DOCSLIB.ORG

Vokalschwächung Im Peruanischen Spanisch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vokalschwächung Im Peruanischen Spanisch Vokalschwächung im peruanischen Spanisch Patricia de Crignis München 2018 Vokalschwächung im peruanischen Spanisch Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Patricia de Crignis aus Augsburg 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Detges Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Krefeld Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.07.2016 Abstract: Diese Studie befasst sich mit der wenig untersuchten Vokalschwächung im peru- anischen Spanisch, die als ein singuläres Merkmal der Hochlandgebiete Hispanoamerikas (tierras altas) gilt und üblicherweise auf den Sprachkontakt mit indigenen Sprachen zurück- geführt wird. Die Beschreibung des Merkmals im hispanoamerikanischen Spanischen im All- gemeinen und im peruanischen Spanisch im Speziellen verdeutlicht jedoch, dass die Sprach- kontakthypothese aus mehreren Gründen problematisch ist. Es könnte sich möglicherweise sogar um ein altspanisches Merkmal handeln, das sich durch die Prozesse der Kolonisierung in abgelegenen Gebieten Hispanoamerikas erhalten hat. Die Analyse von Sprachdaten im Umfang von 13 489 Vokal-Tokens aus dem Hochland (tierras altas) und dem Küstentiefland (tierras bajas) des Departments Arequipa liefert weitere unerwartete Ergebnisse: Zum einen ist die Vokalschwächung in Peru nicht nur im Hochland, sondern auch an der Küste verbrei- tet. Dort kann sie nicht mit Sprachkontakt in Verbindung gebracht werden. Zum anderen be- steht sie nicht nur – wie bisher angenommen – aus Entstimmungen und Elisionen, sondern auch aus Kürzungen und Zentralisierungen. Dies bedeutet eine bemerkenswerte Übereinstim- mung mit der Vokalschwächung in Mexiko, wo sie bisher am besten erforscht worden ist. Resumen: Este estudio trata de la debilitación vocálica en el español peruano, un fenómeno muy poco estudiado que se considera un rasgo singular de los altiplanos hispanoamericanos (las llamadas tierras altas) y que se explica, por lo general, como consecuencia del contacto con lenguas indígenas. Sin embargo, la descripción de este rasgo en el español hispanoameri- cano en general, y en el español peruano en particular, muestra que la hipótesis del contacto de lenguas es problemática por varias razones. Incluso podría tratarse de un rasgo del español medieval que se ha mantenido en regiones alejadas de Hispanoamérica debido a la dinámica propia de la colonización, como muestran los procesos de debilitación vocálica en el español medieval. El análisis de 13 489 tokens vocálicos del altiplano (tierras altas) y de la costa (tierras bajas) del departamento de Arequipa arroja aún más resultados inesperados. Por un lado, la debilitación vocálica no sólo se encuentra difundida en el altiplano, sino también en la costa; y esto no se puede explicar a través del contacto con lenguas indígenas. Por otro lado, la debilitación vocálica no sólo comprende vocales ensordecidas y elididas, como se suponía previamente, sino que también se pueden observar realizaciones abreviadas y centralizadas. Esto significa que se da una notable coincidencia con la debilitación vocálica de México, que es donde el fenómeno ha sido estudiado hasta ahora con mayor exhaustividad. Abstract: This work focuses on the little-studied process of vowel weakening in Peruvian Spanish, a process considered to be a unique feature of the highlands of Hispanic America (tierras altas) and usually attributed to contact with indigenous languages. An analysis of this feature in Latin American Spanish in general and in Peruvian Spanish in particular reveals that the language-contact hypothesis is problematic for several reasons. As a review of vowel weakening processes in Old Spanish shows, this might even be a feature of Old Spanish which has survived in remote areas of Hispanic America due to the dynamics of colonization. The analysis of linguistic data comprising 13 489 vowel tokens from the highlands (tierras altas) and the lowland coastal areas (tierras bajas) of the department of Arequipa produces further unexpected results. On the one hand, it shows that vowel weakening is not only a lin- guistic feature of the Peruvian highlands, but also of the lowland coastal areas where it could not have arisen through contact with indigenous languages. On the other hand, it reveals that this process does not only involve devoicing and elision as previously thought, but also shortening and centralization. This indicates a remarkably close correspondence to vowel weakening in Mexico, where this process has previously been studied in the greatest depth. Danksagung Dies ist die leicht überarbeitete Version meiner 2016 eingereichten Dissertation mit gleichem Titel, die im Rahmen der Graduate School Language & Literature der LMU München ent- standen ist und mit dem Werner-Krauss-Preis 2017 des Deutschen Hispanistenverbandes aus- gezeichnet