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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. See Wilfried Bade, Joseph Goebbels (Lübeck: Charles Coleman, 1933); Max Jungnickel, Goebbels (Leipzig: Kittler, 1933); Rudolf Semmler, Goebbels: The Man Next to Hitler (London: Westhouse, 1947); Boris Borresholm and Karena Nichoff (eds), Dr. Goebbels. Nach Aufzeichnungen aus seiner Umgebung (Berlin: Journal, 1949); Stephan Werner, Joseph Goebbels. Dämon einer Diktatur (Stuttgart: Union deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1949); Prinz Friedrich Christian zu Schaumburg-Lippe, Dr. G. Ein Porträt des Propagan- daministers (Wiesbaden: Limes Verlag, 1963); and Wilfred von Oven, Finale Furioso. Mit Goebbels bis zum Ende ([1949/50] Tübingen: Grabert Verlag, 1974). 2. Curt Riess, Joseph Goebbels (London: Hollis and Carter, 1949); Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels: His Life and Death (London: Heinemann, 1960). 3. Helmut Heiber, Joseph Goebbels (Berlin: Colloquium Verlag, 1962); see also Helmut Heiber (ed.), Goebbels-Reden, Band 1: 1932–1939 (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1971); and Goebbels-Reden, Band 2: 1939–1945 (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1972). 4. Viktor Reimann, The Man who Created Hitler: Joseph Goebbels (trans. Wendt, London: William Kimber, 1977). 5. See, for examples in otherwise thoroughly referenced scholarly studies, p. 147 in Henning Eichberg, ‘The Nazi Thingspiel: Theater for the Masses in Fascism and Proletarian Culture’, New German Critique, 11 (Spring 1977), pp. 133–50; or p. 184 in Reinhard Bollmus, ‘Alfred Rosenberg: National Socialism’s “Chief Ideologue”?’, in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds), The Nazi Elite (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 183–93; or, more recently, the unreferenced quotation on p. 544 of Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London: Penguin, 2007). These may all of course be individual oversights, but there is a pattern which is alarmingly magnifi ed in more popular histories. 6. Louis Lochner (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948); Helmut Heiber (ed.), The Early Goebbels Diaries: The Journal of Joseph Goebbels from 1925–1926 (trans. Watson, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962); H. R. Trevor-Roper (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days (trans. Barry, London: Book Club Associates, 1978). 7. Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Sämtliche Fragmente (Munich: Saur, 1987); Ralf Georg Reuth (ed.), Joseph Goebbels. Tagebücher 1924–1945 (Munich: Piper, 1992). 8. Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Teil I, Aufzeichnungen 1923–1941 (Munich: Saur, 1998–2006), 14 volumes; Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Teil II, Diktate 1941–1945 (Munich: Saur, 1993–98), 15 volumes (hereafter TBJG, TI, or TBJG, TII). 9. Ralf Georg Reuth, Goebbels (trans. Winston, London: Harcourt Brace, 1993). The brief sketch by Elke Fröhlich, ‘Joseph Goebbels: The Propagandist’, in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds), The Nazi Elite (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 48–61, which was originally published in German in 1987, is littered with inaccuracies. See also Joachim Fest, ‘Joseph Goebbels: Eine Porträtskizze’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 333 334 Joseph Goebbels 43:4 (1995), pp. 565–80; Thomas Altstedt, Joseph Goebbels. Eine Biographie in Bildern (Berg: Druffel, 1999); Christian Barth, Goebbels und die Juden (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2003); Claus-Ekkehard Bärsch, Der junge Goebbels. Erlösung und Vernichtung (Munich: Fink, 2004). 10. On Goebbels’ journalism see Carin Kessemier, Der Leitartikler Goebbels in den NS- Organen ‘Der Angriff’ und ‘Das Reich’ (Munich: Fahle, 1967); and Russell Lemmons, Goebbels and Der Angriff (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994). 11. For his earliest political publications, see Joseph Goebbels, Das kleine abc des National- sozialisten (Elberfeld: Verlag der Nationalsozialistischen Briefe, no date given [1925]); Joseph Goebbels, Die zweite Revolution. Briefe an Zeitgenossen (Zwickau: Streiter-Verlag, 1926); and Joseph Goebbels, Wege ins Dritte Reich (Munich: Eher Verlag, 1927). For early collections of his speeches, see Joseph Goebbels, Revolution der Deutschen. 14 Jahre Nationalsozialismus (Oldenburg: Stalling, 1933); Joseph Goebbels, ‘Goebbels spricht’. Reden aus Kampf und Sieg (Oldenburg: Stalling, 1933); Joseph Goebbels, Signale der neuen Zeit; 25 ausgewählte Reden (Munich: Franz Eher, 1934); and from the wartime years, Joseph Goebbels, Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1939/40/41 (Munich: Franz Eher, 1941); Joseph Goebbels, Das eherne Herz. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1941/42 (Munich: Franz Eher, 1943); Joseph Goebbels, Dreißig Kriegsartikel für das deutsche Volk (Munich: Franz Eher, 1943); and Joseph Goebbels, Der steile Aufstieg. