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Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de..org, de.wikisource.org

BRITISH AND GERMAN AUTHORS AND Contents: INTELLECTUALS CONFRONT EACH OTHER IN 1914 1. British authors defend England’s war (17 September) The material here collected consists of altercations between British and German men of letters and professors in the first 2. Appeal of the 93 German professors “to the world of months of the First World War. Remarkably they present culture” (4 October 1914) themselves as collective bodies and as an authoritative voice on — 2a. German version behalf of their nation. — 2b. English version

The English-language materials given here were published in, 3. Declaration of the German university professors (16 and have been quoted from, The New York Times Current October 1914) History: A Monthly Magazine ("The European War", vol. 1: — 3a. German version "From the beginning to March 1915"; New York: The New — 3b. English version York Times Company 1915), online on Project Gutenberg (www.gutenberg.org). That same source also contains many 4. Reply to the German professors, by British scholars interventions written à titre personnel by individuals, including (21 October 1914) G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, John Galsworthy, Jerome K. Jerome, Rudyard Kipling, G.K. Chesterton, H. Rider Haggard, Robert Bridges, Arthur Conan Doyle, Maurice Maeterlinck, Henri Bergson, Romain Rolland, and Adolf von Harnack (whose open letter "to Americans in " provoked a response signed by 11 British theologians). The German texts given here here can be found, with backgrounds, further references and more precise datings, in the German wikipedia article "Manifest der 93" and the German wikisource article “Erklärung der Hochschullehrer des Deutschen Reiches” (in a version dated 23 October 1914, with French parallel translation, along with the names of all 3000 signatories).

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British authors defend England’s war (17 September)1 When Belgium in her dire need appealed to Great Britain to carry out her pledge, that country's course was clear. She had either to break faith, letting the sanctity of treaties and the The undersigned writers, comprising among them men of the rights of small nations count for nothing before the threat of most divergent political and social views, some of them having naked force, or she had to fight. She did not hesitate, and we been for years ardent champions of good-will toward Germany, trust she will not lay down arms till Belgium's integrity is and many of them extreme advocates of peace, are nevertheless restored and her wrongs redressed. agreed that Great Britain could not without dishonor have refused to take part in the present war. No one can read the full The treaty with Belgium made our duty clear, but many of us diplomatic correspondence published in the “White Paper” feel that, even if Belgium had not been involved, it would without seeing that the British representatives were throughout have been impossible for Great Britain to stand aside while laboring whole-heartedly to preserve the peace of Europe, and France was dragged into war and destroyed. To permit the that their conciliatory efforts were cordially received by both ruin of France would be a crime against liberty and France and Russia. civilization. Even those of us who question the wisdom of a policy of Continental ententes or alliances refuse to see When these efforts failed Great Britain had still no direct France struck down by a foul blow dealt in violation of a quarrel with any power. She was eventually compelled to take treaty. up arms because, together with France, Germany, and , she had solemnly pledged herself to maintain the neutrality of We observe that various German apologists, official and Belgium. As soon as danger to that neutrality arose she semi-official, admit that their country had been false to its questioned both France and Germany as to their intentions. pledged word, and dwell almost with pride on the France immediately renewed her pledge not to violate Belgian “frightfulness” of the examples by which it has sought to neutrality; Germany refused to answer, and soon made all spread terror in Belgium, but they excuse all these answer needless by her actions. Without even the pretense of a proceedings by a strange and novel plea. German culture and grievance against Belgium she made war on the weak and civilization are so superior to those of other nations that all unoffending country she had undertaken to protect, and has steps taken to assert them are more than justified, and the since carried out her invasion with a calculated and ingenious destiny of Germany to be the dominating force in Europe ferocity which has raised questions other and no less grave than and the world is so manifest that ordinary rules of morality that of the willful disregard of treaties. do not hold in her case, but actions are good or bad simply as they help or hinder the accomplishment of that destiny. SPIN source text on 1 the history of cultural As reported in the New York Times. The title and the explanations of the nationalism in Europe signatures are from that source. www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

These views, inculcated upon the present generation of Germans ; author of "The Voysey Inheritance," and (with by many celebrated historians and teachers, seem to us both Laurence Housman) "Prunella." dangerous and insane. Many of us have dear friends in Germany, SIR JAMES MATTHEW BARRIE, creator of "Sentimental many of us regard German culture with the highest respect and Tommy" and "Peter Pan," famous for his sympathetic studies gratitude; but we cannot admit that any nation has the right by of Scotch life and his fantastic comedies. brute force to impose its culture upon other nations, nor that the HILAIRE BELLOC, best known as a writer on history, iron military bureaucracy of Prussia represents a higher form of politics, and economics; a recognized authority on the human society than the free Constitutions of Western Europe. . ARNOLD BENNETT, author of many popular realistic Whatever the world destiny of Germany may be, we in Great studies of English provincial life, including "Clayhanger" Britain are ourselves conscious of a destiny and a duty. That and "Hilda Lessways." destiny and duty, alike for us and for all the English-speaking ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER BENSON, chiefly known for race, call upon us to uphold the rule of common justice between "From a College Window," "Beside Still Waters," and other civilized peoples, to defend the rights of small nations, and to volumes of essays. maintain the free and law-abiding ideals of Western Europe EDWARD FREDERIC BENSON, brother of the preceding, against the rule of "Blood and Iron" and the domination of the author of many novels of modern life, including "Dodo." whole Continent by a military caste. VERY REV. MONSIGNOR ROBERT HUGH BENSON, For these reasons and others the undersigned feel bound to the youngest of the three famous Benson brothers. Besides support the cause of the Allies with all their strength, with a full numerous devotional and theological works, Monsignor conviction of its righteousness, and with a deep sense of its vital Benson has written several widely appreciated historical import to the future of the world. novels. LAWRENCE BINYON, author of many lyrics and poetic (53 signatures, glossed editorially as follows:) dramas, Assistant Keeper in the , in charge of Oriental Prints and Drawings. WILLIAM ARCHER, dramatic critic and editor of Ibsen's ANDREW CECIL BRADLEY, critic, sometime Professor of works, author of "Life of Macready," "Real Conversations," Poetry at Oxford University, author of a standard work on "The Great Analysis," and (with Granville Barker) "A National Shakespeare. Theatre." ROBERT BRIDGES, Poet-Laureate. Prominent as a H. GRANVILLE BARKER, actor, dramatist, and manager, physician before his poetry brought him the high honor he SPIN source text on shares with his wife management of the Kingsway Theatre, now enjoys. the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

