Es-Kim-In-Zin

Es-kim-in-zin Item Type text; Article Authors Clum, John P. Publisher Arizona State Historian (Phoenix, AZ) Journal Arizona Historical Review Rights This content is in the public domain. Download date 01/10/2021 20:47:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623391 ES-KIM-IN-ZIN 53 ES-KIM-IN-ZIN By JOHN P. CLUM (Copyright-1928) Es-kim-in-zin and Geronimo were both full-blooded Apaches. Both were dominant figures among their respective followers— but in character the one was the antithesis of the other. Es-kim- in-zin was the first of the Apache chiefs brought to my official attention at the time of my appointment as agent for his tribe, and fate decreed that he should be the first Apache with whom I came in contact—face to face. This meeting occurred in the early part of August, 1874, at (New) Camp Grant, Arizona, where that intelligent, high-spirited, ill-fated Indian was then confined as a prisoner of war—in chains. It is the irony of fate that Geronimo, an utterly undeserv- ing character, should have acquired a notoriety that made his name familiar, not only nationally, but, to a limited extent, in- ternationally—while Es-kira-in-zin, who was worthy of much, attained only sacrifice and oblivion. Geronimo reveled in crime under a system of perpetual pardoning. Es-kim-in-zin en- deavored and suffered under a scourge of persistent penalties. Es-kim-in-zin was the chief of the Pinal and Arivaipa Apaches, who lived in the valley of the Gila and who roamed northward over the Pinal range and southward to the Arivaipa Canyon. His name appears in official reports as far back as 1871. The incident which gave him this initial official recogni- tion was his arrival at Old Camp Grant to entreat those in au- thority to allow him and his people to live at peace with the white race, and in this limited review of his life it is intended to show that more than half a century ago the Apaches possessed those inherent qualities which rendered them capable of a steady de- velopment, and which, within a comparatively few years, would have made them self-supporting and self-respecting citizens—if they had been given a fair chance under just, intelligent and sympathetic direction. A careful retrospect indicates that for a decade or more prior to 1871 a condition of open warfare existed between the pioneers and the Apaches, and that numbers were killed on both sides. The respective aggressors in these combats always pleaded justification for their acts of violence because of asserted pre- vious wrongs inflicted by the enemy. Harrowing details of some of these conflicts have been recorded, which leave the reader in doubt as to who was the most blood-thirsty and savage—the red- skin or the pale-face. 54 ARIZONA HISTORICAL REVIEW Perhaps the Board of Indian Commissioners appointed by President Grant were in possession of the most reliable informa- tion available at that time as to the actual conditions then exist- ing among the Apaches, and, therefore, I have deemed it worth while to quote the following paragraphs from their annual re- port dated Washington, D. C., December 12, 1871: "The only other Indians who have caused any serious trouble are the Apaches of New Mexico and Arizona. "In our last two annual reports we called attention to the situation of this tribe; their eager desire for peace; their starving condition, and the opinion of the Indian agents and army officers that, with means to feed and clothe them, they could be kept at peace. Unable to obtain an appro- priation from Congress for this purpose, the Indian Department was pow- erless, and the Apaches were left to obtain food and raiment as best they could—usually by stealing from the settlers or travelers on the highway. As many of their valleys, where they previously cultivated corn, were oc- cupied by settlers, and their mountains overrun by gold prospectors, who hunted their game, and no attempt had ever been made by the government, either by treaty or conference, to consider their rights or necessities, this conduct of the Apaches ought not to surprise us. "From the time of the Gadsden Purchase, when we came into possession of their country, until about ten years ago, the Apaches were the friends of the Americans. Much of the time since then, the attempt to exterminate them has been carried on, at a cost of from three to four millions of dollars per annum, with no appreciable progress being made in ac- complishing their extermination." If this statement of the Board of Indian Commissioners is accepted, it will appear that during the year of 1871 the United States Government was engaged in the glorious work of exter- minating the Apaches, and that "from three to four millions of dollars" were expended in this asserted deadly warfare, in which, however, "no appreciable progress was being made in accom- plishing their extermination." We have now reached a period wherein the record of passing events is much more definite and dependable. The killing of at least 118 Apaches—old men, women and children—at Old Camp Grant, Arizona, on April 30, 1871, was a sickening affair, and it is here that Es-kim-in-zin makes his dramatic entry into our story. This young Apache chief came into that frontier mili- tary post in February, 1871,—at a time when our government was still expending millions of dollars for the extermination of his tribe—and told the commanding officer that he wanted to make arrangements for a permanent peace between his people and the white men. In this worthy ambition Es-kim-in-zin was heartily encour- aged by the commandino. officer, who was First Lieut. Royal E. Whitman, Third United6States Cavalry. While Lieut. Whitman IMPORTANT—INSERT (Note: Insert this sheet at page 55 in your copy of the ARIZONA HISTORICAL REVIEW for April 1929. It is a part of the story of Es-kim-in-zin and continues the statement of Miles L. Wood in the 4th paragraph on page 55. Woods says: "I do not know how many were killed. I counted 138 around the rancheria. Nearly all I saw dead were women and children. I also saw the bodies of a number of old bucks." Doubtless the dominating spirit of the attacking party was W. S. Oury, who, later was my neighbor for several years in Tucson. Mr. Oury has left a written account of the affair from which I quote a single paragraph. He says: "The Papagos attacked them in their wicki-ups with clubs and guns. * * * Not a single man of our command was hurt to mar the full measure of our triumph, and at eight o'clock on the bright morning of April 30, 1871, our tired troops were resting and breakfasting an the San Pedro a few miles above the post, in the full satisfac- tion of a work well done." Mr. Oury further states that the attacking party consisted of ninety-two Papagos, forty-eight Mexicans and six Americans; that arms, ammunition and rations were furnished to this party by the Adjutant General of the Territory, and that a guard was stationed at Canyon del Oro to intercept—and did intercept—couriers on their way to warn the commanding officer at Old Camp Grant of the impending attack. The reader will note the exultant tone in which Mr. Oury's narrative is presented. That the general sentiment of the white population of Southern Arizona was in sympathy with this massacre is evident from the fact that although the leaders of the Oury party were indicted by the grand jury and tried before Judge Titus at Tucson, they were all promptly acquitted. Also change the phrase "kindly fates" to unkindly fates in the fifth line from the bottom page 56. ES-KIM-IN-ZIN 55 was corresponding with his superior officers relative to this important matter, the Indians continued to gather at the post until more than five hundred were in Es-kim-in-zin's camp. Lieut. Whitman designated a camping place for those Indians a short distance up the Arivaipa Canyon where, he told them, they were under the protection of the United States troops and might sleep in their wickiups with as perfect security as could the officers of the garrison within their quarters. Thus, for a little more than two months, the treaty negotia- tions progressed in a most satisfactory manner. The Indians were orderly and obedient, and seemed very happy at the pros- pect of living at peace, and the officers were greatly pleased with their talk and behavior. Little did anyone about Old Camp Grant dream of the fearful tragedy that was impending. The citizens of Tucson had no love for the Apaches, and when it was known that several hundred of these Indians had gathered at Old Camp Grant, a party numbering about 150, composed of Papago Indians, Mexicans and half a dozen Amer- icans, was organized in that city for the purpose of attacking Es-kim-in-zin's camp in the Arivaipa Canyon. This attack occurred on April 30. The utmost secrecy was preserved. The attack was made at daybreak while the unsuspecting Apaches were yet asleep, and for half an hour the slaughter raged. Both guns and clubs were used by the Papagos and Mexicans, and they viciously killed all they met or could overtake. Just how many Indians were killed is uncertain.

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