Aravaipa: Apache peoplehood and the legacy of particular geography and historical experience Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Record, Ian Wilson Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 09:33:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280792 ARAVAIPA; APACHE PEOPLEHOOD AND THE LEGACY OF PARTICULAR GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE by Ian Wilson Record Copyright © Ian Wilson Record 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES PROGRAMS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3165790 Copyright 2004 by Record, Ian Wilson All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3165790 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Ian Wilson Record entitled Aravaipa; Apache Peoplehood and the Legacy of Particular Geography and Historical Experience and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of American Indian Studies ^ V iC ;v I- date) date date date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. <^1 /o/o-^ Dissertation Director: daiQ 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations fi-om this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: To Jeanette Cassa and the Elders of San Carlos To my father and his father before him For the San Carlos Apache people and the descendants of Aravaipa 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 6 IL LIST OF TABLES 7 m. ABSTRACT 8 IV. PREFACE 9 V. INTRODUCTION 13 VI. CHAPTER 1 35 Part 1 35 Part 2 45 Part 3 61 Part 4. 76 VII. CHAPTER 2 84 Part 1 84 Part 2 92 Part 3 99 Part 4 106 VIIL CHAPTER 3 147 Part 1 147 Part 2 159 Part 3 167 Part 4 178 IX. CHAPTER 4 198 Part 1 198 Part 2 203 Part 3 210 Part 4 222 X. CHAPTER 5 275 Part 1 275 Part 2 280 Part 3 285 Part 4 291 XL CHAPTER 6 347 Part 1 347 Part 2 350 Part 3 354 Part 4 359 XII. CHAPTER 7 377 Part 1 377 Part 2 382 Parts 389 Part 4 400 XIII. CONCLUSION 440 XIV. ENDNOTES 450 XV. REFERENCES 581 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1, Map of Western Apache Groups and Bands, 1850 576 FIGURE 2, Map of Apache place names in Arapa 577 FIGURE 3, Map of Upper Piman territory, late \ century 578 FIGURE 4, Western Apache territory and reservations 579 FIGURE 5, Map of Camp Grant and Tucson, 1871 580 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1, List of Western Apache Groups and Bands, 1850 8 ABSTRACT This study seeks to articulate in the broadest of terms the cultural legacy of Arapa (the ancestral territory encompassing Aravaipa Canyon and the confluence of Aravaipa Creek and the San Pedro River) as seen through the eyes of a group of its Western Apache descendants. It humbly attempts to sketch the basic outlines of the contemporary relationship between this place and those Apaches who possess a working cultural knowledge of it. Specifically, it demonstrates that the experiential exercise of maintaining place is a fundamentally personal one dependent on its individual actors to interact with it and in the process fulfill their obligation to enUven its history, stories and lessons anew. Finally, it illustrates how the unique historical experience emanating fi-om Arapa has no bounds in time or meaning, proving that events of the past—^namely the Camp Grant massacre, which precipitated the Apaches' forced exodus fi-om that place—affect Apache culture and society in the present. This study enlists as its primary analytical lens the "peoplehood" matrix—^the notion that indigenous peoples in this country (and elsewhere) possess a unique, place-bound sense of group and community identity shaped by lived experiences that sets them apart, both individually and collectively, fi-om larger mainstream society. 9 PREFACE This research project and resulting dissertation would not have been possible without the knowledge, wisdom, support and direction of many people—^both Apaches and non-Apaches. I am most grateful to the people of the San Carlos Apache reservation for working with me, a non-Indian, when history and experience dictates that they might be wise not to. My undying gratitude extends to the San Carlos Apache Elders' Cultural Advisory Council (ECAC), whose support of this project and my ongoing research is a testament to the elders' resolute determination to preserve and strengthen their traditional knowledge and ways of life. Their work is critical to the future of their culture and their people. I am especially grateful to EC AC coordinator Jeanette Cassa, whose breadth and depth of knowledge and profound commitment to her fellow Apaches, particularly the elders of the future, is awe-inspiring. She truly is a living treasure. I would like to thank as well the other Apaches who felt this project worthy enough to share their time, oral tradition and histories, and stories, namely Velma Bullis, Dickson Dewey, Howard Hooke, Larry Mallow, Norbert Pechulie, Deana Reed, Adella Swifl and Stevenson Talgo. I can only hope that this project marks the beginning of a lifelong collaboration. I also thank Stevenson Talgo for taking time from his busy schedule to make the enclosed map which details the Apache places names in the Aravaipa area. My gratitude extends equally to ethnobotanist Seth Pilsk of the San Carlos Apache Tribe's Forestry Department, whose relationship with and dedication to the elders of San Carlos offers all of us who endeavor to work with Native peoples a blueprint for conducting culturally appropriate and respectful research that benefits collaborating tribal communities. I will always remember the guidance he provided me. Herb Stevens, director of the San Carlos Apache Tribal Cultural Center, was helpful in pointing me in the right directions and acting as liaison with some of the project's participants. Former San Carlos Apache Tribal historian Dale Miles deserves distinct recognition for encouraging me to undertake this important project and supporting me along every step of the way. My deepest appreciation goes out to my dissertation committee, namely: Professor Tom Holm, for keeping me on the right path and reminding me of what is most important; Professor Nancy Parezo, who worked with me to hone my scholarly focus; Professor Jay Stauss, who kept me on the right analytical and methodological track; and Professors Stephen Cornell and Robert A. Williams, who served as devil's advocates and assisted me in the development of this study's theoretical framework. All of them have proven to be invaluable mentors. Thanks as well to Diana Hadley. The many conversations we had regarding Aravaipa and her interviews with late Apache elders Wallace Johnson and Delia Steele that she allowed me to integrate added tremendous weight and depth to this project. I am thankful to Paul Machula and John Hartman, who share my dedication to preserving the history of Aravaipa, for their willingness to share their knowledge with me. My appreciation also extends to David Faust of the Fort Lowell Military Museum for acting as a sounding board for my ideas and archivist Alan Ferg of the Arizona State Museum for providing me access to and assistance with a variety of hard-to-find historical documents, including the expansive Grenville H. Goodwin Archives. Sara Heitshu of the University of Arizona Library also supported me in my quest for sometimes obscure historical documents and, as always, Diane Dittemore of the Arizona State Museum offered interesting perspectives and threads of evidence that I otherwise likely would not have addressed. My gratitude also goes to Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh and T.J. Ferguson, whose concurrent ethnohistorical research on the Aravaipa area and the San Pedro River Valley engendered an extremely helpful sharing of knowledge and resources. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my father and dissertation reader Jeffrey Record, whose scholarly accomplishments I can only dream to one day match; and my wife Wendy for supporting me throughout this long and trying process.