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The North American White Supremacist Movement: an Analysis Ofinternet Hate Web Sites

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The North American White Supremacist Movement: an Analysis Ofinternet Hate Web Sites wmTE SUPREMACIST HATE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB "WWW.HATE.ORG" THE NORTH AMERICAN WIDTE SUPREMACIST MOVEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNET HATE WEB SITES By ALLISON M. JONES, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School ofGraduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment ofthe Requirements for the Degree Master ofArts McMaster University © Copyright by Allison M. Jones, October 1999 MASTER OF ARTS (1999) McMASTER UNIVERSITY (Sociology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: "www.hate.org" -- The North American White Supremacist Movement: An Analysis ofInternet Hate Web Sites AUTHOR: Allison M. Jones, B.A. (York University) SUPERVISOR: Professor V. Satzewich NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 220 ii Abstract This thesis is a qualitative study ofNorth American white supremacist organisations, and their Internet web sites. Major issues framing the discussion include identity and racism. The thesis takes into consideration Goffman's concepts of'impression management' and 'presentation ofself as they relate to the web site manifestations of 'white power' groups. The purpose ofthe study is to analyse how a sample ofwhite supremacist groups present themselves and their ideologies in the context ofthe World Wide Web, and what elements they use as a part oftheir 'performances', including text, phraseology, and images. Presentation ofselfintersects with racism in that many modern white supremacists use aspects ofthe 'new racism', 'coded language' and'rearticulation' in the attempt to make their fundamentally racist worldview more palatable to the mainstream. Impression management techniques are employed in a complex manner, in either a 'positive' or 'negative' sense. Used positively, methods may be employed to impress the audience with the 'rationality' ofthe arguments and ideas put forth by the web site creators. Such techniques include the use ofeuphemistic or pseudo-academic language, allusions to famous figures, non-violence and mainstream issues, and stylistic devices. When used in a negative sense, impression management tactics may be used to strengthen the view ofthe white supremacist movement as extreme and threatening, to mask what may actually be the weakness and powerlessness ofthese groups in reality. In this case, explicit and biological language is used, along with vilification, allusions to violence and racist symbolism. Other factors including materials used, size, appearance and interactivity ofweb sites may affect both the positive and negative performances in complex ways. ii Acknowledgements These acknowledgements would not be complete without extending my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Vic Satzewich, for his endless patience, support and encouragement. I am grateful for his guidance, without which this thesis might never have reached completion. I would also like to thank the members ofmy committee, Dr. Carl Cuneo and Dr. Cyril Levitt, for their helpful suggestions and hard work in bringing this thesis to a successful conclusion. I also appreciate the encouragement ofDr. Rhoda Hassmann, whose advice is consistently sensible and valuable. I also cannot neglect to mention my friend Corinne Jehle, who happens to be the best Graduate Secretary any student could have. She is a constant and reliable source ofadvice, information and encouragement. Thanks so much. I would like to thank my family and all my friends for their constant support. I would particularly like to thank Ruth Croteau, Gail Cudmore, Wendy Huynh, Robert Rankin and Veronica Veal for their advice, care and 'sympathetic ears'. My parents, James and Lesley Jones, and my brother Ian, were constant sources of encouragement and love, and I know it would have been extremely difficult to have done this without them. I would particularly like to thank my Mother for her patience, which was sorely tried throughout the writing ofthis thesis! Thank you for listening. I would especially like to thank my boyfriend, Bosah Vandenberg, for all ofthe assistance and support he has given me, not only during this particular journey, but throughout the time we have known each other. Most ofall, I would like to thank him for his love, which brings so much to my life. Lastly, IWQuldlike to dedicate this thesis, with much love, to Dorrien Morrison, my late Grandmother. iv Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv ll'{TRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE -A THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MODERN WIDTE SUPREMACIST MOVEMENT 4 CHAPTER TWO - AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROMINENT GROUPS, LEADING FIGURES AND IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS WITHIN THE NORTH AMERICAN WHITE SUPREMACIST MOVEMENT 28 CHAPTER THREE - THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NORTH AMERICAN WIDTE SUPREMACIST GROUPS 68 CHAPTERFOUR- STUDY FR-ft...MEWORX A.