HALL CAINE, one of the most popular of contemporary ANTHONY HOPE HAWKINS, (ANTHONY HOPE,) novelists. author of popular historical romance and sketches of modern R.C. CARTON, dramatist, author of "Lord and Lady Algy" and society, including "The Prisoner of Zenda." "A White Elephant." MAURICE HEWLETT, poet and romantic novelist, author CHARLES HADDON CHAMBERS, dramatist, author of "John of "Earthworks Out of Tuscany" and other mediaeval tales. a Dreams," part author of "The Fatal Card." ROBERT HICHENS, novelist, author of "The Garden of GILBERT K. CHESTERTON, essayist, novelist, poet; defender Allah," "Bella Donna," and other stories. of orthodox thought by unorthodox methods. JEROME K. JEROME, humorist, famous for "Idle Thoughts HUBERT HENRY DAVIES, dramatist, author of "The of an Idle Fellow" and the "Three Men" series, and for his Mollusc" and "A Single Man." play "The Passing of the Third Floor Back." SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE, creator of "Sherlock HENRY ARTHUR JONES, dramatist, author of "The Silver Holmes." King," "The Hypocrites," and other plays. HERBERT ALBERT LAURENS FISHER, Vice Chancellor of RUDYARD KIPLING needs no introduction to people who Sheffield University, author of "The Mediaeval Empire," read the English language. "Napoleon Bonaparte," and other historical works. WILLIAM J. LOCKE, author of "The Morals of Marcus," JOHN GALSWORTHY, a novelist and dramatist who has come "Septimus," and "The Beloved Vagabond," which have been into great prominence during the last five years, his plays, made into successful plays. "Strife" and "Justice," and his novel, "The Dark Flower," being EDWARD VERRAL LUCAS, associate editor of Punch and widely known. editor of several popular anthologies, author of "A Wanderer ANSTEY GUTHRIE, (F. ANSTEY,) author of "The Brass in Holland." Bottle," "The Talking Horse," and other fantastic and humorous JOHN WILLIAM MACKAIL, Professor of Poetry at Oxford tales. University, author and editor of many volumes dealing with SIR HENRY RIDER HAGGARD, author of many widely read ancient Greek and Roman literature. romances, among them being "She." JOHN MASEFIELD, known chiefly for his long poems of THOMAS HARDY, generally considered to be the greatest life among the British poor. living English novelist. ALFRED EDWARD WOODLEY MASON, writer of JANE ELLEN HARRISON, sometime Fellow and Lecturer at romantic novels, of which "The Four Feathers" and "The Newnham College, Cambridge University; writer of many Turnstile" are perhaps the best known, and of several popular standard works on classical religion, literature, and life. dramas. SPIN source text on the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

GILBERT MURRAY, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford ALFRED SUTRO, dramatist, author of "The Walls of University since 1908, editor and translator of Greek , Jericho," "The Barrier," and other plays of modern society." perhaps the greatest Greek scholar now living. GEORGE MACAULAY TREVELYAN, late Fellow of HENRY NEWBOLT, "laureate of the British Navy," author of Trinity College, Cambridge; author of "England Under the "Drake's Drum" and many other songs. Stuarts," and other historical and biographical works. BARRY PAIN, author of "Eliza" and other novels and short RT. HON. GEORGE OTTO TREVELYAN, historian, stories of adventure, of many well-known parodies and poems. biographer of Macaulay, and author of a four-volume work SIR GILBERT PARKER, of Canadian birth, poet and author of on the American Revolution. romantic novels, including "The Judgment House," and "The HUMPHRY WARD, journalist and author, sometime Fellow Right of Way." of Brasenose College, editor of several biographical and EDEN PHILLPOTTS, realistic novelist, noted for his exact historical works. portraits of the English rustic, author of "Down Dartmoor Way." MARY A. WARD, (Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD,) best known SIR ARTHUR WING PINERO, one of the most popular of of contemporary women novelists; her first success was living dramatists. His plays include "Sweet Lavender" and "The "Robert Elsmere." Second Mrs. Tanqueray." H.G. WELLS, novelist, author of "Tono Bungay" and "Ann SIR ARTHUR QUILLER-COUCH, Professor of English Veronica." Literature at Cambridge University, poet, novelist, and writer of MARGARET L. WOODS, poet; her "Wild Justice" and short stories. "The Invader" have placed her in the front rank. SIR OWEN SEAMAN, since 1906 editor of Punch, writer of ISRAEL ZANGWILL, novelist, poet, dramatist, interpreter parodies and light verse. of the modern Jewish spirit. GEORGE R. SIMS, journalist, poet, and author of many popular dramas, including "The Lights of London," "Two Little Vagabonds," and "Harbour Lights." MAY SINCLAIR, writer of novels dealing with modern moral problems, "The Divine Fire" and "The Combined Maze" being best known. FLORA ANNIE STEEL, author of "Tales from the Punjab," "On the Face of the Waters," "A Prince of Dreamers," and other novels and short stories, most of which deal with life in India. SPIN source text on the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Appeal of the 93 German professors “To the world of It is not true that we trespassed in neutral Belgium. It has 2 culture” (4 October 1914 ) been proved that France and England had resolved on such a trespass, and it has likewise been proved that Belgium had English version: agreed to their doing so. It would have been suicide on our

