The Significance of Dehumanization: Nazi Ideology and Its Psychological Consequences
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Martin Heidegger on Humanism 8
Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Philosophical Discourse in the Shadow of the Third Reich ISBN 978-1-61451-128-1 e-ISBN 978-1-61451-101-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Frank Benno Junghanns, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Foreword The motivation for writing this book began with my, one might say, naïve belief that critical thinking could have avoided the rise of the Third Reich and the Shoah in World War II. The main culprits were put on trial in Nuremberg, and then came the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem and the Auschwitz trials in Germany. Later on, the compliancy of Heidegger, Gadamer, and others with the Nazi regime was exposed by prominent scholars.1 Thus, the personal and public reputations of Heidegger, Jünger, Schmitt, Gadamer and others were destroyed and then partly rehabilitated. Their teaching, which was essential in consolidating and promulgating the Nazi world-view and in creating and designing the atmosphere of support for the Nazi movement, has, however, mostly remained untouched and continues to be uncritically studied and referred to. As Alain Finkielkraut writes: As Jankélévitch has rightly noted, the extermination of the Jews “was doctrinally founded, philosophically explained, methodically prepared by the most pedantic doctri- narians ever to have existed.” The Nazis were not, in effect, brutes, but theorists. -
Introduction: the Nation and the Spectral Wandering Jew
Notes Introduction: The Nation and the Spectral Wandering Jew 1. According to legend, Christ was driven from Ahasuerus's doorstep where he stopped to rest. In response to the jew's action of striking him while shouting, 'Walk faster!', Christ replied, 'I go, but you will walk until I come again!' (Anderson, Legend: 11). By way of this curse, Christ figuratively transferred his burdensome cross to the jew. 2. As Hyam Maccoby explains, 'One of the strongest beliefs of medieval Christians was that the Second Coming of Christ could not take place until the Jews were con verted to Christianity. (Marvell's "till the conversion of the jews" means simply "till the millennium".) The Jews, therefore, had to be preserved; otherwise the Second Coming could not take place' (239). According to Michael Ragussis, British conversionist societies justified their activities by claiming to 'aid in this divine plan, and with a kind of reverse logic their establishment was viewed as a sign of the proximity of the Second Coming' (Figures: 5). 3. Roger of Wendover's Flores historiarwn and Matthew Paris's Chrmzica majora from . the early thirteenth century provide all of the details of the legend, but the transgressor in their versions is Pilate's doorkeeper, a Roman named Cartaphilus, and not a Jew (Anderson, Legend 16-21). \Vhile in certain Italian versions of this tale the accursed wanderer is a Jew (19), he is not described as Jewish in the British legend until the early seventeenth century. The conjunction between the entry of this legend and Jews into England is in keeping with N.J. -
Nietzsche's Jewish Problem: Between Anti-Semitism and Anti-Judaism
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER ONE The Rise and Fall of Nietzschean Anti- Semitism REACTIONS OF ANTI- SEMITES PRIOR TO 1900 Discussions and remarks about Jews and Judaism can be found throughout Nietzsche’s writings, from the juvenilia and early letters until the very end of his sane existence. But his association with anti-Semitism during his life- time culminates in the latter part of the 1880s, when Theodor Fritsch, the editor of the Anti- Semitic Correspondence, contacted him. Known widely in the twentieth century for his Anti- Semites’ Catechism (1887), which appeared in forty- nine editions by the end of the Second World War, Fritsch wrote to Nietz sche in March 1887, assuming that he harbored similar views toward the Jews, or at least that he was open to recruitment for his cause.1 We will have an opportunity to return to this episode in chapter five, but we should observe that although Fritsch erred in his assumption, from the evidence he and the German public possessed at the time, he had more than sufficient reason to consider Nietzsche a like- minded thinker. First, in 1887 Nietzsche was still associated with Richard Wagner and the large circle of Wagnerians, whose ideology contained obvious anti- Semitic tendencies. Nietzsche’s last published work on Wagner, the deceptive encomium Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (1876), may contain the seeds of Nietzsche’s later criticism of the composer, but when it was published, it was regarded as celebratory and a sign of Nietzsche’s continued allegiance to the Wagnerian cultural move- ment. -
Instrumentalising the Past: the Germanic Myth in National Socialist Context