-ND METHODOLOGIC)'~ CONSIDERATIONS 107 CHAPTER FIVE - AN ANALYSIS OF THE HATE WEB SITE DATA 125 CONCLUSION 184 ENDNOTES 188 INTERNET WEB SITE SAMPLE RESOURCES 208 ADDITIONAL INTERNET RESOURCES 210 BffiLIOGRAPHY 212 v INTRODUCTION The North &'TI.erican white supremacist movement is a mysterious phenomenon to many. Periodically, the media informs us that yet another 'incident' has occurred involving shadowy hate groups or their followers. But organised white supremacy, with its racist worldviews, multitude ofgroups, web ofinterconnections and long history is not well understood. With the growth and expansion ofthe Internet, increasing interest has been paid to the activities ofhate groups in cyberspace. The Internet is a remarkable and revolutionary information transmission medium, allowing instantaneous and global communication~\Whilethe Internet has been used for positive and educational purposes, it has become to a certain extent a 'haven' for white supremacistsrand arguably a more effective-mode oftransmitting their hateful mes~age. The white supremacist dependency on racism and violence, as well as its growing use ofthe ever more accessible Internet, make it an intriguing subject to analyse and explore. The purpose ofthis thesis is to analyse the activities and messages ofwhite supremacists on the Internet, specifically in the context ofthe content oftheir World Wide Web sites. The major aim is to explore the ways in which white supremacist groups present themselves and their racist ideologies on the Internet. To this end, the analysis will focus on data collected from a sample oftwenty-five North American white supremacist Internet web pages. The discussion will emphasise how North American 2 (white supremacist organisations use 'positive' and 'negative' impression management tactics, as well as 'rearticulation' and 'coded' language, in order to shape the image and identity they present to their aUdience) As it will be shown, a number ofelements including size, colour and allusions to such things as famous figures, violence and non- violence are variously used in the creation ofhate web sites to promot~iiJ?(iiiicular ~ identity and impression. Chapter one will involve a theoretical discussion and outline ofthe major issues in this thesis, namely racism and processes in the 'presentation ofself. Various terms will be defined, and it will be shown that racism and the presentation ofselfintersect in the process ofrearticulation, and the use ofcoded language and impression management. organisations in the various categories ofwhite supremacist groups. Next, chapter three will consider the scholarly and public debates on the social significance ofthe North American white supremacist 'movement'. Such elements as numbers, group cohesion, electoral forays, weapons and paramilitary activities and use ofcommunication technologies will be evaluated to determine the significance and importance ofthe,p.ate phenomenon. In this chapter, the Internet will be introduced and its place in the white supremacist movement will be explored. Chapter four focuses on the methodological concerns ofthis thesis, outlining the processes involving in creating the sample and performing the research and data analysis. Chapter five centres on an analysis and discussion ofthe research data, outlining the elements involved in the content and construction ofInternet web sites that facilitate or deny both 'positive' and 'negative' 3 impression management attempts. Lastly, the thesis will close with a few concluding thoughts. CHAPTER ONE - A THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MODERN WIDTE SUPREMACIST MOVEMENT INTRODUCTION This chapter is an introduction to some ofthe theoretical issues that will be addressed in this thesis. The purpose ofthis study is to analyse the way that North American white supremacist groups present their racist ideas in the context ofWorld Wide Web sites. This study ofAmerican and Canadian hate groups' Internet web site creations is centred around a theoretical discussion ofthe links between the 'presentation ofself, impression management tactics and racism. In this chapter, I will consider theoretical issues regarding presentation ofself and impression management, featuring concepts developed by Erving Goffman, as well as discuss various definitions ofracism, including the work ofvan den Berghe (1978), Bolaria & Li (1988), Miles (1989), Feagin & Vera (1995) and Henry et al. (1995). Linking the two theoretical issues ofpresentation ofselfand racism will be a consideration ofthe idea of'new racism', 'rearticulation' and 'coded' racial language, as described by Omi & Winant (1994), and Solomos & Back (1996). (Ultimately, this thesis will analyse how white supremacist web sites utilise such elements as symbols, text, images, photographs, and colour in order to communicate a racist worldview.{ PRESENTATI01V OFSELF
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