How the Oil and Gas Industry Can Address Emerging Infectious Diseases 3
Integrating EIDTools ProjectCycle intotheExtractive Industry herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect theviewsofUS AgencyforInternational Development ortheUSGovernment. those oftheauthor(s)and donotnecessarily reflect are herein bytheUnited StatesAgency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID). Theopinions expressed provided the support This publicationwas madepossiblethrough facility and any camps and canteens Use goodhousekeeping measures at the Minimize wildlife and contact disturbance key measuresthatcanbe implemented: prevent diseasetransmission. Thefollowingaresome The toolsincludebestmanagementpracticesto following graphicdepictshowthesetoolsfitintoaproject’slifecycle. mitigation measures.ThesetoolsincludeaPlanningTool, anAuditTool, andaneducationalprogram.The waystoevaluatepotentialexposurepointswherevulnerabilitiesorrisksoftransmissionexistand tries identify projectshavedevelopedandaretestingtoolstohelpgovernmentsextractiveindus- USAID anditspartner community health? How canOilandGas prevent diseaseemergenceandimprove worker and 4 • Reduce/eliminate exposedstandingwaterto • Discouragewasteaccumulation anddisposeof • Usestandardpublichealth measuresfor • Build/retrofitfacilities(withspecialattentionto • Establishmanagementprocedurestoprevent • Ensureclean, protectedwatersourcesandgood Maintain cleanworkingandlivingfacilities • • Prohibit onsitehunting • Developaninventory, regularlymonitorthelocal Limit habitatfragmentationbyreducingfootprint • remove potential vectorbreedingsites waste regularlyandproperly todeterwildlife sanitation andfoodhandling pest/scavengers food storage)toexcluderodents,bats,andother disease transmissiontodomesticanimals sanitation fauna, take actiontoprevent lossofdiversity constructed size andnumbersofroadscorridors CanAddress EmergingInfectiousDiseases How theOilandGasIndustry Ensure workers protein canaccess affordable inprotecting theParticipate local community’s health Monitor and improve employee health [email protected] WorkingUSAID/Extractive Industry Groupat http://preventproject.org The planningandaudittools areavailableat Provide• sourcesofprotein forworkforcetoreduce • Engagecommunityleadersandotherstakeholders • Conducthealthpromotioncampaignsabout Assist localgovernmenttoengageincommunity • Conduct healthpromotioncampaignsabout • foranyunusualdiseases Conduct surveillance • Ensure employeesareproperlyvaccinated • consumption the potentialforbushmeathuntingand infrastructure, etc. bushmeat, expandcommunities,develop in discussionsaboutsafemethodstohunt infectious diseases,bushmeat,sanitation, etc. management services planning, especiallyindesigningwaste infectious diseases . You canalso contact
02:002920-0007-06-01TTO\Reducing Zoonotic Disease Transmission Brochure_OIL and GAS INDUSTRY.ai-08/28/2013 infectious disease can affect industry by: infectious diseasecanaffectindustry the worldwhereOilandGasoperationsoccurs.Emerging Emerging infectiousdiseasesoccurin“hotspot”areasthroughout emerging infectious diseases? Why shouldOiland Gasbeconcernedabout Emerging InfectiousDiseases CanAddress How theOilandGasIndustry IMPORTANT FACTS: • Killing employeesorcommunitymembers,contributingto • Requiring• quarantinesthatcouldcloseorsuspendoperations Causing outbreaksorillness,resultinginproductivitylosses • • The Oil and Gas industry can adoptbestmanagement practicestomitigatethe risksof The OilandGas industry • Incorporating anevaluationofzoonoticdiseaseriskfactors inEnvironmental,Social,and • • • possible projectclosure systems breakdowns,damagetocorporateimage,and zoonotic disease emergenceandimprove workerandcommunity health. prevention and mitigationoptions. diseaseemergencerisksandpoint to Health ImpactAssessment protocolscanhelpidentify Nearly 75percentofemerging infectiousdiseasesarezoonotic(originateinanimals). in waysthatleadtoconditions