RJHI 1 (1) 2014 Instrumentalising the Past: The Germanic Myth in National Socialist Context Irina-Maria Manea * Abstract : In the search for an explanatory model for the present or even more, for a fundament for national identity, many old traditions were rediscovered and reutilized according to contemporary desires. In the case of Germany, a forever politically fragmented space, justifying unity was all the more important, especially beginning with the 19 th century when it had a real chance to establish itself as a state. Then, beyond nationalism and romanticism, at the dawn of the Third Reich, the myth of a unified, powerful, pure people with a tradition dating since time immemorial became almost a rule in an ideology that attempted to go back to the past and select those elements which could have ensured a historical basis for the regime. In this study, we will attempt to focus on two important aspects of this type of instrumentalisation. The focus of the discussion is mainly Tacitus’ Germania, a work which has been forever invoked in all sorts of contexts as a means to discover the ancient Germans and create a link to the modern ones, but in the same time the main beliefs in the realm of history and archaeology are underlined, so as to catch a better glimpse of how the regime has been instrumentalising and overinterpreting highly controversial facts. Keywords : Tacitus, Germania, myth, National Socialism, Germany, Kossinna, cultural-historical archaeology, ideology, totalitarianism, falsifying history During the twentieth century, Tacitus’ famous work Germania was massively instrumentalised by the Nazi regime, in order to strengthen nationalism and help Germany gain an aura of eternal glory. -
Anne Frank in Historical Perspective: a Teaching Guide for Secondary Schools
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 391 710 SO 025 758 AUTHOR Grobman, Alex; Fishman, Joel TITLE Anne Frank in Historical Perspective: A Teaching Guide for Secondary Schools. INSTITUTION Martyrs Memorial and Museum of the Holocaust of the Jewish Federation, Los Angeles, CA. PUB DATE 95 NOTE 89p.; Some pictures may not photocopy well. For related item, see SO 025 756. Funding for this publication received from Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. AVAILABLE FROMMartyrs Memorial and Museum of the Holocaust, 6505 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048-4906. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adolescent Literature; *Anti Semitism; Attitudes; Bias; Ethnic Bias; Ethnic Discrimination; History Instruction; Interdisciplinary Approach; *Jews; *Judaism; *Nazism; Reading Materials; Secondary Education; Social Bias; Social Studies; Values; World History; *World War II IDENTIFIERS Diary of Anne Frank; *Frank (Anne); *Holocaust; Holocaust Literatue ABSTRACT This guide helps secondary students to understand "The Diary of Anne Frank" through a series of short essays, maps, and photographs. In view of new scholarship, the historical context in which Anne Frank wrote may be studied to improve the student's perspective of recent history and of the present. A drawing shows the hiding place in the home where the Frank family lived. The essays include:(1) "The Need for Broader Perspective in Understanding Anne Frank's Diary" (Joel S. Fishman); (2) "The Uniqueness of the Holocaust" (Alex Grobman);(3) "Anne Frank's World" (Elma Verhey); (4) "Anne Frank and the Dutch Myth" (Elma Verhey);(5) "A New Perspective on Helpers of Jews During the Holocaust: The Case of Miep and Jan Gies" (Dienke Hondius);(6) "Teaching the Holocaust through the Diary of Anne Frank" (Judith Tydor Baumel);(7) "Examining Optimism: Anne Frank's Place in Postwar Culture" (Alex Sagan);(8) "Dutch Jewry: An Historical Overview"; and (9) "Chronology of the Frank Family and the Families in the Secret Annex." A selected bibliography accompanies the text. -
Foundations of Nazi Cultural Policy and Institutions Responsible for Its
Kultura i Edukacja 2014 No 6 (106), s. 173–192 DOI: 10.15804/kie.2014.06.10 www.kultura-i-edukacja.pl Sylwia Grochowina, Katarzyna Kącka1 Foundations of Nazi Cultural Policy and Institutions Responsible for its Implementation in the Period 1933 – 1939 Abstract The purpose of this article is to present and analyze the foundations and premises of Nazi cultural policy, and the bodies responsible for its imple- mentation, the two most important ones being: National Socialist Society for German Culture and the Ministry of National Enlightenment and Propa- ganda of the Reich. Policy in this case is interpreted as intentional activity of the authorities in the field of culture, aimed at influencing the attitudes and identity of the population of the Third Reich. The analysis covers the most important documents, statements and declarations of politicians and their actual activity in this domain. Adopting such a broad perspective al- lowed to comprehensively show both the language and the specific features of the messages communicated by the Nazi authorities, and its impact on cultural practices. Key words Third Reich, Nazi, cultural policy, National Socialist Society for German Culture, Ministry of National Enlightenment and Propaganda of the Reich 1 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Polnad 174 Sylwia Grochowina, Katarzyna Kącka 1. INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of culture is one of the most important distinctive features of individual societies and nations. In a democratic social order, creators of culture can take full advantage of creative freedom, while the public can choose what suits them best from a wide range of possibilities. Culture is also a highly variable phenomenon, subject to various influences. -
When Words Take Lives
