Patterns of Sounds in This Series
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Phonological Domains Within Blackfoot Towards a Family-Wide Comparison
Phonological domains within Blackfoot Towards a family-wide comparison Natalie Weber 52nd algonquian conference yale university October 23, 2020 Outline 1. Background 2. Two phonological domains in Blackfoot verbs 3. Preverbs are not a separate phonological domain 4. Parametric variation 2 / 59 Background 3 / 59 Consonant inventory Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal Stops p pː t tː k kː ʔ <’> Assibilants ts tːs ks Pre-assibilants ˢt ˢtː Fricatives s sː x <h> Nasals m mː n nː Glides w j <y> (w) Long consonants written with doubled letters. (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 4 / 59 Predictable mid vowels? (Frantz 2017) Many [ɛː] and [ɔː] arise from coalescence across boundaries ◦ /a+i/ ! [ɛː] ◦ /a+o/ ! [ɔː] Vowel inventory front central back high i iː o oː mid ɛː <ai> ɔː <ao> low a aː (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 5 / 59 Vowel inventory front central back high i iː o oː mid ɛː <ai> ɔː <ao> low a aː Predictable mid vowels? (Frantz 2017) Many [ɛː] and [ɔː] arise from coalescence across boundaries ◦ /a+i/ ! [ɛː] ◦ ! /a+o/ [ɔː] (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 5 / 59 Contrastive mid vowels Some [ɛː] and [ɔː] are morpheme-internal, in overlapping environments with other long vowels JɔːníːtK JaːníːtK aoníít aaníít [ao–n/i–i]–t–Ø [aan–ii]–t–Ø [hole–by.needle/ti–ti1]–2sg.imp–imp [say–ai]–2sg.imp–imp ‘pierce it!’ ‘say (s.t.)!’ (Weber 2020) 6 / 59 Syntax within the stem Intransitive (bi-morphemic) vs. syntactically transitive (trimorphemic). Transitive V is object agreement (Quinn 2006; Rhodes 1994) p [ root –v0 –V0 ] Stem type Gloss ikinn –ssi AI ‘he is warm’ ikinn –ii II ‘it is warm’ itap –ip/i –thm TA ‘take him there’ itap –ip/ht –oo TI ‘take it there’ itap –ip/ht –aki AI(+O) ‘take (s.t.) there’ (Déchaine and Weber 2015, 2018; Weber 2020) 7 / 59 Syntax within the verbal complex Template p [ person–(preverb)*– [ –(med)–v–V ] –I0–C0 ] CP vP root vP CP ◦ Minimal verbal complex: stem plus suffixes (I0,C0). -
A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic
Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(7): 185-189, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2014.020702 A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic Iram Sabir*, Nora Alsaeed Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The present study deals with “A brief Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an description of consonants in Modern Standard Arabic”. This elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At study tries to give some information about the production of this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically Arabic sounds, the classification and description of phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe each consonant. The criteria of description are place and sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, description has been made to lead to the drawing of some the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most 2. -
Number U8 - Whorf, Benjamin Lee
NUMBER U8 - WHORF, BENJAMIN LEE THE HOPI LANGUAGE. 1935 THE HOPI LANGlTAOE by Benjamin Lee Whorf l?3r> MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. W UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1956 TA3LE OF CONTENTS Phonology 1 Claselfication of phonemes 1 Consonants 2 Consonant-clusters h Vowels k Vowel-length 5 Accent ' 6 Sandhi 6 II. Grammatical Operations 7 1. Pure Selection 7 Parts of Speech 7 Punctual and Tensive 3 Suppletion 9 2. Modulation: its phonology 10 3. Reduplication 11 h. Nexus 11 a. Prefixation 11 b. Suffixation 11 c. Annexation 12 Compounds 13 Incorporations 1^ Subnexation 1^ d. Context nexus 15 5. Pause Techniques 15 Sentences 15 A. Unifórmale l6 Biformals l6 Triformals l6 Copulative or nominal sentences .... 16 T^Ler...-• tives 17 Imperatives 17 III. Nouns nd Pronouns and their Syntax 17 1. Basic Pronouns 17 2. Use of the Cases 20 Basic Noun Inflections 2¿ Plurals 2j 5- Oblique Cases 2U 6. Postpositions or relationals 2k 7. Place Names 25 8. Various Pronouns 25 9. Numerals 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS ^cont'd.) 1. In general , 1'J Tht Hop i Ian ¿. Verb classes '¿'J 3. Voicer, jl northeastern Ar ¡4 . Aspeóte 3'.' •'"•. Number Uo sketch records 6 . Tenses ¡: i "'. The Modes and their Syntax :<2 Mr» Ernest Naqu °> . Address Forms 31 Iion-ac Lual Forms 32 the Uto-Aztooan ^. Inceptors 3j fleotive type* V. Invariants >3 I. Phonology VI. Deri vat i on '.A 1 A. Major co 1. Verbs [from verbs] 3' !+ 2. Verbs [from nouns] 5 aeries m, n, £, 3. -
Newsletter — February 2004
