The Glass No. 33 Special Issue

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The Glass No. 33 Special Issue THE GLASS NUMBER 33 AUTUMN 2020 Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year Valentine Cunningham 4 Saints under an empty sky – Time and Space in Camus’s La Peste Marie Kawthar Daouda 10 Good and Evil in Eliot’s Lett ers to Emily Hale Jewel Spears Brooker 19 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit David Jasper 26 Seeking Light: Ruskin after Jesus Andrew Tate 32 Pilgrim Plays for a New Elizabethan Age Margaret Wiedemann Hunt 39 The dramatic transformation of Samson Agonistes Irene Montori 48 ‘So They Say’: An Experiment in Reading Curse, Lament and Persona in Psalm 109 Richard S. Briggs 55 Book reviews 62 Roy Flechner, Saint Patrick Retold: The Legend and History of Ireland’s Patron Saint Colin McAllister, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Apocalyptic Literature Carolyn Muessig, The Stigmata in Medieval and Early Modern Europe Michael L. Peterson, C. S. Lewis and the Christian Worldview Zora Neale Hurston, Moses, Man of the Mountain Notes on Contributors 74 News and Notes 76 Published by the Christian Literary Studies Group, a Literary Society in association with the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship. Editorial and subscriptions: The Glass, 10 Dene Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2AA. CLSG www.clsg.org [email protected] © the contributors 2020 ISSN 0269-770X (Print) ISSN 2515-3307 (Online) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The views of the contributors do not necessarily refl ect editorial stance. The CLSG holds personal details on computer for the purpose of mailing in accordance with the Data Protection Act 2018. Editorial This special issue, subtitled ‘A Journal of the Plague Year’, is a miscellany, but writing in a pandemic we have an eye on previous occurrences, real and fi ctitious, in history. Daniel Defoe in his account of the ‘visitation’ upon London in 1665, A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sees no reason to preclude the occasional miracle. ‘As the Divine Power has formed the whole scheme of nature and maintains nature in its course, so the same Power thinks fi t to let His own actings with men, whether of mercy or judgement, to go on in the ordinary course of natural causes.… He is pleased to act by those natural causes as the ordinary means, excepting and reserving to Himself nevertheless a power to act in a supernatural way when He sees occasion.’ Yet the occasional catastrophe also seems, for the time being, to be inevitable. The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 upset many theories, and in 2020 the world has been grappling, despite confusion, in as rational a way as may be, with a pandemic. The rationality associated with modern medicine is a major motif in Camus’s La Peste (1947), although there is in truth litt le to be done in Algerian Oran but wait for the ‘fl ail’ to fi nish its activity. Jesus warned that disasters would come, and directed people’s att ention beyond them. Dire as they are, we have claims on our att ention that are ultimately of greater moment. ‘When the Son of Man comes, will he fi nd faith on the earth?’ Disasters in the natural world are not all we have to contend with. T.S. Eliot revealed in a lett er to Emily Hale his experience of a personal visitation by a strong apprehension of evil. Perhaps there’s a connection with the epigraph ‘The horror! The horror!’ from Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness which Eliot used in a draft of The Waste Land. Our next issue will follow an autumn conference displaced to video (see News and Notes, p. 76), and will have something to say on heaven and nature, a conjunction familiar from the hymn by Isaac Watt s. The Scriptures present God as manifest in or through the natural creation as its Creator. Psalm 104 declares that he has provided an environment that is benign, although the earth may sometimes tremble. It also brings forward some moral and spiritual implications of mankind’s being capable of relationship with God. Roger Kojecký 2 THE GLASS How and whither a Chrysten man ought to flye the horryble plague of the pestilence New College Library, Oxford, BT1.133.15(2) Title page of a sermon by Andreas Osiander translated anonymously from the German by Miles Coverdale (1488-1568/9) and printed in London in 1537. The sermon, from Psalm 91 (‘Surely he will save you from the fowler’s snare and from the deadly pestilence’), concerned an outbreak of plague in Nuremberg in 1533. Osiander, a Lutheran, suggested somewhat like the Jesuit Father Paneloux in La Peste, that the plague was ‘sent and sterred vp out of Gods wrath for our synne and vnthankfulnesse’. Christians should have nothing to fear in dying from a plague which has been brought about by other people’s sinful actions. Rather than fl eeing from the pestilence itself, we should instead fl ee ‘in good earneste (by true repentaunce and amendment) from synne wherewith the worlde hath deserued this horrible plague.’ 