favorablefordiseaseemergence. Oil andGasoperationscanchangeinteractionsbetween people,domesticanimals,andwildlife disease transmission, OilandGascompaniescansafeguardworker andcommunityhealth. ted betweenanimalsandhumans.Byunderstandinghow tominimizetheriskofzoonotic Lassa fever, Marburg fever, Ebola,andSARS.Mostemergingdiseasesarezoonotic,transmit- can createconditionsthatfavortheemergenceandspread ofinfectiousdiseases,suchas Environmental andsocialchangesaffecthowpeople,pets, livestock,andwildlifeinteract diseases Oil andGascanaddressemerginginfectious 2 How the Oil and Gas Industry Can Address Emerging Infectious Diseases 3
What wildlife transmit zoonotic diseases? Oil and Gas requires a large labor force for construction. Nearly three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. Others follow the workers to seek jobs or establish businesses Ebola and Marburg Outbreaks Three wild animal groups, which comprise approximately 70 percent of to serve the area’s new population. Such project-induced Near Mines in Africa mammal species, are considered most likely to spread new infections to migration can increase the likelihood of disease transmission. In 1995, an Ebola outbreak occurred in Mékouka and people: bats (coronavirus responsible for Marburg, and rabies viruses), • Strains on existing housing and infrastructure can lead to other gold-mining camps rodents (Lassa, hanta, and monkeypox viruses) and non-human primates overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, improper storage deep in the rain forest of (Ebola and yellow fever viruses). People contract these diseases by inhaling of waste, and insufficient potable water. These conditions Gabon. The mortality rate aerosolized contaminated feces and urine, through direct contact via create habitats and food sources that attract was 60 percent. The 1998-2000 scratches, bites, and bodily fluids—such as blood and saliva—that can pests—including insects and wildlife—carrying diseases Marburg outbreak in DRC occur during hunting and food preparation, and by ingesting contaminated that can be transmitted to people. food, water, or undercooked meat. The following table lists some viruses, proved fatal to 128 of 154 animals, and transmission routes. • The growing population creates pressure for agricultural expansion into previously cases, representing a case undeveloped areas. fatality of 83 percent. From • Demand for meat may lead to increased numbers of domestic animals and June to August 2007, three Virus increased hunting and marketing of wild animal meat. confirmed cases of Marburg Animal Common Transmission Routes were reported in minework- All these factors exacerbate the potential risk of “spillover” by increasing contact ers from Kamwenge, western Lassa Virus Contaminated food and water—most common; direct animal contact (consumption or bite); between people, domestic animals (e.g., livestock and pets), and wildlife populations. inhalation of aerosols. Uganda. One caregiver died, This can increase the likelihood of cross-species disease transmission. and the mine was closed for The following figure depicts some of the mechanisms that can increase contact between more than a year. Monkeypox Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, or rashes of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person. people, wildlife, and domestic animals.
Ebola Zaire Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person.
Oil and Gas Lake Victoria Marburg Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person or animal.
Work Camp Roads Rabies Virus Transmission occurs through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. Aerosol transmission is suspected.
Yellow Fever Virus Transmitted by infected mosquitoes (species of Aedes and Haemogogus mosquitoes) from non-human primates to other non-human primates and humans. Transmission can also occur In-migration between humans by an infected mosquito.