part not to have been beforehand. To the civilized world. As representatives of German science and art, we hereby protest It is not true that the life and property of a single Belgian to the civilized world against the lies and calumnies with which citizen was injured by our soldiers without the bitterest self- our enemies are endeavoring to stain the honor of Germany in defense having made it necessary; for again and again, her hard struggle for existence—in a struggle which has been notwithstanding repeated threats, the citizens lay in ambush, forced upon her. shooting at the troops out of the houses, mutilating the The iron mouth of events has proved the untruth of the fictitious wounded, and murdering in cold blood the medical men German defeats, consequently misrepresentation and calumny while they were doing their Samaritan work. There can be no are all the more eagerly at work. As heralds of truth we raise our baser abuse than the suppression of these crimes with the voices against these. view of letting the Germans appear to be criminals, only for having justly punished these assassins for their wicked deeds. It is not true that Germany is guilty of having caused this war. Neither the people, the Government, nor the Kaiser wanted war. It is not true that our troops treated Louvain brutally. Furious Germany did her utmost to prevent it; for this assertion the inhabitants having treacherously fallen upon them in their world has documental proof. Often enough during the twenty- quarters, our troops with aching hearts were obliged to fire a six years of his reign has Wilhelm II. shown himself to be the part of the town as a punishment. The greatest part of upholder of peace, and often enough has this fact been Louvain has been preserved. The famous Town Hall stands acknowledged by our opponents. Nay, even the Kaiser they now quite intact; for at great self-sacrifice our soldiers saved it dare to call an Attila has been ridiculed by them for years, from destruction by the flames. Every German would of because of his steadfast endeavors to maintain universal peace. course greatly regret if in the course of this terrible war any Not till a numerical superiority which had been lying in wait on works of art should already have been destroyed or be the frontiers assailed us did the whole nation rise to a man. destroyed at some future time, but inasmuch as in our great love for art we cannot be surpassed by any other nation, in the same degree we must decidedly refuse to buy a German defeat at the cost of saving a work of art. SPIN source text on 2 the history of cultural Known in German as the Manifest der 93; author of the text was Ludwig nationalism in Europe Fulda. www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

