguncia el primer texto "impreso", un libro de predicciones acerca del destini de justos e impios en el Juicio Final. Estos dos hitos, concatenados, señalaron un cambio histórico obvio: la po­ sibilidad de acceso al conocimiento, no ya para la élite de escribas ecle­ siásticos, sino para casi todos los hombres. Algunas fibras de celulosa, que aün se conservan, han sido testigo y participe de esta revolución. El s. XVIImarcó, en Inglaterra, lo que los historiadores lla­ man la “Revolución Industrial". La celulosa algo tuvo que ver también en esto. Entre l730 y 1770, J. Hyatt, S. Crompton, T. Highs, entre otros, di­ señaron y construyeron una serie de máquinas para el hilado y tejido del algodón. El desarrollo.de estas tecnologias, y el algodón (94 %de celulo‘= sa), permitieron a Gran Bretaña costear (yvencer) las guerras contra Fran­ cia entre 1793 y 1815. En 1783/84 P. Onions y H. Cort descubrieron los métodos para fundición y producción de acero. Esto, quizás, no hubiese sido posible si el mineral de hierro no se hubiera encontrado en la misma región que los grandes depósitos de carbón fósil de Inglaterra. Esa celulosa, transforma­ da por los milenios en las entrañas de la tierra, también sirvió comofuen te de energia para mover el ingenio de James Hatt en l785: la máquina de vapor. Esto permitió que los talleres no hubiesen de construirse a la vera de los rios para usar energia hidráulica; generó un nuevo sistema de trans portes y -entre otras cosas- se utilizó para mover las nuevas máquinas de hierro que imprimirian a velocidad asombrosa, sobre celulosa convertida en papel. Por üïtimo, una de ¡as tecnoïogias mas importantes iniciadas en e] sigïo XIXy que tiene, comoparticipante fundamenta], a 1a ceiulosa, es 1a de los materiales plásticos. En 1855, Aïexander Parkes creó -a partir de aigodón- e] primer "p1ástico": e] ceïuloide. Noes necesario abundar acerca de 1a incidencia de los piásti­ cos en 1a vida moderna.
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