wurde. Die Arbeit wurde von Ulrich Detges und Thomas Krefeld betreut, denen ich für ihre Unterstützung herzlich danke: Ulrich Detges hat mit seiner scharfsinnigen Kritik, seinem wissenschaftlichen Weitblick und seinen zahlreichen persönlichen Ermutigungen ent- scheidend zum Gelingen dieser Dissertation beigetragen. Thomas Krefeld inspirierte mich un- zählige Male in fachlichen Diskussionen und motivierte mich mit kreativen Ideen. Für wertvolle Ratschläge aus phonetischer Perspektive danke ich auch Jonathan Harrington, der diese Dissertation als Drittprüfer mitbewertet hat. Wulf Oesterreicher danke ich für seinen fachlichen Rat sowie seine motivierende Leidenschaft, nicht nur für die Sprachwissenschaft, sondern auch ganz besonders für Peru. Nicht genug danken kann ich außerdem Conceição Cunha und Elissa Pustka, deren wissen- schaftliche Expertise für diese Dissertation von unschätzbarem Wert war. Für grenzenlose Ausdauer beim Korrekturlesen und bei technischen Fragen danke ich Roberto Arias, Martin de Crignis, Tobias de Crignis, Conceição Cunha, Evelyn Glose, Jochen Hafner, Elisabeth Huber, Thomas Kisler, Elissa Pustka, Hanna Ruch, Ursula Stangel und Thomas Weidhaas. Philipp de Crignis bin ich unendlich dankbar, dass er mich auf Teilen meiner Feldforschung begleitet hat. Danke auch an die Graduate School Language & Literature und das Elitenetzwerk Bayern, die meinen Feldforschungsaufenthalt in Peru sowie die Promotionsphase finanziert haben. Ohne die Informanten in Arequipa wäre diese Studie allerdings nie zustande gekommen: Gracias a todas las personas en Yanque y en Punta de Bombón que participaron en este estudio, sin cuya confianza no existiría este trabajo. Especialmente agradezco la incansable ayuda de Guillermina y Patricia para buscar informantes que participaran en este estudio. Schließlich danke ich von Herzen meiner Familie, die mich stets bei meinen Plänen unter- stützt hat. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... v! Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ viii! 1! Einleitung ....................................................................................................... 1! 1.1! Motivation der Arbeit ................................................................................................... 1! 1.2! Gegenstand und Ziel der Arbeit .................................................................................... 2! 1.3! Aufbau der Arbeit ......................................................................................................... 3! 2! Vokalschwächung im Spanischen Amerikas ............................................... 5! 2.1! Geographische Verbreitung .......................................................................................... 6! 2.1.1! Mexiko ................................................................................................................... 7! 2.1.2! Costa Rica .............................................................................................................. 9! 2.1.3! Kolumbien ............................................................................................................ 10! 2.1.4! Ekuador ................................................................................................................ 13! 2.1.5! Bolivien ................................................................................................................ 13! 2.1.6! Chile ..................................................................................................................... 14! 2.1.7! Peru ....................................................................................................................... 16! 2.1.8! Weitere Gebiete .................................................................................................... 18! 2.2! Soziale Verbreitung .................................................................................................... 20! 2.2.1! Klassische Soziolinguistik: Soziale Klasse, Generation, Geschlecht .................. 20! 2.2.2! Variation zwischen verschiedenen Idiolekten ...................................................... 26! 2.2.3! Variation innerhalb eines Sprechers ..................................................................... 27! 2.2.4! Ethnizität .............................................................................................................. 28! 2.3! Entstimmung und Elision ........................................................................................... 29! 2.3.1! Prosodie ...............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aplicación De La Ley N.º 28440: Sistema Electoral Y Participación Ciudadana De Centros Poblados, Arequipa, 2016
    UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE SANTA MARÍA ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO MAESTRÍA EN DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL APLICACIÓN DE LA LEY N.º 28440: SISTEMA ELECTORAL Y PARTICIPACIÓN CIUDADANA DE CENTROS POBLADOS, AREQUIPA, 2016 Tesis presentada por la Bachiller MARÍA DEL CARMEN PAZ BARREDA Para optar por el Grado Académico de MAESTRO EN DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL Asesor DR. EDUARDO JESÚS MEZA FLORES Arequipa-Perú 2017 A mi hijo, Imanol y mi familia, por su apoyo y comprensión. 2 La democracia lleva al más bello nombre que existe “igualdad” Herodoto Para nosotros, la democracia es una cuestión de dignidad humana. Y la dignidad humana es la libertad política. Sven Olaf Palme 3 ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN 9 ABSTRACT 10 INTRODUCCIÓN 11 CAPÍTULO I: SISTEMA ELECTORAL Y DERECHO DE PARTICIPACIÓN 13 CIUDADANA 1. SISTEMA ELECTORAL 14 A. ANTECEDENTES 14 B. CONCEPTO 15 C. SISTEMA ELECTORAL DE LAS ELECCIONES MUNICIPALES 22 D. PRINCIPIOS 23 E. ORGANISMOS ELECTORALES 26 F. CRÍTICAS AL SISTEMA ELECTORAL ACTUAL 36 G. PROCESO ELECTORAL 38 H. PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS ORGANISMOS ELECTORALES 48 I. GARANTÍAS ELECTORALES 49 J. LEGISLACIÓN COMPARADA 51 2. DERECHO DE PARTICIPACIÓN CIUDADANA 53 A. DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL A LA PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA 58 B. DERECHO AL VOTO 62 C. DERECHO A ELEGIR O SER ELEGIDO 65 DERECHO A PERTENECER O REPRESENTAR A UNA ORGANIZACIÓN D. 66 POLÍTICA CAPÍTULO II: LEY N.º 28440, LEY DE ELECCIÓN DE AUTORIDADES MUNICIPALES DE CENTROS POBLADOS 69 1. LAS MUNICIPALIDADES 70 A. AUTONOMÍA MUNICIPAL 71 2. IMPORTANCIA DE LOS CENTROS POBLADOS EN EL PERÚ 75 3. ANÁLISIS DE LA LEY N.º 28440 80 A. ACTORES 81 B. DISEÑO DEL PROCESO 85 C.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Disciplinary Overview of Chagas in Periurban Peru
    Journal of International and Global Studies Volume 1 Number 2 Article 1 4-1-2010 A Multi-disciplinary Overview of Chagas in Periurban Peru Sarah McCune Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru Angela M. Bayer Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Gabrielle C. Hunter Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Natalie M. Bowman Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Juan G. Cornejo del Carpio Dirección Regional del Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa, Peru See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs Part of the Anthropology Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation McCune, Sarah; Bayer, Angela M.; Hunter, Gabrielle C.; Bowman, Natalie M.; Cornejo del Carpio, Juan G.; Naquira, Cesar; Gilman, Robert H.; Bern, Caryn; and Levy, Michael Z. (2010) "A Multi-disciplinary Overview of Chagas in Periurban Peru," Journal of International and Global Studies: Vol. 1 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs/vol1/iss2/1 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International and Global Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Multi-disciplinary Overview of Chagas in Periurban Peru Authors Sarah McCune, Angela M.
    [Show full text]
  • Quichua-Spanish Language Contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua Syncretic Language Practices
    QUICHUA-SPANISH LANGUAGE CONTACT IN SALCEDO, ECUADOR: REVISITING MEDIA LENGUA SYNCRETIC LANGUAGE PRACTICES BY MARCO SHAPPECK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Hans Henrich Hock, Director of Research Professor Rajeshwari Vijay Pandharipande, Chair Associate Professor Anna María Escobar Professor José Ignacio Hualde Abstract The purpose of the current thesis is to develop a better understanding of the interaction between Spanish and Quichua in the Salcedo region and provide more information for the processes that might have given rise to Media Lengua, a ‘mixed’ language comprised of a Quichua grammar and Spanish lexicon. Muysken attributes the formation of Media Lengua to relexification, ruling out any influence from other bilingual phenomena. I argue that the only characteristic that distinguishes Media Lengua from other language contact varieties in central Ecuador is the quantity of the overall Spanish borrowings and not the type of processes that might have been employed by Quichua speakers during the genesis of Media Lengua. The results from the Salcedo data that I have collected show how processes such as adlexification, code-mixing, and structural convergence produce Media Lengua-type sentences, evidence that supports an alternative analysis to Muysken’s relexification hypothesis. Overall, this dissertation is developed around four main objectives: (1) to describe the variation of Spanish loanwords within a bilingual community in Salcedo; (2) to analyze some of the prominent and recent structural changes in Quichua and Spanish; (3) to determine whether Spanish loanword use can be explained by the relationship consultants have with particular social categories; and (4) to analyze the consultants’ language ideologies toward syncretic uses of Spanish and Quichua.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They?
