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Lionel Gossman Brownshirt Princess a Study of the “Nazi Conscience” to Access Digital Resources Including: Blog Posts Videos Online Appendices Lionel Gossman Brownshirt Princess A Study of the “Nazi Conscience” To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/18 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. BROWNSHIRT PRINCESS Lionel Gossman is M. Taylor Pyne Professor of Romance Languages emeri- tus at Princeton University. Most of his work has been on 17th and 18th century French literature, 19th century European cultural history, and the theory and practice of historiography. His publications include Men and Masks: A Study of Molière; Medievalism and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment; French Society and Culture: Background for 18th Century Literature; The Em- pire Unpossess’d: An Essay on Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall”; Between History and Literature; Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas; The Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck’s “Ita- lia und Germania”; and several edited volumes: The Charles Sanders Peirce Symposium on Semiotics and the Arts; Building a Profession: Autobiographical Perspectives on the Beginnings of Comparative Literature in the United States (with Mihai Spariosu); Geneva-Zurich-Basel: History, Culture, and National Identity, and Begegnungen mit Jacob Burckhardt (with Andreas Cesana). He is currently working on a study of the Jugendstil artist Heinrich Vogeler. 1. Heinrich Vogeler. Frontispiece for Marie Adelheid Reuß, Prinzessin zur Lippe, Gott in mir(1921). Lionel Gossman Brownshirt Princess A Study of the “Nazi Conscience” Cambridge 2009 40 Devonshire Road, Cambridge, CB1 2BL, United Kingdom http://www.openbookpublishers.com @ 2009 Lionel Gossman Some rights are reserved. This book is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. This license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and non-commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Details of allowances and restrictions are available at: http://www.openbookpublishers.com As with all Open Book Publishers titles, digital material and resources as- sociated with this volume are available from our website: http://www.openbookpublishers.com ISBN Hardback: 978-1-906924-07-2 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-906924-06-5 ISBN Digital (pdf): 978-1-906924-08-9 Acknowledgment is made to the following for generously permitting use of material in their possession: Archiv Böttcherstraße Bremen; Princeton Theological Seminary Library; Princeton University Library; Marquand Li- brary of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University. All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initia- tive), and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom and United States by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers In Memory of George L. Mosse In its present form, this study is the outcome of a productive partnership of editor, author, and publisher. I would like to thank Alessandra Tosi, a director of Open Book Publishers, for the lively interest she took in it from the start and for her hard work, patience, and sound advice as it went through the editing process. I would also like to thank the Committee on Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences at Princeton University for contributing toward the cost of publication and thus lending its support to an exciting new publishing venture that ensures unlimited access to scholarly work. Contents Introduction: An Unusual Book and a Strange Collaboration 1 Part I: Seeking a New Religion: Gott in Mir 1. The Title 15 2. The Epigraph and the Envoy 43 3. The Poem 47 4. Appendix to Part I: The Völkisch Rejection of Christianity 57 Part II: Serving New Gods 5. Marie Adelheid, Prinzessin Reuß-zur Lippe: Society, Ideology, and Politics 65 6. Nordische Frau und Nordischer Glaube 89 7. Die Overbroocks 95 8. After 1945: Unrepentant Neo-Nazi 107 9. Concluding Reflections 127 Notes 131 Bibliography 179 Index 195 Online Appendices: http://www.openbookpublishers.com A. Gott in mir. 1. Scan of the original book in the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Firestone Library, Princeton University. Also viewable on the Library site: http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/Misc/Bib_2934672.pdf 2. English translation of the poem. B. Image portfolios Image portfolio 1: From Jugendstil to Agitprop. The Itinerary of Heinrich Vogeler. Image portfolio 2: A selection of works by artists of the period 1880- 1933 – paintings, drawings, book illustrations – expressing a religiosity similar to that of Gott in mir. Illustrations Cover: Fidus (i.e. Hugo Höppener), header (detail) in Der Kunstwart, Oc- tober-December, 