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A Study of the Phonemic Aspect of Bilingualism in Papago Indian Children

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A Study of the Phonemic Aspect of Bilingualism in Papago Indian Children A study of the phonemic aspect of bilingualism in Papago Indian children Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Slaughter, Alan Lee, 1929- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 09:26:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551264 A STUDY OF THE PHONEMIC ASPECT OF BILINGUALISM IN PAPAGO INDIAN CHILDREN by Alan L. Slaughter A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Speech in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona 1956 Approved: 2 ?7f/ /95C> <0$ This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the Library to be made avail­ able to borrowers under rules of the Library# Brief quo­ tations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acInowlodg.nont of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship . In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGHED: A CK1IOIJLED GEIIEIjT S ■ The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Klonda Lynn, whose interest in and knowledge of the field of phonetics provided the inspiration for the study des­ cribed in these pages,; and to Dr. James D. Lambert, for his advice and assistance in putting the report into its final form. Grateful acknowledgement is given to Mr. J. • ' Lewis Monical, Reservation Principal of the Papago Indian Agency, Sells, Arizona, for permission to gather the data which form the basis of the study, and to the principals and teachers of the Reservation schools for their willing cooperation. ill TABLE OP COBTEITTS Page LIST OP TABLES......................... - .............. vi LIST OP ILLUSTPuVTIOITS.............................. .. vii HIT' RODU GTIOIT............................ ............ 1 Chanter I . REVIEW OP PERTIilEITT LITERATURE............ .. k Phone ties and Phoncr.iicG . The Phonetic and Phononic Aspects of Bilingualicn Papago Indian Language and Culture II. THE PHOiiETIC STRUCTURE OP PAPAGO.............. i8 General Characteristics of the Language Gross Acoustic Peatu p os Phonemes of the Papago Language Comparison of the Phonemes of Panago and English 111. PPJiLIHHTARY SURVEY OP THE PR03LEI-I . ........... 31 Selecting the Subjects Constructing and Administering the Tests Treatment of the Findings Results IV. MATERIALS A1ID PROCEDURES USED III THE STUDY. 3? Selecting the Subjects Devising the material Obtaining the Speech Samples Treatment of the Findings V. RESULTS OP THE STUDY.......................... i.'-p Preliminary Questions Papago Dialects Composite Transcription Sound Substitutions Vowels and Diphthongs Consonants modifications iv Pago COUCLUSIOiJ. ........ oO LIST OF REFERENCES.................. .. oh APP31IDI CHS........ ................. '............... 6? A. MATERIALS USED III THE PRELIMIHARY SURVEY B. TEXT OF THE "BOY A1ID HIS COYS" C. LIST OF C-UECTIOITS D. TRAITSCRIPTI01IS OF PAPAG-0-FITGLISH E. RECORDI1TGS OF PAPAGO-EI7C-LISJI V LIST OF TABLES Tables PaH' 1. Soimd Substitutions Found in an Articulation Survey of Third Grade Children at Sells, Arizona ............................. .. 3£> 2. Composition of the Sample . ........... jo 3. Homes of Subjects .............. bJ] It., Incidence of Substitutions in Vowels..... £2 5. Incidence of Substitutions in Plosives... 53 6. Incidence of Substitutions in Fricatives. 55 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pago 1. Pap ago V ovjgI Phonemes ......... 21 2. Papago Consonant Phoneme s ..................... 23 3. American English Vowel Phonemes . ....... 26 k. American English Consonant Phonemes ...... 20 ■vii INTRODUCTION The Problem There are many bilingual children in the State of Arizona. Concerning this situation, the State Department of Public Instruction has made public the following facts (1): "Nor the state as a whole almost one-third of the elementary school pupils come from homes where a foreign language is used by the parents. This requires that many first grade pupils be taught to understand and speak English before effective schoolwork can bo carried on." Moot of the children referred to are speakers of Hexican-Spanish, but in addition there is a smaller but substantial group of bilinguals in the state, the American Indians. Typical of this group is the Papago people, a tribe of over 7,000 members, a large percentage of which are children of school age (13). Those children, like other bilinguals, need help in bridging the gulf between the languages. One area of difficulty these Indian children encounter is that of "for­ eign accent", variant pronunciations of English which give a somehow "different" quality to the speech as heard by native speakers of English. This difference in speech has a social importance to many, both children and adults, who seem to place values on similarities and differences. "The difference which a 1 foreign accent* makes is directly related 2 to the stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices of the natives of a community with respect to the nationality of which the * accent t is typical.... The average person reacts favorably to speech styles which suggest to him the racial, national and social groups which he admires. He will, in most cases, dislike speech styles which suggest racial or national groups which ho resents, or conditions of living which are below his own standards." (£) This factor of social impor­ tance now has more moaning for the Papago, for the once iso­ lated people has "...depended increasingly on wage work on nearby ranches and farms and in mines as well as on employ­ ment by the government." (13) Increasing contact with non- Indian culture brings into sharper focus the effect "foreign accent" can have on the Papago. Purpose of the Study The purpose, of the study was to discover the relation­ ship between sound substitutions in the English speech of Papago Indian children and the differences between the sound systems of the English and Papago languages. Korc specific­ ally, the study sought to answer these questions: 1. Vfnat are the similarities in the sound systems of the Papago and English languages? 2. Uhat are the; differences between the two systems? 3. Arc there consistent errors in the English speech of the Papago, and if so, what are they? h-. What relationship exists between errors found and the differences between the two languages? 5. Can the findings of this study be of value to the classroom teacher of Papago children? Procedure Answers to the questions above wore sought through the following procedures: 1. Literature was reviewed in the fields of phone­ tics and phonemics, bilingualism, and Papago lan­ guage and culture♦ 2. Phonemic analyses of the two languages wore com­ pared to determine the similarities and differences in the sound systems. 3. A preliminary survey to determine the scope of the problem was made at the Sells School. h. Papago children wore tested to detect consistent sound substitutions by means of their electrically recorded speech. 5. These sound substitutions were compared with the differcnccs".in the sound systems of the two lan­ guages. 6. The results of this comparison were evaluated with a view toward recommendations concerning the teach­ ing of English pronunciation to the Papago children The review of the literature, as outlined in the first procedure above, constitutes the material in Chapter One. CHAPTER I REVIEW OF PERTI1S1IT LITERATURE The literature reviewed preparatory to the undertaking of this study cane from tliree basic areas; linguistics, anthropology, and speech correction. In these areas atten­ tion was focused on phonetics and phonemics, phonetic and phonemic aspects of bilingualism, and Papago Indian lan­ guage and culture. Phono tics and Phonemic s Phonetics.— Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds, and an integral part of the broad field of the study of language. Those who pursue the scientific study of language are called linguists, and the science, linguistics. Gleason (6), in his recent text dealing with descriptive linguistics, subdivides language into tliree elements: (1) structure of expression, or sound patterns, (2) structure of content, and (3) vocabulary. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the first subdivision of language - that of structure of expression, or sound patterns. Heffner (9), a phonetician, has succinctly summarized this relation­ ship in the following paragraph: Phonetics as a science is an integral part of linguis­ tics; phonetics as an art proceeds from the basic data of scientific phonetics. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, or languages; that is, linguistics strives to discover general truths and to formulate general laws relating to the growth and structure of its object, be this one or several languages. A lan­ guage is commonly, and grossly, thought of as the sum- total of words and constructions, or combinations of words, used and understood by members of a consider­
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