    Desarrollo y Sociedad ISSN: 0120-3584 [email protected] Universidad de Los Andes Colombia Zegarra, Luis Felipe Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Desarrollo y Sociedad, núm. 68, diciembre, 2011, pp. 213-259 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169122461007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista 68 213 Desarrollo y Sociedad II semestre 2011 Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Ferrocarriles en el Perú: ¿Qué tan importantes fueron? Luis Felipe Zegarra* Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution and main features of the railway system of Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. From mid-19th century railroads were considered a promise for achieving progress. Several railroads were then built in Peru, especially in 1850-75 and in 1910-30. With the construction of railroads, Peruvians saved time in travelling and carrying freight. The faster service of railroads did not necessarily come at the cost of higher passenger fares and freight rates. Fares and rates were lower for railroads than for mules, especially for long distances. However, for some routes (especially for short distances with many curves), the traditional system of llamas remained as the lowest pecuniary cost (but also slowest) mode of transportation. Key words: Transportation, railroads, Peru, Latin America. JEL classification: N70, N76, R40. * Luis Felipe Zegarra is PhD in Economics of University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).
    [Show full text]
  • Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú Escuela De Posgrado
    PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ ESCUELA DE POSGRADO ANÁLISIS DESCRIPTIVO DE PATRONES ENTONACIONALES DE ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS ABSOLUTAS, PARCIALES Y REITERATIVAS EN EL ESPAÑOL LIMEÑO TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE MAGÍSTER EN LINGÜÍSTICA AUTORA Michele Marie Montauban del Solar ASESOR Dr. Héctor Hugo Gabriel Velásquez Chafloque Marzo, 2019 1 Resumen Esta tesis describe y analiza los patrones entonacionales de las oraciones interrogativas de la variedad del español limeño. Entre los distintos modelos teóricos del análisis de la entonación, destaca el modelo métrico-autosegmental de Pierrehumbert, que identifica aquellos elementos cuya combinación origina los contornos melódicos de los enunciados de una lengua. Para utilizar este modelo, se emplea el sistema de transcripción fonológica ToBI de Pierrehumbert y Beckman. Su adecuación al modelo mencionado y simplicidad han permitido su adaptación a varios idiomas, incluido el español. Existen trabajos análogos para variedades del español como el de Santiago de Chile, Buenos Aires, Quito, Ciudad de México e, incluso, el español amazónico de Pucallpa, pero no se ha realizado uno similar para el limeño. El Atlas interactivo de la entonación del español ofrece algunos de los trabajos mencionados. Para comparar los enunciados obtenidos con los presentes en el Atlas, se utiliza la encuesta y la metodología propuestas en este. Se trabaja con ocho colaboradoras que leen enunciados interrogativos pertinentes a un contexto presentado, de la manera más espontánea posible. Posteriormente, la información se analiza en el programa Praat y se etiquetan los acentos tonales y los de frontera, así como las distintas pausas a partir del sistema de notación Sp_ToBI. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan un primer acercamiento descriptivo a los patrones de entonación de las interrogativas en español limeño.