It is not true that our warfare pays no respect to international , Professor of Chemistry, . laws. It knows no indisciplined cruelty. But in the east the earth Prof. PETER BEHRENS, . is saturated with the blood of women and children unmercifully EMIL VON BEHRING, Professor of Medicine, . WILHELM VON BODE, General Director of the Royal butchered by the wild Russian troops, and in the west dumdum Museums, Berlin. bullets mutilate the breasts of our soldiers. Those who have ALOIS BRANDL, Professor, President of the Shakespeare allied themselves with Russians and Servians, and present such Society, Berlin. a shameful scene to the world as that of inciting Mongolians and LUJU BRENTANO, Professor of National Economy, negroes against the white race, have no right whatever to call Munich. themselves upholders of civilization. Prof. JUSTUS BRINKMANN, Museum Director, . JOHANNES CONRAD, Professor of National Economy, It is not true that the combat against our so-called militarism is . not a combat against our civilization, as our enemies FRANZ VON DEFREGGER, Munich. hypocritically pretend it is. Were it not for German militarism RICHARD DEHMEL, Hamburg. ADOLF DEITZMANN, Professor of Theology, Berlin. German civilization would long since have been extirpated. For Prof. WILHELM DOERPFELD, Berlin. its protection it arose in a land which for centuries had been FRIEDRICH VON DUHN, Professor of , plagued by bands of robbers as no other land had been. The Heidelberg. German Army and the German people are one and today this Prof. PAUL EHRLICH, Frankfort on the Main. consciousness fraternizes 70,000,000 of Germans, all ranks, ALBERT EHRHARD, Professor of Roman Catholic positions, and parties being one. Theology, Strassburg. KARL ENGLER, Professor of Chemistry, Karlsruhe. We cannot wrest the poisonous weapon—the lie—out of the GERHARD ESSER, Professor of Roman Catholic Theology, hands of our enemies. All we can do is to proclaim to all the . RUDOLF EUCKEN, Professor of Philosophy, Jena. world that our enemies are giving false witness against us. You, HERBERT EULENBERG, Kaiserswerth. who know us, who with us have protected the most holy HEINRICH FINKE, Professor of History, Freiburg. possessions of man, we call to you: EMIL FISCHER, Professor of Chemistry, Berlin. WILHELM FOERSTER, Professor of Astronomy, Berlin. Have faith in us! Believe that we shall carry on this war to the LUDWIG FULDA, Berlin. end as a civilized nation, to whom the legacy of a Goethe, a EDUARD VON GEBHARDT, Dusseldorf. Beethoven, and a Kant is just as sacred as its own hearths and J.J. DE GROOT, Professor of Ethnography, Berlin. homes. FRITZ HABER, Professor of Chemistry, Berlin. SPIN source text on ERNST HAECKEL, Professor of Zoology, Jena. the history of cultural For this we pledge you our names and our honor: MAX HALBE, Munich. nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Prof. ADOLF VON HARNACK, General Director of the Royal FRIEDRICH NAUMANN, Berlin. Library, Berlin. ALBERT NEISSER, Professor of Medicine, Breslau. GERHART HAUPTMANN, Agnetendorf. WALTER NERNST, Professor of Physics, Berlin. KARL, HAUPTMANN, Schreiberhau. WILHELM OSTWALD, Professor of Chemistry, Leipsic. GUSTAV HELLMANN, Professor of Meteorology, Berlin. BRUNO PAUL, Director of School for Applied Arts, Berlin. WILHELM HERRMANN, Professor of Protestant Theology, , Professor of Physics, Berlin. Marburg. ALBERT PLEHN, Professor of Medicine, Berlin. ANDREAS HEUSLER, Professor of Northern Philology, Berlin. GEORG REICKE, Berlin. ADOLF VON HILDEBRAND, Munich. Prof. , Director of the German Theatre, LUDWIG HOFFMANN, City Architect. Berlin. Berlin. ENGELBERT HUMPERDINCK, Berlin. ALOIS RIEHL, Professor of Philosophy, Berlin. LEOPOLD GRAF KALCKREUTH, President of the German KARL ROBERT, Professor of Archaeology, Halle. Confederation of Artists, Eddelsen. WILHELM ROENTGEN, Professor of Physics, Munich. ARTHUR KAMPF, Berlin. MAX RUBNER, Professor of Medicine, Berlin. FRITZ AUG. VON KAULBACH, Munich. FRITZ SCHAPER, Berlin. THEODOR KIPP, Professor of Jurisprudence, Berlin. ADOLF VON SCHLATTER, Professor of Protestant , Professor of Mathematics, Goettingen. Theology, Tubingen. MAX KLINGER, Leipsic. AUGUST SCHMIDLIN, Professor of Sacred History, ALOIS KNOEPFLER, Professor of History of Art, Munich. Münster. ANTON KOCH, Professor of Roman Catholic Theology, GUSTAV VON SCHMOLLER, Professor of National Münster. Economy, Berlin. PAUL LABAND, Professor of Jurisprudence, Strassburg. FRANZ VON STUCK, Munich. KARL LAMPRECHT, Professor of History, Leipsic. REINHOLD SEEBERG, Professor of Protestant Theology, PHILIPP LENARD, Professor of Physics, Heidelberg. Berlin. MAX LENZ, Professor of History, Hamburg. MARTIN SPAHN, Professor of History, Strassburg. , Berlin. HERMANN SUDERMANN, Berlin. FRANZ VON LISZT, Professor of Jurisprudence, Berlin. HANS THOMA, Karlsruhe. LUDWIG MANZEL, President of the Academy of Arts, Berlin. WILHELM TRUEBNER, Karlsruhe. JOSEF MAUSBACH, Professor of Roman Catholic Theology, KARL VOLLMOELLER, Stuttgart. Münster. RICHARD VOTZ, Berchtesgaden. GEORG VON MAYR, Professor of Political Sciences, Munich. KARL VOTZLER, Professor of Roman Philology, Munich. SEBASTIAN MERKLE, Professor of Roman Catholic SIEGFRIED WAGNER, Baireuth. Theology, Wurzburg. WILHELM WALDEYER, Professor of Anatomy, Berlin. SPIN source text on EDUARD MEYER, Professor of History, Berlin. AUGUST VON WASSERMANN, Professor of Medicine, the history of cultural HEINRICH MORF, Professor of Roman Philology, Berlin. Berlin. nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

FELIX VON WEINGARTNER. jahrzehntelang wegen seiner unerschütterlichen THEODOR WIEGAND, Museum Director, Berlin. Friedensliebe von ihnen verspottet worden. Erst als eine WILHELM WIEN, Professor of Physics, Wurzburg. schon lange an den Grenzen lauernde Übermacht von drei ULRICH VON WILAMOWITZ-MOELLENDORFF, Professor Seiten über unser Volk herfiel, hat es sich erhoben wie ein of Philology, Berlin. RICHARD WILLSTAETTER, Professor of Chemistry, Berlin. Mann. WILHELM WINDELBAND, Professor of Philosophy, Heidelberg. Es ist nicht wahr, daß wir freventlich die Neutralität WILHELM WUNDT, Professor of Philosophy, Leipsic, Belgiens verletzt haben. Nachweislich waren Frankreich und England zu ihrer Verletzung entschlossen. Nachweislich war Belgien damit einverstanden. Selbstvernichtung wäre es German version: gewesen, ihnen nicht zuvorzukommen.