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1942/43 (Munich: Franz Eher, 1943). For collections of his early journalism see Joseph Goebbels, Der Angriff (Munich: Franz Eher, 1936); and Joseph Goebbels, Wetterleuchten: Zweiter Band ‘Der Angriff’ (Munich: Franz Eher, 1939). See the bibliography for a fuller list of Goebbels’ publications. 12. On Goebbels’ earliest writings see Kai Michel, Vom Poeten zum Demagogen: Die schrift- stellerischen Versuche Joseph Goebbels’ (Vienna: Böhlau, 1999); Lovis Maxim Wambach, ‘Es ist gleichgültig, woran wir glauben, nur dass wir glauben.’ Bemerkungen zu Joseph Goebbels Drama ‘Judas Iscariot’ und zu seinen ‘Michael-Romanen’ (Bremen: Raphael- Lemkin-Institut für Xenophobie- und Genozidforschung, 1996); and David Barnett, ‘Joseph Goebbels: Expressionist Dramatist as Nazi Minister of Culture’, New Theatre Quarterly, 17:2 (May 2001), pp. 161–9. 13. See Bärsch, Der junge Goebbels, pp. 12, and 147. 14. Joseph Goebbels, Vom Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei. Eine historische Darstellung in Tage- buchblättern (Munich: Franz Eher, 1934); and Joseph Goebbels, Kampf um Berlin. Der Anfang (Munich: Franz Eher, 1932). 15. Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946 (Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal, 1947), Vol. 5, p. 442. 16. TBJG, 15 September 1942, TII, 5, p. 504. At this time Goebbels dictated every day a record of the previous day’s events. 17. See my comments on this in Chapter 11; also Glenn Cuomo, ‘The Diaries of Joseph Goebbels as a Source for the Understanding of National Socialist Cultural Politics’, in Glenn Cuomo (ed.), National Socialist Cultural Policy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 197–245, p. 203. 18. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris (London: Allen Lane, 1998), xiii. 19. See Hendrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl (eds), The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin (London: John Murray, 2006), pp. 191 and 208. 20. There are large historiographies of propaganda in the ‘Third Reich’, and separately of different branches of the arts and media. See, with particular reference to Goebbels, Ernest Bramsted, Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda 1924–1945 (London: Notes 335 Cresset Press, 1965); and Felix Möller, The Film Minister: Goebbels and the Cinema in the Third Reich (Stuttgart: Axel Menges, 2000). Chapter 1 1. Hermann Hesse, Der Steppenwolf (Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp, 1977), p. 31. 2. Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, p. 2. 3. Much of the evidence for the earliest biographies of Goebbels, particularly for his childhood and adolescence, was gathered in interviews held after 1945 by Curt Riess, and by Heinrich Fraenkel, notably from Goebbels’ mother, Maria Katharina, and his sister, Maria Kimmich (see Riess, Joseph Goebbels, p. 3; and Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, p. 299). All existing biographies of Goebbels also illustrate his childhood with his own anecdotes, recorded by his associates in the Propaganda Ministry decades later, above all by von Oven, Finale Furioso, and Semmler, Goebbels. These anecdotes must be treated with caution, particularly given Goebbels’ known tendency to rewrite his own history. 4. Bundesarchiv Koblenz (hereafter BAK) N1118/70, ‘Erinnerungsblätter’. This document is an autobiographical memoir describing Goebbels’ life up to October 1923, when he began consistently to keep a diary. It was written in the summer of 1924, and again must be treated with caution, not least because by this time Goebbels had become politically active, and wanted to project this retrospectively onto his young adulthood. Because the ‘Erinnerungsblätter’ was printed with parts of the genuine diary in 1987, it is misleadingly referred to as a ‘diary’ in a number of academic studies from the 1990s. Readers should be aware that the genuine diary commences no earlier than 17 October 1923. 5. Rheydt was in Prussia, although the predominantly Roman Catholic population of this area formed a religious minority within this largely Protestant state. Goebbels always identifi ed himself as ‘Prussian’. 6. Oven, Finale Furioso, pp. 280–4. 7. See the reports from the Gymnasium zu Rheydt in BAK N1118/113. 8. BAK N1118/131, ‘Der tote Freund’. For an analysis of Goebbels’ adolescent poems see Michel, Vom Poeten zum Demagogen. 9. Versions of this anecdote are rehearsed in Riess, Joseph Goebbels, p. 13; Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, p. 5; Heiber, Joseph Goebbels, pp. 16–17; and Reimann, The Man who Created Hitler, p. 15. None of these authors provides a specifi c reference. 10. Cited in Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, p. 12. 11. Cited in Reuth, Goebbels, pp. 17–18. 12. TBJG, 18 June 1934, TI, 3/I, p. 65. 13. Cited in Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, p. 13. 14. BAK N1118/70, ‘Erinnerungsblätter’. 15. BAK N1118/113,
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