    [Show full text]
  • Pscde3 - the Four Sides of the Inca Empire
    CUSCO LAMBAYEQUE Email: [email protected] Av. Manco Cápac 515 – Wanchaq Ca. M. M. Izaga 740 Of. 207 - Chiclayo www.chaskiventura.com T: 51+ 84 233952 T: 51 +74 221282 PSCDE3 - THE FOUR SIDES OF THE INCA EMPIRE SUMMARY DURATION AND SEASON 15 Days/ 14 Nights LOCATION Department of Arequipa, Puno, Cusco, Raqchi community ATRACTIONS Tourism: Archaeological, Ethno tourism, Gastronomic and landscapes. ATRACTIVOS Archaeological and Historical complexes: Machu Picchu, Tipón, Pisac, Pikillaqta, Ollantaytambo, Moray, Maras, Chinchero, Saqsayhuaman, Catedral, Qoricancha, Cusco city, Inca and pre-Inca archaeological complexes, Temple of Wiracocha, Arequipa and Puno. Living culture: traditional weaving techniques and weaving in the Communities of Chinchero, Sibayo, , Raqchi, Uros Museum: in Lima, Arequipa, Cusco. Natural areas: of Titicaca, highlands, Colca canyon, local fauna and flora. TYPE OF SERVICE Private GUIDE – TOUR LEADER English, French, or Spanish. Its presence is important because it allows to incorporate your journey in the thematic offered, getting closer to the economic, institutional, and historic culture and the ecosystems of the circuit for a better understanding. RESUME This circuit offers to get closer to the Andean culture and to understand its world view, its focus, its technologies, its mixture with the Hispanic culture, and the fact that it remains present in Indigenous Communities today. In this way, by bus, small boat, plane or walking, we will visit Archaeological and Historical Complexes, Communities, Museums & Natural Environments that will enable us to know the heart of the Inca Empire - the last heir of the Andean independent culture and predecessor of the mixed world of nowadays. CUSCO LAMBAYEQUE Email: [email protected] Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Perú: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto Perú: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto Escalera-Loreto Cordillera Perú: Instituciones Participantes/ Participating Institutions
    .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................no. 26 ....................................................................................................................... 26 Perú: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto Perú: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto Instituciones participantes/ Participating Institutions The Field Museum Nature and Culture International (NCI) Federación de Comunidades Nativas Chayahuita (FECONACHA) Organización Shawi del Yanayacu y Alto Paranapura (OSHAYAAP) Municipalidad Distrital de Balsapuerto Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) Herbario Amazonense de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (AMAZ) Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Centro
    [Show full text]
  • International Tropical Timber Organization
    INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION ITTO SMALL PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TARA (Caesalpinea spinosa) PLANTATIONS WITH A VIEW TO THE REHABILITATION OF WASTE LANDS IN THE SUB-HUMID TROPICS OF THE COASTAL REGION OF PERU SERIAL NUMBER PD 724/13 Rev.1 (F) COMMITTEE REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY GOVERNMENT OF PERU ORIGINAL LANGUAGE SPANISH SUMMARY This small project proposal has derived from project PD 583/10 Rev.1 (F), which was implemented to assess the feasibility of restoring arid or sub-humid ecosystems in the southern coastal region of Peru and which has proven to be highly beneficial from an environmental and socioeconomic viewpoint after reforesting 75 hectares with Caesalpinea spinosa in eriaza (waste) lands that previously had no economic or environmental value. As a result of that project phase, it has been possible to develop a new flora and fauna ecosystem of considerable significance and the future outlook of nearly one million hectares in this Peruvian coastal ecosystem has been improved by contributing not only to the socioeconomic development of the region but also to carbon sequestration, increasing CO2 storage levels from 0 to an average 8-10 Mt/ha/year. This is fully consistent with the concepts and strategies of climate change mitigation and rehabilitation of degraded forest lands. This project will be implemented in the Department of Arequipa, Province of Camaná, in Southern Peru. Given its ecological, environmental and socioeconomic conditions, this region is highly significant and representative of tropical semi-arid or sub-humid areas in Peru, where social, economic and environmental alternatives need to be adjusted to the shortage of water for both irrigation and human consumption, so as to generate economic income to help improve the living standards of the rural population.