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UC Research Repository 1 When Words Take Lives: The Role of Language in the Dehumanization and Devastation of Jews in the Holocaust A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in English in the University of Canterbury by Sarah Anne Fisk University of Canterbury 2009 2 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 5 Chapter One: The Hierarchy of Race: Historical Definitions of the Human 10 Chapter Two: Theory’s Explosive Culmination: Mein Kampf and Nazism 38 Chapter Three: When Representation becomes Reality: Dehumanizing Principles put into Action 59 Chapter Four: Life on the Lowest Level: The Stories of the Subhuman and Non-human Animals 82 Conclusion 109 Works Cited 117 3 Abstract This thesis will examine the ways in which anti-Semitic and more generalized racial theories were powerfully and effectively mobilized under Hitler and his Nazi regime. In the establishment of Nazi ideology and the practice of its principles, Hitler drew upon an old, extensive and specific genre of animalizing language. Hitler’s regime skillfully employed contemporary and diverse modes of discourse to dehumanize and devastate the Jewish people. By juxtaposing traditional anti-Semitic beliefs with ideals of Aryan superiority, the Nazis were able to expand and strengthen pre-existing anti- Semitism whilst reaffirming Germany as the ultimate example of evolutionary progression. Integral to Hitler’s success was the use of animal imagery and its respective connotations, associations and evocations. Throughout Hitler’s regime, the term “animal” remained without an exact or precise definition; the ambiguous definition of “animal” allowed for multiple applications – both destructive and constructive. -
Humboldt and the Modern German University Tensions
3 The discovery of Humboldt There were nineteen universities in the German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871. During the almost fifty years that followed, up until the outbreak of the First World War, the number of students quadrupled. During the same period several institutes of technol- ogy and schools of economics were founded, but only three new universities: Strasbourg in 1872, Münster in 1902, and Frankfurt am Main in 1914. Higher education was, strictly speaking, a matter for the individual constituent states; but the university as an institution was seen as a national undertaking and was the subject of a vivid debate in the pan-German public sphere. Within the borders of the Empire the academic norms were similar, and both students and professors moved easily between universities. All this contributed to a sense of the university as a coherent national system.1 Prussia, which held half of the students and eleven universities, dominated the united Germany. An exceptionally important figure in this context was Friedrich Althoff. Originally a lawyer, he served between 1882 and 1907 with great power and determination in the Prussian Ministry of Education. During this quarter of a century, the system that would later come to be known as ‘System Althoff’ prevailed. With forceful, unorthodox methods, Althoff intervened in 1 Konrad H. Jarausch, ‘Universität und Hochschule’, in Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte: 1870–1918: Von der Reichsgründung bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs, ed. by Christa Berg (Munich, 1991); Anderson, ‘European Universities’. As is often the case when university history is investigated more closely, the establishment of a university is a complicated matter; thus the university in Strasbourg had already been founded in 1631, but after the Franco–Prussian War it was re-established in 1872 as ‘Reichs-Universität Straßburg’, and five years later it became one of the universities named ‘Kaiser- Wilhelms-Universität’. -
Racial Ideology Between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Julius Evola and the Aryan Myth, 1933–43
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of 7-1-2020 Racial Ideology between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Julius Evola and the Aryan Myth, 1933–43 Peter Staudenmaier Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac Part of the History Commons Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications/College of Arts and Sciences This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION. Access the published version via the link in the citation below. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 55, No. 3 (July 1, 2020): 473-491. DOI. This article is © SAGE Publications and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. SAGE Publications does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without express permission from SAGE Publications. Racial Ideology between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Julius Evola and the Aryan Myth, 1933–43 Peter Staudenmaier Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI Abstract One of the troublesome factors in the Rome–Berlin Axis before and during the Second World War centered on disagreements over racial ideology and corresponding antisemitic policies. A common image sees Fascist Italy as a reluctant partner on racial matters, largely dominated by its more powerful Nazi ally. This article offers a contrasting assessment, tracing the efforts by Italian theorist Julius Evola to cultivate a closer rapport between Italian and German variants of racism as part of a campaign by committed antisemites to strengthen the bonds uniting the fascist and Nazi cause. Evola's spiritual form of racism, based on a distinctive interpretation of the Aryan myth, generated considerable controversy among fascist and Nazi officials alike. -
Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6886-4
great deal remains to provide much of the texture of this excellent introduction to the collection. But Greis has also opened a window on the practice of archaeology at the beginning of the last century that adds to our understanding of the ways in which archaeology was practiced by the emerging class of ‘professionals’ and the heirs to a long tradition of amateur activity. Heather Pringle 2006. The Master Plan: Himmler’s Scholars and the Holocaust. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6886-4. Reviewed by Bruce G. Trigger, McGill University National Socialism provides a chilling example of what can happen when a modern nation state falls under the control of an organization that resembles a criminal syndicate more than it does a political party. Unfortunately, only a few papers are available in English that deal with how archaeology fared under this totalitarian regime. Now Heather Pringle has published a book which provides a narrative history of the Ahnenerbe, or Ancestral Heritage Foundation, a research institute founded in 1935 by Heinrich Himmler, Hitler’s minister of security who was also responsible for the implementation of Nazi racial and resettlement policies. In addition to being, like other Nazis, nationalistic and anti- Semitic, Himmler was an extreme romantic who planned to use the tall, blond-haired men of his security service (Schutzstaffel, SS) and selected women to re-breed a pure ‘Aryan’ stock, and to use knowledge collected by Ahnenerbe researchers to tutor these men in ancient German beliefs and farming practices so they might live as their noble ancestors had done. -
Division, Records of the Cultural Affairs Branch, 1946–1949 108 10.1.5.7
RECONSTRUCTING THE RECORD OF NAZI CULTURAL PLUNDER A GUIDE TO THE DISPERSED ARCHIVES OF THE EINSATZSTAB REICHSLEITER ROSENBERG (ERR) AND THE POSTWARD RETRIEVAL OF ERR LOOT Patricia Kennedy Grimsted Revised and Updated Edition Chapter 10: United States of America (March 2015) Published on-line with generous support of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference), in association with the International Institute of Social History (IISH/IISG), Amsterdam, and the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust, and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, at http://www.errproject.org © Copyright 2015, Patricia Kennedy Grimsted The original volume was initially published as: Reconstructing the Record of Nazi Cultural Plunder: A Survey of the Dispersed Archives of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), IISH Research Paper 47, by the International Institute of Social History (IISH), in association with the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, and with generous support of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference), Amsterdam, March 2011 © Patricia Kennedy Grimsted The entire original volume and individual sections are available in a PDF file for free download at: http://socialhistory.org/en/publications/reconstructing-record-nazi-cultural- plunder. Also now available is the updated Introduction: “Alfred Rosenberg and the ERR: The Records of Plunder and the Fate of Its Loot” (last revsied May 2015). Other updated country chapters and a new Israeli chapter will be posted as completed at: http://www.errproject.org. The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), the special operational task force headed by Adolf Hitler’s leading ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, was the major NSDAP agency engaged in looting cultural valuables in Nazi-occupied countries during the Second World War. -
A Case-Study of the German Archaeologist Herbert Jankuhn (1905-1990)
Science and Service in the National Socialist State: A Case-Study of the German Archaeologist Herbert Jankuhn (1905-1990) by Monika Elisabeth Steinel UCL This thesis is submitted for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) January 2009 DECLARATION I, Monika Elisabeth Steinel, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. January 2009 2 ABSTRACT The thesis investigates the relationship between archaeology, politics and ideology through a case-study of the prominent German archaeologist Herbert Jankuhn (1905- 1990). It addresses the following questions: what role do archaeological scholars assume in a totalitarian state’s organisational structures, and what may motivate them to do so? To what extent and how are archaeologists and their scientific work influenced by the political and ideological context in which they perform, and do they play a role in generating and/or perpetuating ideologies? The thesis investigates the nature and extent of Jankuhn's practical involvement in National Socialist hierarchical structures, and offers a thematically structured analysis of Jankuhn's archaeological writings that juxtaposes the work produced during and after the National Socialist period. It investigates selected components of Herbert Jankuhn's research interests and methodological approaches, examines his representations of Germanic/German pre- and protohistory and explores his adapting interpretations of the early medieval site of Haithabu in northern Germany. The dissertation demonstrates that a scholar’s adaptation to political and ideological circumstances is not necessarily straightforward or absolute. As a member of the Schutzstaffel, Jankuhn actively advanced National Socialist ideological preconceptions and military aims.