KEY RodentB at Ape Monkey
Contact between people, Access Local vectors, domestic animals, Habitat loss/ How do Oil and Gas activities affect the risk of zoonotic population and wildlife fragmentation/ disease transmission? edge effect Oil and Gas activities and associated environmental and social changes can create conditions that favor disease emergence. Many Oil and Gas operations are in remote locations. During development, as vegetation is removed and corridors are built, biodiversity can decline and wildlife population Commercial dynamics can change, bringing wildlife in closer contact with people. Some rodent Strains on local housing, sanitation, and subsistence populations will grow because they begin feeding on new food sources created at health care bushmeat hunting, construction camps, canteens, and settlements. Like rodents, consumption, & trade certain bat species can occupy man-made structures and feed on fruit trees. Non-human primates may raid crops in fields that border their habitat, invade labor camps and homes, or become violent. Nuisance Rural settlement animals/pests and agricultural Some literature suggests that many animal species with diseases that people can contract expansion are species that adapt to change easily, thrive in different environments, and use diverse resources. As habitats fragment and people enter previously undeveloped areas, wildlife species are adept at using alternate food and shelter resources, bringing them into closer contact with people. 2 How the Oil and Gas Industry Can Address Emerging Infectious Diseases 3
What wildlife transmit zoonotic diseases? Oil and Gas requires a large labor force for construction. Nearly three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. Others follow the workers to seek jobs or establish businesses Ebola and Marburg Outbreaks Three wild animal groups, which comprise approximately 70 percent of to serve the area’s new population. Such project-induced Near Mines in Africa mammal species, are considered most likely to spread new infections to migration can increase the likelihood of disease transmission. In 1995, an Ebola outbreak occurred in Mékouka and people: bats (coronavirus responsible for Marburg, and rabies viruses), • Strains on existing housing and infrastructure can lead to other gold-mining camps rodents (Lassa, hanta, and monkeypox viruses) and non-human primates overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, improper storage deep in the rain forest of (Ebola and yellow fever viruses). People contract these diseases by inhaling of waste, and insufficient potable water. These conditions Gabon. The mortality rate aerosolized contaminated feces and urine, through direct contact via create habitats and food sources that attract was 60 percent. The 1998-2000 scratches, bites, and bodily fluids—such as blood and saliva—that can pests—including insects and wildlife—carrying diseases Marburg outbreak in DRC occur during hunting and food preparation, and by ingesting contaminated that can be transmitted to people. food, water, or undercooked meat. The following table lists some viruses, proved fatal to 128 of 154 animals, and transmission routes. • The growing population creates pressure for agricultural expansion into previously cases, representing a case undeveloped areas. fatality of 83 percent. From • Demand for meat may lead to increased numbers of domestic animals and June to August 2007, three Virus increased hunting and marketing of wild animal meat. confirmed cases of Marburg Animal Common Transmission Routes were reported in minework- All these factors exacerbate the potential risk of “spillover” by increasing contact ers from Kamwenge, western Lassa Virus Contaminated food and water—most common; direct animal contact (consumption or bite); between people, domestic animals (e.g., livestock and pets), and wildlife populations. inhalation of aerosols. Uganda. One caregiver died, This can increase the likelihood of cross-species disease transmission. and the mine was closed for The following figure depicts some of the mechanisms that can increase contact between more than a year. Monkeypox Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, or rashes of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person. people, wildlife, and domestic animals.
Ebola Zaire Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person.
Oil and Gas Lake Victoria Marburg Virus Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues of an infected animal or person; prolonged close contact with an infected person or animal.
Work Camp Roads Rabies Virus Transmission occurs through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. Aerosol transmission is suspected.
Yellow Fever Virus Transmitted by infected mosquitoes (species of Aedes and Haemogogus mosquitoes) from non-human primates to other non-human primates and humans. Transmission can also occur In-migration between humans by an infected mosquito.
