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Hitler-Conquista-A-Uniao-Sovietica-Origens-Do See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342366116 Hitler conquista a União Soviética - origens do imperialismo nazista (SCHNEIDER, Samuel) Book · June 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 56 1 author: Samuel Schneider Universidade de Passo Fundo 3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Samuel Schneider on 22 June 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. SAMUEL SCHNEIDER PASSO FUNDO SALUZ 2019 © 2019 Samuel Schneider Edição: Editora do IFIBE Capa: Diego Ecker Revisão: Daniela Cardoso e Jenifer Bastian Hahn Impressão e Acabamento: Gráfica Berthier Editora do IFIBE Rua Senador Pinheiro, 350 99070-220 – Passo Fundo – RS Fone: (54) 3045-3277 E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.ifibe.edu.br/editora CIP – Catalogação na Publicação S359h SCHNEIDER, Samuel Hitler conquista a União Soviética : origens do imperialismo nazista / Samuel Schneider. – Passo Fundo: Saluz, 2019. 222 p.; 23 cm. Inclui bibliografia. ISBN 978-85-69343-56-1 1. Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945. 2. Nazismo. 3. União soviética – Política e governo. 4. Guerra Mundial, 1939-1945. I. Título. CDD 320.5 CDU 321.64 Catalogação: Bibliotecária Angela Saadi Machado - CRB 10/1857 Todos os direitos reservados e protegidos pela lei nº 9.610 de 19/02/1998. Nenhuma parte deste livro, sem autorização prévia por escrito da editora ou do(s) autor(es), poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida, sejam quais forem os meios empregados: eletrônicos, mecânicos, fotográficos, gravação ou quaisquer outros. SUMÁRIO PREFÁCIO ......................................................................................... 9 PRÓLOGO: O TERRITÓRIO DA UNIÃO SOVIÉTICA COMO “EspAÇO VITAL” ALEMÃO O legado do ultramar .................................................................... 13 Manipulando a história .................................................................. 19 As três inspirações extra-europeias: Índia, África e Estados Unidos .............................................................................. 22 As fontes primárias da pesquisa .................................................... 23 Revisão bibliográfica ....................................................................... 26 CAPÍTULO 1. O DOMÍNIO BRITÂNICO NA ÍNDIA Símbolo de grandeza imperial ........................................................ 33 Dominando os “ridículos cem milhões de eslavos” ...................... 41 Subjugar e reprimir, mas sempre mantendo distância .................. 46 Apoio para o aprendizado: o velho contato anglo-alemão ............ 55 CAPÍTULO 2. O IMPERIALISMO NA ÁFRICA Explorando a mão de obra eslava .................................................. 63 O legado do Império Colonial Alemão ........................................ 71 Ao invés do rio Níger, com a Marinha, o rio Volga com o Exército .......................................................................................... 83 7 Outras comparações ....................................................................... 87 A equiparação ideológica entre eslavos e negros ........................... 92 CAPÍTULO 3. O DESBRAVAMENTO DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Modelo para uma “colônia de povoamento”................................. 105 Uma nova “Guerra Indígena” ....................................................... 111 A influência dos livros de Karl May ............................................. 118 Justificando a “germanização” ....................................................... 123 EPÍLOGO: REPENSANDO A NOVA ORDEM NAZISTA Reflexo, não negação, da modernidade ocidental ........................ 135 “A melhor colônia do mundo” ...................................................... 140 O racismo colonial instituído na Europa ....................................... 144 Contradições e falhas do domínio nazista .................................... 148 De invasor a invadido: a “metrópole” conquistada pela “colônia” .......................................................................................... 153 NOTAS DE FIM ............................................................................... 157 BIBLIOGRAFIA Fontes primárias ............................................................................ 207 Fontes secundárias .......................................................................... 210 Artigos e dissertações acadêmicas ................................................. 