An die Kulturwelt! Es ist nicht wahr, daß eines einzigen belgischen Bürgers Leben und Eigentum von unseren Soldaten angetastet Wir als Vertreter deutscher Wissenschaft und Kultur erheben worden ist, ohne daß die bitterste Notwehr es gebot. Denn vor der gesamten Kulturwelt Protest gegen die Lügen und wieder und immer wieder, allen Mahnungen zum Trotz, hat Verleumdungen, mit denen unsere Feinde Deutschlands reine die Bevölkerung sie aus dem Hinterhalt beschossen, Sache in dem ihm aufgezwungenen schweren Daseinskampfe zu Verwundete verstümmelt, Ärzte bei der Ausübung ihres beschmutzen trachten. Der eherne Mund der Ereignisse hat die Samariterwerkes ermordet. Man kann nicht niederträchtiger Ausstreuung erdichteter deutscher Niederlagen widerlegt. Um fälschen, als wenn man die Verbrechen dieser so eifriger arbeitet man jetzt mit Entstellungen und Meuchelmörder verschweigt, um die gerechte Strafe, die sie Verdächtigungen. Gegen sie erheben wir laut unsere Stimme. erlitten haben, den Deutschen zum Verbrechen zu machen. Sie soll die Verkünderin der Wahrheit sein. Es ist nicht wahr, daß unsere Truppen brutal gegen Löwen Es ist nicht wahr, daß Deutschland diesen Krieg verschuldet hat. gewütet haben. An einer rasenden Einwohnerschaft, die sie Weder das Volk hat ihn gewollt noch die Regierung noch der im Quartier heimtückisch überfiel, haben sie durch Kaiser. Von deutscher Seite ist das Äußerste geschehen, ihn Beschießung eines Teils der Stadt schweren Herzens abzuwenden. Dafür liegen der Welt die urkundlichen Beweise Vergeltung üben müssen. Der größte Teil von Löwen ist vor. Oft genug hat Wilhelm II. in den 26 Jahren seiner erhalten geblieben. Das berühmte Rathaus steht gänzlich Regierung sich als Schirmherr des Weltfriedens erwiesen; oft unversehrt. Mit Selbstaufopferung haben unsere Soldaten es SPIN source text on genug haben selbst unsere Gegner dies anerkannt. Ja, dieser the history of cultural vor den Flammen bewahrt. – Sollten in diesem furchtbaren nationalism in Europe nämliche Kaiser, den sie jetzt einen Attila zu nennen wagen, ist www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Kriege Kunstwerke zerstört worden sein oder noch zerstört die Ihr bisher gemeinsam mit uns den höchsten Besitz der werden, so würde jeder Deutsche es beklagen. Aber so wenig Menschheit gehütet habt, Euch rufen wir zu: wir uns in der Liebe zur Kunst von irgend jemand übertreffen lassen, so entschieden lehnen wir es ab, die Erhaltung eines Glaubt uns! Glaubt, daß wir diesen Kampf zu Ende kämpfen Kunstwerks mit einer deutschen Niederlage zu erkaufen. werden als ein Kulturvolk, dem das Vermächtnis eines Goethe, eines Beethoven, eines Kant ebenso heilig ist wie Es ist nicht wahr, daß unsere Kriegführung die Gesetze des sein Herd und seine Scholle. Völkerrechts mißachtet. Sie kennt keinezuchtlose Grausamkeit. Im Osten aber tränkt das Blut der von russischen Horden Dafür stehen wir Euch ein mit unserem Namen und mit hingeschlachteten Frauen und Kinder die Erde, und im Westen unserer Ehre! zerreißen Dumdumgeschosse unseren Kriegern die Brust. Sich (93 signatories) als Verteidiger europäischer Zivilisation zu gebärden, haben die am wenigsten das Recht, die sich mit Russen und Serben verbünden und der Welt das schmachvolle Schauspiel bieten, Mongolen und Neger auf die weiße Rasse zu hetzen.

Es ist nicht wahr, daß der Kampf gegen unseren sogenannten Militarismus kein Kampf gegen unsere Kultur ist, wie unsere Feinde heuchlerisch vorgeben. Ohne den deutschen Militarismus wäre die deutsche Kultur längst vom Erdboden getilgt. Zu ihrem Schutz ist er aus ihr hervorgegangen in einem Lande, das jahrhundertelang von Raubzügen heimgesucht wurde wie kein zweites. Deutsches Heer und deutsches Volk sind eins. Dieses Bewußtsein verbrüdert heute 70 Millionen Deutsche ohne Unterschied der Bildung, des Standes und der Partei.

Wir können die vergifteten Waffen der Lüge unseren Feinden nicht entwinden. Wir können nur in alle Welt hinausrufen, daß sie falsches Zeugnis ablegen wider uns. Euch, die Ihr uns kennt, SPIN source text on the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Declaration of the University and College Professors of the mind, in the same service of truth. We appeal to them in the (16 October 19143) confident belief that our voice will find hearing, and that the expression of our honest indignation will meet with credence. Moreover, we appeal to the love of truth and to the sense of English version: justice of the many thousands all over the world who, being The campaign of systematic lies and slander which has been welcome guests in our educational institutions, have taken carried on against the German people and empire for years has part in the inheritance of German culture, and who thus have since the outbreak of the war surpassed everything with which had an opportunity of watching and appreciating the German one might have credited even the most unscrupulous press. To people in peaceful labor, their industry and uprightness, their repudiate any charges raised against our Kaiser and his sense of order and discipline, their reverence for intellectual Government rests with the authorities in question. They have work of every kind, and their profound love for sciences and done so, and their defense is substantiated by striking proofs. He arts. All of you who know that our army is no mercenary who wants to know the truth can learn it, and we trust that truth host but embraces the entire nation from first to last, that it is will prevail. But if we are to look on, when our enemies, guided led by the country's best sons, and that, at this very hour, by envy and malice, are shameless enough to charge our army thousands from our midst, teachers as well as students, are and with it our whole nation with barbarous atrocities and shedding their life's blood as officers and soldiers on the senseless vandalism, and when their statements appear to be battlefields of Russia and France; you who have seen and believed, to a certain extent, among neutrals and in places which, heard for yourselves in what spirit and with what success our at other times, were well disposed toward us; if we are quietly to youths are treated and taught, and that nothing is stamped look on when all this happens, we, the appointed trustees of upon their minds more deeply than reverence and admiration culture and education in our Fatherland, feel in duty bound to for artistic, scientific and technical creations of the human break the reserve which our calling and position impose on us mind, no matter what country and nation brought them forth; with a strong expression of protest. Hence we now appeal to the we call upon you who know all this as witnesses, whether it learned bodies with whom we hitherto worked in common in can be true what our enemies report that the German Army is the interests of the highest ideals of the human race and with a horde of barbarians and a band of incendiaries who take whom, even at this time, when hatred and passion rule the world pleasure in leveling defenseless cities to the ground and in and confuse the minds of men, we hope to remain of the same destroying venerable monuments of history and art. If you wish to pay honor to the cause of truth you will be as firmly