1914, vol. 28, p. 125; also in Prof. Hermann Reich, Das Buch Michael (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1916), p. 117. Princeton University Library. This figure, representing Germania, appeared, on the outbreak of war in 1914, in many other forms produced by Fidus, as a drawing, a lithograph, an inexpensive postcard, sometimes alone, sometimes as part of a more elaborate image. In a few it was explicitly named, as in “Germania aufbebend, zürnend” (“Germania quivering with rising anger”). A version of it was used by the artist again, on the eve of the stunning triumph of the National Socialists in the Reichstag elections of September 1930, for the cover design of the first number (January- February, 1930) of a right-wing women’s magazine Frigga: Blätter für deutsches Frauentum. 1. (Frontispiece) Heinrich Vogeler. Frontispiece for Marie Adelheid Reuß, Prinzessin zur Lippe, Gott in mir (Bremen: Angelsachsen Verlag, 1921). Rare Books Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princ- eton University Library. Photo: John Blazejewski. 2. Heinrich Vogeler. “Ekstase.” Title-page of Franz Pfempfert’s progres- sive, pacifist weekly Die Aktion, vol. IV, no. 22, May 30, 1914. Princeton University Library. Photo: L. Gossman. 3. Heinrich Vogeler. Cover design for Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration (April, 1902) dedicated to his work, with an article on him by R.M. Rilke. Marquand Library of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University. 4. Heinrich Vogeler. Design and illustration for R.M. Rilke, “Die heiligen Drei Könige,” in Die Insel, 1, no. 6, March 1900. Princeton University Library. 5. Heinrich Vogeler. Title-page for Frühlingskranz by the Romantic poet Clemens Brentano (Königsberg: Paul Alderjahn’s Verlag, 1907). Princeton University Library. 6. Heinrich Vogeler. Cover illustration for his pamphlet Das neue Leben (Hanover: Paul Steegemann, 1919). Princeton University Library. 7. Heinrich Vogeler. Cover design for his pamphlet Expressionismus der Liebe (Hanover: Paul Steegemann, 1919). Princeton University Library. 8. Heinrich Vogeler. Cover design for pamphlet Expressionismus: Eine Zeit- studie (Hamburg: Henry Hoym Verlag, 1919). Princeton University Library. 9. Heinrich Vogeler. Cover illustration for his pamphlet Die Freiheit der Liebe in der kommunistischen Gesellschaft (Hamburg: Konrad Hanf Verlag, 1919). Princeton University Library. 10. Advertisement for Roselius’s Kaffee HAG in Herwarth Walden’s Der Sturm, III, no. 117/118, July 1912, p. 99. Marquand Library of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University. 11. Bernhard Hoetger. “Lebensbaum” [Tree of Life] sculpture originally on façade of Atlantis House (1931). Photo: Archiv Böttcherstraße Bremen. 12. Ludwig Fahrenkrog. Vignette in his Baldur (Stuttgart: Verlag von Greiner & Pfeiffer, 1908), p. 47. Princeton University Library. 13. Ludwig Fahrenkrog. ”Baldur, Sonne, Geist des Alls,” in his Baldur (Stuttgart: Verlag von Greiner & Pfeiffer, 1908), p. 104. Princeton University Library. 14. “Fidus” (Hugo Höppener). Header in Julius Hart, Triumph des Lebens (Florence: Diederichs, 1898), p. 51. Princeton University Library. 15. Wolfgang Kirchbach. Cover of Ziele und Aufgabe des Giordano Bruno- Bundes (Schmargendorf bei Berlin: Verlag “Renaissance” – Otto Lehmann, 1905). Flugschriften des Giordano Bruno-Bundes, no. 6. Princeton University Library. 16. Cover of Wilhelm Schwaner, Germanen-Bibel, 2nd. ed. enlarged (Berlin: Volkserzieher Verlag, 1905). Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Photograph by John Blazejewski. 17. Cover of pamphlet extracted from Ludwig Fahrenkrog’s Das Deutsche Buch to promote the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (1921). Princeton University Library. 18. Rear cover of pamphlet from Fahrenkrog’s Das Deutsche Buch (1921). Princeton University Library. 19. Publicity announcement by Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Jena, of a forth- coming series devoted to Nordic sagas and literary texts as manifestations of the “essential, inherent strengths of German being,” April 1933. Princeton University Library. 20. Copy of the Princess’s letter to U.S. High Commissioner McCloy. http://www.italiasociale.org/storia07/storia060307-1.html 21. Cover of the Princess’s collection of poems Freundesgruß in the extreme rightwing series Kritik: Die Stimme des Volkes, no. 46, 1978. “Die Quellen, aus denen heute eine neue religiöse Sehnsucht aufsteigt, sind meist unrein und verhängnisvoll. […] Das Verhängnisvolle dieser Herkunft liegt darin, daß sie […] jeder Verwirrung ausgesetzt, allen Surrogaten gegenüber unsicher [ist] und blind in das Schoß der falschen Propheten taumelt.” Gertrud Bäumer a leading figure in the German Women’s Movement in
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