3 Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year Valentine Cunningham he book we know as A Journal of the Plague Year, fourth of Daniel Defoe’s six novels, was published in 1722, a year to be reckoned extraordinarily productive Teven by his regularly astonishing rate of publication. Moll Flanders came out in the January; A Journal of the Plague Year on March 17; Colonel Jack on December 20; each of these big fi ctions butt ressed by the usual rush of kept-up journalism. The actual title of the anonymous Journal, lengthy in the 1720s fashion, made large claims about its historicity, the actuality of its witnessed events, the thereness of its alleged witness- bearer. A Journal of the Plague Year: Being Observations or Memorials of the most Remarkable Occurrences as well Publick as Private, Which happened in LONDON During the last GREAT VISITATION in 1665, Writt en by a CITIZEN who continued all the while in London. Never made publick before.1 Here was no mere fi ction, but the stuff of document, reportage, journalism even (journalist Defoe’s customary claim about his fi ctions), contained in an allegedly contemporary private journal published now belatedly, 65 years after the events described: Never made publick before. Bluffi ng, of course, assisted by the novel’s being signed ‘HF’, taken, to this day, as the initials of Defoe’s uncle Henry Foe. An att empt, perhaps, to make readers think he was the author of this anonymous ‘journal’. And some literary historians, too distracted by Defoe’s historicist claimings, have indeed speculated about Henry Foe as possible supplier of plague-time stories to his young nephew (fi ve years old when the plague arrived), if not the actual writer of the ‘journal’. Which is to rather miss the novel’s utt erly contemporary drive. Always on the qui vive for the selling subject, Defoe was greatly incited by the massive English concern about the possible spread of the plague devastating France in 1720-21. It arrived in Marseille in May 1720 in contaminated seaborne trade goods, quickly spread to other cities, and was not hampered by the strong quarantine measures the French authorities imposed – which occasioned many deaths when troops fi red on protestors against lockdown measures at Toulon. England’s Parliament was panicked into the Quarantine Act, 25 January 1721, which legalised personal and whole-city lockdown, to be enforced if necessary by the military on French lines, and making quarantine resistance a crime. Too large and consuming a set of public issues for Defoe to refrain from bringing all his writing weaponry to bear – journalism, polemical booklet, novel. In Applebee’s Journal, 20 May 1721, Defoe responded scathingly to the Act, arguing that the massacre of 178 citizens of Toulon, shot dead for breaking out of their lock- downed city, proved the wrongness as well as the ineffi ciency of quarantine measures (his fi rst outing of a never ending hostility). He followed this with a 272-page polemic (anonymous but recognised by everybody as his): Due Preparations for the Plague, as 1 Available in several modern editions, the best of which is the Oxford World’s Classics version of the fi rst 1772 text, ed. and annotated Louis Landa, intro David Roberts (1990, revised 2010). It has a good informative critical-historical Introduction, a map of contemporary London, a topographical Index, medical information, and, above all, superior notes (much the best anywhere), essentially the same as in Landa’s classic Oxford English Novels volume (1969). All my quotations from the novel are from this edition, located by page numbers. (A Journal, in the customary way of Defoe’s novels, eschews what would be helpful chapter divisions.) 4 THE GLASS well for Soul as Body. Being some seasonable THOUGHTS upon the Visible Approach of the present dreadful CONTAGION in France; the properest Measures to prevent it, and the great Work of Submitt ing to it (8 February 1722). It was a prequel to the also anonymous A Journal of the Plague Year, published (astonishingly) a mere thirty-seven days after it, a rehearsal not least of the novel’s scepticisms about the eff ectiveness of quarantine, and from time to time deploying the novel’s main method of what the Due Preparation’s Introduction calls ‘personation’, that is the use of fi ctional spokespersons, normally called characterisation.. Personation, trademark trick of this novel, and indeed of the bourgeois realist Novel Defoe essentially founds: bringing home the current political and economic, the moral and spiritual concerns, making them stick, by personifying them.
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