3 convinced as we are that German troops, wherever they had The author was either Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf or Reinhold SPIN source text on the history of cultural Seeberg; the declaration was signed by more than 3000 professors grouped to do destructive work, could only have done so in the nationalism in Europe by University/Technical College. www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org bitterness of defensive warfare. But we appeal to all those Wir Lehrer an Deutschlands Universitäten und Hochschulen whom the slanderous reports of our enemies reach and who are dienen der Wissenschaft und treiben ein Werk des Friedens. not yet altogether blinded by passion, in the name of truth and Aber es erfüllt uns mit Entrüstung, daß die Feinde justice, to shut their ears to such insults to the German people, Deutschlands, England an der Spitze, angeblich zu unsern and not allow themselves to be prejudiced by those who prove Gunsten einen Gegensatz machen wollen zwischen dem ever anew that they hope to be victorious by the instrumentality Geiste der deutschen Wissenschaft und dem, was sie den of lies. Now, if in this fearful war, in which our nation is preußischen Militarismus nennen. In dem deutschen Heere compelled to fight not only for its power, but for its very ist kein anderer Geist als in dem deutschen Volke, denn existence and its entire civilization, the work of destruction beide sind eins, und wir gehören auch dazu. Unser Heer should be greater than in former wars, and if many a precious pflegt auch die Wissenschaft und dankt ihr nicht zum achievement of culture falls to ruin, the responsibility for all this wenigsten seine Leistungen. Der Dienst im Heere macht entirely rests with those who were not content with letting loose unsere Jugend tüchtig auch für alle Werke des Friedens, auch this ruthless war, nay, who did not even shrink from pressing für die Wissenschaft. Denn er erzieht sie zu murderous weapons upon a peaceful population for them to fall selbstentsagender Pflichttreue und verleiht ihr das surreptitiously upon our troops who trusted in the observance of Selbstbewußtsein und das Ehrgefühl des wahrhaft freien the military usages of all civilized peoples. They alone are the Mannes, der sich willig dem Ganzen unterordnet. Dieser guilty authors of everything which happens here. Upon their Geist lebt nicht nur in Preußen, sondern ist derselbe in allen heads the verdict of history will fall for the lasting injury which Landen des Deutschen Reiches. Er ist der gleiche in Krieg culture suffers. und Frieden. Jetzt steht unser Heer im Kampfe für Deutschlands Freiheit und damit für alle Güter des Friedens September, 1914. und der Gesittung nicht nur in Deutschland. Unser Glaube ist, UNIVERSITIES: Tuebingen, Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Erlangen, daß für die ganze Kultur Europas das Heil an dem Siege , Freiburg, Giessen, Goettingen, , Halle, hängt, den der deutsche „Militarismus“ erkämpfen wird, die Heidelberg, Jena, Kiel, Königsberg, Leipzig, Marburg, Manneszucht, die Treue, der Opfermut des einträchtigen Muenchen, Münster, Rostock, Strassburg, Wuerzburg. freien deutschen Volkes.

(more than 3000 signatures grouped by University/Polytechnic; )

German version: SPIN source text on the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Reply to the German Professors – By British Scholars (21 them to know the truth. Yet it is the duty of learned men to October 1914) make sure of their facts. The German "White Book" contains only some scanty and carefully explained selections from the diplomatic correspondence which preceded this war. And we venture to hope that our German colleagues will sooner or