KEY Rodent Bat Ape Monkey
Contact between people, Access Local vectors, domestic animals, Habitat loss/ How do Oil and Gas activities affect the risk of zoonotic population and wildlife fragmentation/ disease transmission? edge effect Oil and Gas activities and associated environmental and social changes can create conditions that favor disease emergence. Many Oil and Gas operations are in remote locations. During development, as vegetation is removed and corridors are built, biodiversity can decline and wildlife population Commercial dynamics can change, bringing wildlife in closer contact with people. Some rodent Strains on local housing, sanitation, and subsistence populations will grow because they begin feeding on new food sources created at health care bushmeat hunting, construction camps, canteens, and settlements. Like rodents, consumption, & trade certain bat species can occupy man-made structures and feed on fruit trees. Non-human primates may raid crops in fields that border their habitat, invade labor camps and homes, or become violent. Nuisance Rural settlement animals/pests and agricultural Some literature suggests that many animal species with diseases that people can contract expansion are species that adapt to change easily, thrive in different environments, and use diverse resources. As habitats fragment and people enter previously undeveloped areas, wildlife species are adept at using alternate food and shelter resources, bringing them into closer contact with people. 4 How the Oil and Gas Industry Can Address Emerging Infectious Diseases
How can Oil and Gas prevent disease emergence and improve worker and community health? USAID and its partner projects have developed and are testing tools to help governments and extractive indus- How the Oil and Gas Industry Can Address tries identify ways to evaluate potential exposure points where vulnerabilities or risks of transmission exist and mitigation measures. These tools include a Planning Tool, an Audit Tool, and an educational program. The Emerging Infectious Diseases following graphic depicts how these tools fit into a project’s life cycle.
Integrating EID Tools into the Extractive Industry Project Cycle
Why should Oil and Gas be concerned about emerging infectious diseases? The tools include best management practices to Monitor and improve employee health Emerging infectious diseases occur in “hot spot” areas throughout prevent disease transmission. The following are some • Ensure employees are properly vaccinated the world where Oil and Gas operations occurs. Emerging key measures that can be implemented: • Conduct surveillance for any unusual diseases infectious disease can affect industry by: Minimize wildlife disturbance and contact • Conduct health promotion campaigns about • Causing outbreaks or illness, resulting in productivity losses • Limit habitat fragmentation by reducing footprint infectious diseases • Requiring quarantines that could close or suspend operations size and numbers of roads and corridors Participate in protecting the local community’s health • Killing employees or community members, contributing to constructed • Assist local government to engage in community systems breakdowns, damage to corporate image, and • Develop an inventory, regularly monitor the local planning, especially in designing waste possible project closure fauna, take action to prevent loss of diversity management services • Prohibit onsite hunting • Conduct health promotion campaigns about Use good housekeeping measures at the infectious diseases, bushmeat, sanitation, etc. facility and any camps and canteens .ai-08/28/2013 • Engage community leaders and other stakeholders Oil and Gas can address emerging infectious diseases • Maintain clean working and living facilities in discussions about safe methods to hunt Environmental and social changes affect how people, pets, livestock, and wildlife interact and • Ensure clean, protected water sources and good bushmeat, expand communities, develop can create conditions that favor the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, such as sanitation infrastructure, etc. Lassa fever, Marburg fever, Ebola, and SARS. Most emerging diseases are zoonotic, transmit- • Establish management procedures to prevent Ensure workers can access affordable protein ted between animals and humans. By understanding how to minimize the risk of zoonotic disease transmission, Oil and Gas companies can safeguard worker and community health. disease transmission to domestic animals • Provide sources of protein for work force to reduce • Build/retrofit facilities (with special attention to the potential for bushmeat hunting and consumption
food storage) to exclude rodents, bats, and other ransmission Brochure_OIL and GAS INDUSTRY IMPORTANT FACTS: pest/scavengers • Oil and Gas operations can change interactions between people, domestic animals, and wildlife • Use standard public health measures for in ways that lead to conditions favorable for disease emergence. The planning and audit tools are available at sanitation and food handling http://preventproject.org. You can also contact • Nearly 75 percent of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (originate in animals). • Discourage waste accumulation and dispose of USAID/Extractive Industry Working Group at educing Zoonotic Disease T • Incorporating an evaluation of zoonotic disease risk factors in Environmental, Social, and waste regularly and properly to deter wildlife [email protected] Health Impact Assessment protocols can help identify disease emergence risks and point to • Reduce/eliminate exposed standing water to prevention and mitigation options. remove potential vector breeding sites • The Oil and Gas industry can adopt best management practices to mitigate the risks of This publication was made possible through the support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed zoonotic disease emergence and improve worker and community health. herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. 02:002920-0007-06-01TTO\R