    [Show full text]
  • Geosites and Geotouristic Attractions Proposed for the Project Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua, Peru
    Geoheritage (2018) 10:707–729 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0307-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Geosites and Geotouristic Attractions Proposed for the Project Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua, Peru Andrzej Gałaś1 & Andrzej Paulo1 & Krzysztof Gaidzik2,3 & Bilberto Zavala4 & Tomasz Kalicki5 & Danitza Churata4 & Slávka Gałaś1 & Jersey Mariño4 Received: 15 July 2016 /Accepted: 18 May 2018 /Published online: 7 June 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The Colca Canyon (Central Andes, Southern Peru), about 100 km long and 1–3 km deep, forms a magnificent cross section of the Earth’s crust giving insight into mutual relations between lithostratigraphical units, and allowing relatively easy interpretation of the fascinating geological history written in the rocky beds and relief. Current activity of tectonic processes related to the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate exposed the geological heritage within study area. Well- developed tectonic structures present high scientific values. The volcanic landforms in the Valley of the Volcanoes and around the Colca Canyon include lava flows, scoria cones and small lava domes. They represent natural phenomena which gained recognition among tourists, scientists and local people. Studies performed by the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru since 2003 recognized in area of Colca Canyon and Valley of the Volcanoes high geodiversity, potential for geoturism but also requirements for protectection. The idea of creating geopark gained recently the approval of regional and local authorities with support from the local National Geological Survey (INGEMMET). The Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua would strengthen the relatively poor system of the protected areas in the Arequipa department, increasing the touristic attractiveness and determine constraints for sustained regional development.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildpotato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru
    A Arner J of Potato Res (1999) 76:103-119 103 Wild Potato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua Puno, Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and New Genetic Resources David M. Spooner*\ Alberto Salas L6pez2,Z6simo Huaman2, and Robert J. Hijmans2 'United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590. Tel: 608-262-0159; FAX: 608-262-4743; email: [email protected]) 'International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Peruhas 103 taxa of wild potatoes (species, sub- Wild and cultivated tuber-bearing potatoes (Solanum species, varieties, and forms) according to Hawkes sect. Petota) are distributed from the southwestern United (1990; modified by us by a reduction of species in the States to south-central Chile. The latest comprehensive tax- Solanum brevicaule complex) and including taxa onomic treatment of potatoes (Hawkes, 1990) recogllized 216 described by C. Ochoa since 1989. Sixty-nine of these tuber-bearing species, with 101 taxa (here to include species, 103 taxa (67%) were unavailable from any ofthe world's subspecies, varieties and forms) from Peru. Ochoa (1989, genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less than three 1992b, 1994a,b) described ten additional Peruvian taxa rais- germplasm accessions. We conducted a collaborative ing the total to 111. We lower this number to 103 with a mod- Peru(INIA), United States (NRSP-6), and International ification of species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Potato Center (CIP) wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Sixty-nine of these 103 species (67%) were unavailable from collecting expedition in Peru to collect germplasm and any ofthe world's genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less gather taxonomic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialect Differences and the Bilingual Vowel Space in Peruvian Spanish
    Dialect Differences and the Bilingual Vowel Space in Peruvian Spanish Erin O’Rourke University of Pittsburgh 1. Introduction The quality of Spanish vowels is often described as being relatively stable across Spanish dialects compared to consonants. Quilis & Esgueva (1983) examined vowels in several varieties of Spanish in order to derive a composite description of Spanish vowel quality. Recent laboratory work by Morrison & Escudero (2007) further supports this view. Comparing vowels produced by male and female speakers from Madrid and Lima, significant differences in formant values were not found between the two dialects (with the exception of the second formant (F2) of the vowel /o/). However, Peninsular speakers did employ significantly longer vowel sequences than the Peruvian speakers. Shifts in vowel quality, nonetheless, are observed in a number of contexts. For example, Oliver (2007) observes word-final vowel raising of mid to high vowels (/e/>[i] and /o/>[u]) in Puerto Rican Spanish, a phenomenon also observed in Mexican and Peninsular varieties. In addition, mid vowels in hiatus are raised in diphthong formation ([e.o]>[jo]), for example in Colombian Spanish (Garrido 2007). In Andean Spanish, Delforge (2008) finds that unstressed vowels undergo devoicing as opposed to centralization. Willis (2008) also shows mid-vowel variation in Dominican Spanish, especially with atonic vowels, such that vowels /e/ and /o/ are not equidistant from /i/-/a/-/u/ in the vowel space but rather tend to overlap with the neighboring high vowels. In these examples, the vowel being altered is an unstressed vowel. In addition, Quilis (1993:170-178) describes a number of vowel-related phenomena found in different Spanish dialects, including instability in vowel quality, vowel deletion, labialization and vowel-laxing in word-final position.
    [Show full text]