later do their best to get access to the full correspondence, We see with regret the names of many German professors and and will form therefrom an independent judgment. men of science, whom we regard with respect and, in some cases, with personal friendship, appended to a denunciation of They will then see that, from the issue of the Austrian note to Great Britain so utterly baseless that we can hardly believe that Servia onward, Great Britain, whom they accuse of causing it expresses their spontaneous or considered opinion. We do not this war, strove incessantly for peace, Her successive question for a moment their personal sincerity when they proposals were supported by France, Russia, and Italy, but, express their horror of war and their zeal for "the achievements unfortunately, not by the one power which could by a single of culture." Yet we are bound to point out that a very different word at Vienna have made peace certain. Germany, in her view of war, and of national aggrandizement based on the threat own official defense—incomplete as that document is—does of war, has been advocated by such influential writers as not pretend that she strove for peace; she only strove for "the Nietzsche, von Treitschke, von Bülow, and von Bernhardi, and localization of the conflict." She claimed that Austria should has received widespread support from the press and from public be left free to "chastise" Servia in whatever way she chose. opinion in Germany. This has not occurred, and in our judgment At most she proposed that Austria should not annex a portion would scarcely be possible, in any other civilized country. We of Servian territory—a futile provision, since the execution must also remark that it is German armies alone which have, at of Austria's demand would have made the whole of Servia the present time, deliberately destroyed or bombarded such subject to her will. monuments of human culture as the Library at Louvain and the Cathedrals at Rheims and Malines. Great Britain, like the rest of Europe, recognized that, whatever just grounds of complaint Austria may have had, The Diplomatic Papers. the unprecedented terms of her note to Servia constituted a challenge to Russia and a provocation to war. The Austrian No doubt it is hard for human beings to weigh justly their Emperor in his proclamation admitted that war was likely to country's quarrels; perhaps particularly hard for Germans, who ensue. The German "White Book" states in so many words: have been reared in an atmosphere of devotion to their Kaiser "We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of SPIN source text on and his army; who are feeling acutely at the present hour, and the history of cultural Austria-Hungary against Servia might bring Russia upon the who live under a Government which, we believe, does not allow nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org field and therefore involve us in war. * * * We could not, Great Britain, together with France, Russia, Prussia, and however, * * * advise our ally to take a yielding attitude not Austria, had solemnly guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium. compatible with his dignity." The German Government admits In the preservation of this neutrality our deepest sentiments having known the tenor of the Austrian note beforehand, when and our most vital interests are alike involved. Its violation it was concealed from all the other powers; admits backing it up would not only shatter the independence of Belgium itself: it after it was issued; admits that it knew the note was likely to would undermine the whole basis which renders possible the precipitate war; and admits that, whatever professions it made to neutrality of any State and the very existence of such States the other powers, in private it did not advise Austria to abate as are much weaker than their neighbors. We acted in 1914 one jot of her demands. This, to our minds, is tantamount to just as we acted in 1870. We sought from both France and admitting that Germany has, together with her unfortunate ally, Germany assurances that they would respect Belgian deliberately provoked the present war. neutrality. In 1870 both powers assured us of their good intentions, and both kept their promises. In 1914 France gave One point we freely admit. Germany would very likely have immediately, on July 31, the required assurance; Germany preferred not to fight Great Britain at this moment. She would refused to answer. When, after this sinister silence, Germany have preferred to weaken and humiliate Russia; to make Servia proceeded to break under our eyes the treaty which we and a dependent of Austria; to render France innocuous and she had both signed, evidently expecting Great Britain to be Belgium subservient; and then, having established an her timid accomplice, then even to the most peace-loving overwhelming advantage, to settle accounts with Great Britain. Englishman hesitation became impossible. Belgium had Her grievance against us is that we did not allow her to do this. appealed to Great Britain to keep her word, and she kept it.

Britain's Love of Peace. The German professors appear to think that Germany has in So deeply rooted is Great Britain's love of peace, so influential this matter some considerable body of sympathizers in the among us are those who have labored through many difficult universities of Great Britain. They are gravely mistaken. years to promote good feeling between this country and Never within our lifetime has this country been so united on Germany, that, in spite of our ties of friendship with France, in any great political issue. We ourselves have a real and deep spite of the manifest danger threatening ourselves, there was admiration for German scholarship and science. We have still, up to the last moment, a strong desire to preserve British many ties with Germany, ties of comradeship, of respect, and neutrality, if it could be preserved without dishonor. But of affection. We grieve profoundly that, under the baleful influence of a military system and its lawless dreams of Germany herself made this impossible. SPIN source text on conquest, she whom we once honored now stands revealed the history of cultural as the common enemy of Europe and of all peoples which nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org respect the law of nations. We must carry on the war on which Sir HENRY CRAIK, M.P. for Glasgow and Aberdeen we have entered. For us, as for Belgium, it is a war of defense, Universities. waged for liberty and peace. Sir JAMES CRICHTON-BROWNE, Vice President and Treasurer, Royal Institution. Sir , President of the Royal Society. Sir CLIFFORD ALLBUTT, Regius Professor of Physics, Sir FOSTER CUNLIFFE, Fellow of All Souls College, Cambridge. Oxford. T.W. ALLEN, Reader in Greek, Oxford. Sir FRANCIS DARWIN, late Reader in Botany, Cambridge. E. ARMSTRONG, Pro-Provost of Queen's College, Oxford. A.V. DICEY, Fellow of All Souls College and formerly E.V. ARNOLD, Professor of Latin, University College of North Vinerian Professor of English Law, Oxford. Wales. Sir S. DILL, Hon. Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Sir C.B. BALL, Regius Professor of Surgery, Dublin. Sir JAMES DONALDSON, Vice Chancellor and Principal Sir THOMAS BARLOW, President of the Royal College of of the University of St. Andrews. Physicians, London. F.W. DYSON, Astronomer Royal. BERNARD BOSANQUET, formerly Professor of Moral Sir EDWARD ELGAR. Philosophy, St. Andrews. Sir ARTHUR EVANS, Extraordinary Professor of A.C. BRADLEY, formerly Professor of Poetry, Oxford. Prehistoric Archæology, Oxford. W.H. BRAGG, Cavendish Professor of Physics, Leeds. L.R. FARNELL, Rector of Exeter College, Oxford. Sir THOMAS BROCK, Membre d'honneur de la Société des C.H. FIRTH, Regius Professor of Modern History, Oxford. Artistes Francais. H.A.L. FISHER, Vice Chancellor of Sheffield University. A.J. BROWN, Professor of Biology and Chemistry of J.A. FLEMING, Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Fermentation, University of Birmingham. . JOHN BURNET, Professor of Greek, St. Andrews. H.S. FOXWELL, Professor of Political Economy in the J.B. BURY, Regius Professor of Modern History, Cambridge. University of London. Sir W.W. CHEYNE, Professor of Clinical Surgery, King's Sir EDWARD FRY, Ambassador Extraordinary and First College, London, President of the Royal College of Surgeons. British Plenipotentiary to The Hague Peace Conference in J. NORMAN COLLIE, Professor of Organic Chemistry and 1907. Director of the Chemical Laboratories, University College, Sir ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, Past President of the Royal London. Society. SPIN source text on F.C. CONYBEARE, Honorary Fellow of University College, the history of cultural Oxford. nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