218 8 PREFÁCIO Muito se escreve atualmente sobre o Holocausto judeu e sobre as grandes operações da Segunda Guerra Mundial, como Stalin- grado e o Dia D na Normandia. Há mais de 40 mil obras sobre o regime nazista, incluindo mais de 100 biografias famosas de Hitler. Por outro lado, a tragédia dos povos eslavos da Europa Centro-Oriental ainda é negligenciada. Preencher parte desse vácuo é o objetivo do presente estudo, centrado na campanha contra a União Soviética, que identifica como Hitler e seus par- tidários planejavam dominar, em longo prazo, a população eslava soviética, formada sobretudo por russos e ucranianos. Além disso, este livro contribui para as pesquisas recentes sobre a relação entre o nazismo e a expansão europeia no além- mar. O colonialismo e, sobretudo, o imperialismo europeus tiveram uma influência decisiva na invasão da União Soviética em 1941 (a maior operação militar da história, com 3,8 milhões de soldados alemães e aliados numa frente de quase 3 mil quilô- metros, desde o Círculo Polar Ártico até o Mar Negro). Por trás dessa invasão titânica, houve métodos e objetivos parecidos com os dos conquistadores que haviam se aventurado na América, na África e na Ásia. Inova-se aqui com uma análise teórica do nacional-socialismo, salientando a linguagem e a representação ideológica dos líderes do regime, a fim de desvendar suas “visões de mundo”. Sobre- tudo a de Hitler, que tinha uma percepção um tanto fantasiosa 9 do além-mar, expressa, por exemplo, em seu interesse juvenil pelos romances do alemão Karl May sobre o Faroeste dos Esta- dos Unidos. Ainda admirava as colônias do Império Britânico. Potências europeias como Esparta e o Império Romano (da Idade Antiga) e o Império Franco (da Idade Média) também influenciaram a identidade geopolítica hitlerista. Até o islamismo era admirado pelo ditador, devido às tendências militaristas de tal religião, ausentes no cristianismo. Não se enfoca, nesta pesquisa, como a postura bélica e ad- ministrativa do Terceiro Reich antes da derrota em Stalingrado refletiu, objetivamente, padrões usados anteriormente nas co- lônias. Ao contrário, dá-se mais atenção à mentalidade da alta cúpula nazista, ou seja, ao seu imaginário subjetivo, em especial aos planos geopolíticos para o novo “Império de Mil Anos”, ou seja, a superpotência que a Alemanha deveria se tornar caso derrotasse o Exército Vermelho de Stálin. É claro que tal abordagem implica analisar as declarações pessoais dos próprios nazistas, as quais se encontram em fon- tes como discursos, reuniões e memorandos, cujos conteúdos geralmente permaneceram inacessíveis ao público da época. É interessante que os registros das reuniões militares que Hitler co- mandou entre 1942 e 1945 só foram publicados na Alemanha em 1962, e algumas fontes de seus discursos secretos só apareceram nos anos 2000. Da mesma forma, por razões políticas, somente após o colapso do comunismo o governo russo permitiu o acesso aos arquivos da era soviética. Em 2013, o governo americano anunciou a descoberta de um diário perdido, escrito entre 1936 e 1944 pelo ministro Alfred Rosenberg – um dos nazistas mais atuantes no espaço soviético –, o que também revela a possibili- dade constante de novas interpretações. 10 P RÓLOGO O TERRITÓRIO DA UNIÃO SOVIÉTICA COMO “ESPAÇO VITAL” ALEMÃO 11 12 O legado do ultramar Na obra Origens do totalitarismo, a filósofa Hannah Arendt mostra que alguns xenófobos alemães do século XIX, como Ernst Hasse, da Liga Pangermânica, já haviam proposto que a Europa fosse dominada com métodos usados fora do continente. Os alemães deveriam tiranizar seus próprios vizinhos – sobretudo judeus, poloneses e tchecos, além de povos latinos como o francês e o italiano, em menor escala. Segundo Hasse, os alemães “tinham o mesmo direito à expansão que outras grandes nações e, se não [lhes] fosse concedida essa possibilidade no além-mar, seriam forçados a fazê-lo na Europa1”. Hitler transformou tal utopia num programa oficial de Estado. Ele rompeu com a crença, expressa por Mussolini ao industrial italiano Pirelli, de que era “impossível tratar países europeus como colônias2”. Até ali intercontinental, eurocêntrica, a hierarquização imperialista se tornou uma realidade intra- -europeia, germanocêntrica. A formação da Nova Ordem nazista iniciou em março de 1939, quando a parte tcheca da Tchecoslo- váquia foi transformada, por decreto, no Protetorado da Boêmia e Morávia, sob controle de Berlim. À semelhança do que os franceses faziam na Tunísia e no Marrocos, os alemães impediram os tchecos de terem uma política externa soberana, reorganizaram a economia e criaram um sistema de jurisdição dual, que deixava os cidadãos alemães isentos da lei local. As instituições democráticas, inclusive o Parlamento, foram abolidas. Publicado em Londres, um livro pioneiro para a época chamava-se O primeiro protetorado europeu da Alemanha, referindo-se ao infortúnio dos tchecos: “Nunca antes se impu- seram condições semelhantes a uma nação pertencente à raça branca. Isso constitui o primeiro estatuto colonial alemão, na história moderna, para uma nação branca e civilizada3.”
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