W.M. GELDART, Fellow of All Souls and Vinerian Professor COURTNEY KENNY, Downing Professor of the Laws of of English Law, Oxford. England, Cambridge. Sir RICKMAN GODLEE, Emeritus Professor of Clinical Sir F.G. KENYON, Director and Principal Librarian, British Surgery, University College, London. Museum. B.P. GRENFELL, late Professor of Papyrology, Oxford. , Professor of Mathematics, Manchester E.H. GRIFFITHS, Principal of the University College of South University. Wales and Monmouthshire. J.N. LANGLEY, Professor of Physiology, Cambridge. W.H. HADOW, Principal of Armstrong College, Newcastle. WALTER LEAF, Fellow of London University, President of J.S. HALDANE, late Reader in Physiology, Oxford. the Hellenic Society. MARCUS HARTOG, Professor of Zoology in University Sir SIDNEY LEE, Editor of the Dictionary of National College, Cork. Biography, Professor of the English Language and Literature F.J. HAVERFIELD, Camden Professor of , in the University of London. Oxford. Sir OLIVER LODGE, Principal of Birmingham University. W.A. HERDMAN, Professor of Zoology at Liverpool, General Sir DONALD MACALISTER, Principal and Vice Secretary of the British Association. Chancellor, Glasgow. Sir W.P. HERRINGHAM, Vice Chancellor of the University of R.W. MACAN, Master of University College, Oxford. London. Sir WILLIAM MACEWEN, Professor of Surgery, Glasgow. E.W. HOBSON, Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics, J.W. MACKAIL, formerly Professor of Poetry, Oxford. Cambridge. Sir PATRICK MANSON. D.G. HOGARTH, Keeper of the , Oxford. R.R. MARETT, Reader in Social Anthropology, Oxford. Sir ALFRED HOPKINSON, late Vice Chancellor of D.S. MARGOLIOUTH, Laudian Professor of Arabic, Manchester University. Oxford. A.S. HUNT, Professor of Papyrology, Oxford. Sir H.A. MIERS, Principal of the University of London. HENRY JACKSON, Regius Professor of Greek, Cambridge. FREDERICK W. MOTT, Fullerian Professor of Physiology, Sir THOMAS G. JACKSON, R.A. Royal Institution. F.B. JEVONS, Professor of Philosophy, Durham. LORD MOULTON OF BANK, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. H.H. JOACHIM, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. J.E.H. MURPHY, Professor of Irish, Dublin. J. JOLLY, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, University of , Regius Professor of Greek, Oxford. Dublin. J.L. MYRES, Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, SPIN source text on Oxford. the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

G.H.F. NUTTALL, Quick Professor of Biology, Cambridge. M.E. SADLER, Vice Chancellor of Leeds. Sir W. OSLER, Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford. W. SANDAY, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford. Sir ISAMBARD OWEN, Vice Chancellor of the University of Sir J.E. SANDYS, Public Orator, Cambridge. Bristol. Sir ERNEST SATOW, Second British Delegate to The Sir WALTER PARRATT, Professor of Music, Oxford. Hague Peace Conference in 1907. Sir HUBERT PARRY, Director of Royal College of Music. A.H. SAYCE, Professor of Assyriology, Oxford. W.H. PERKIN, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry, Oxford. , late Professor of Physics, W.M. EDWARDS, Professor of Manchester. , University College, London. D.H. SCOTT, Foreign Secretary, Royal Society. A.F. POLLARD, Professor of English History, London. C.S. SHERRINGTON, Waynflete Professor of Physiology, Sir F. POLLOCK, formerly Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford. Oxford. GEORGE ADAM SMITH, Principal and Vice Chancellor, EDWARD B. POULTON, Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Aberdeen. Sir E.J. POYNTER, President of the Royal Academy of Arts. G.C. MOORE SMITH, Professor of English Language and Sir A. QUILLER-COUCH, King Edward VII. Professor of Literature, Sheffield. English Literature, Cambridge. E.A. SONNENSCHEIN, Professor of Latin and Greek, Sir , Professor of English Literature, Birmingham. Oxford. W.R. SORLEY, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Cambridge. Sir W. RAMSAY, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, London. Sir C.V. STANFORD, Profesor of Music, Cambridge. Lord RAYLEIGH, Past President Royal Society, Nobel V.H. STANTON, Ely Professor of Divinity, Cambridge. Laureate, Chancellor of Cambridge University. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, Regius Professor of Natural Lord REAY, First President British Academy. History, Aberdeen. JAMES REID, Professor of Ancient History, Cambridge. Sir J.J. THOMSON, Professor of Experimental Physics, WILLIAM RIDGEWAY, Disney Professor of Archaeology, Cambridge. Cambridge. T.F. TOUT, Professor of Mediæval and Modern History, T.F. ROBERTS, Principal of the University College of Wales, Manchester. Aberystwith. Sir W. TURNER, Principal and Vice Chancellor, Edinburgh. J. HOLLAND ROSE, Reader in Modern History, Cambridge. Sir C. WALDSTEIN, late Reader in Classical Archæology Sir RONALD ROSS, formerly Professor of Tropical Medicine, and Slade Professor of Fine Art, Cambridge. SPIN source text on Liverpool, Nobel Laureate. Sir J. WOLFE-BARRY. the history of cultural nationalism in Europe www.spinnet.eu Texts from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13635/13635-h/13635-h.htm, de.wikipedia.org, de.wikisource.org

Sir ALMROTH WRIGHT, formerly Professor of Pathology, Netley. C.T. HAGBERG WRIGHT, Librarian, London Library. JOSEPH WRIGHT, Professor of Comparative Philology, Oxford.

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