Research Centre for Linguistic Typology Institute for Advanced Study VICTORIA 3086, AUSTRALIA FACSIMILE: +61 3 9467 3053 email: [email protected] http://www.latrobe.edu.au/rclt Newsletter — February 2004 The past year has again been attended by success, in terms of the excellence of Research Fellows, Visiting Fellows and Doctoral Students, both the quality and the quantity of the publications we produce, and the continuing grants and fellowships we attract. The International Workshops we host each year produce seminal volumes that are acknowledged as substantial contributions to the field. RCLT provides a relaxed but intense intellectual milieu which engenders research of the highest order. Who'll be at RCLT in 2004 Besides Professor R. M. W. (Bob) Dixon (Director), Professor Alexandra Y. (Sasha) Aikhenvald (Associate Director) and Ms Siew Peng Condon (Executive Officer), we'll have the following scholars with us this year: Research Fellows — Dr. Nicole Kruspe, on a three-year Research Fellowship, has undertaken a lengthy fieldtrip to work on Ceq Wong, a previously undescribed Northern Aslian language from Malaysia. She will continue writing a draft grammar of this language while working on Mah Meri, another Aslian language from Malaysia. — Dr. Catriona Hyslop, on a La Trobe University Postdoctoral Research Fellowship until February 2004, will then take up at RCLT her two year Individual Postgraduate Fellowship from the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme. She will continue working on the documentation of the grammar, lexicon and oral tradition of the Vurës language of west Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. — Dr. Stephen Morey is a La Trobe University Postdoctoral Research Fellow. -
Language Typology and Syntactic Description
1 Coordination Martin Haspelmath 0 Introduction The term coordination refers to syntactic constructions in which two or more units of the same type are combined into a larger unit and still have the same semantic relations with other surrounding elements. The units may be words (e.g. verbs (1a)), phrases (e.g. noun phrases (1b)), subordinate clauses (e.g. (1c)) or full sentences (e.g. (1d)). (1) a. My husband supports and adores Juventus Turin b. My uncle or your in-laws or the neighbours will come to visit us c. I realize that you were right and that I was mistaken d. The Pope dissolved the Jesuit order, and all the Indian missions were abandoned All languages appear to possess coordination constructions (or coordinate con- structions) of some kind, but there is a lot of cross-linguistic variation. Individual languages may possess a wealth of different coordinate constructions that relate to each other in complex ways. It is the purpose of this chapter to introduce and discuss a wide range of conceptual distinctions that are useful for describing the cross-linguistic and language-internal variation. This entails the use of a large number of technical terms (printed in boldface on first occurrence), each of which is explained and illustrated as it is introduced. Terminological issues are discussed further in an appendix. The particle or affix that serves to link the units of a coordinate construction is called the coordinator. In (1) and in the other numbered examples in this chap- ter, the coordinator is printed in boldface. By far the most frequently occurring coordinator is ‘and’ (i.e. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
Place Names Describing Fossils in Oral Traditions
Place names describing fossils in oral traditions ADRIENNE MAYOR Classics Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Folk explanations of notable geological features, including fossils, are found around the world. Observations of fossil exposures (bones, footprints, etc.) led to place names for rivers, mountains, valleys, mounds, caves, springs, tracks, and other geological and palaeonto- logical sites. Some names describe prehistoric remains and/or refer to traditional interpretations of fossils. This paper presents case studies of fossil-related place names in ancient and modern Europe and China, and Native American examples in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Evidence for the earliest known fossil-related place names comes from ancient Greco-Roman and Chinese literature. The earliest documented fossil-related place name in the New World was preserved in a written text by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. In many instances, fossil geonames are purely descriptive; in others, however, the mythology about a specific fossil locality survives along with the name; in still other cases the geomythology is suggested by recorded traditions about similar palaeontological phenomena. The antiquity and continuity of some fossil-related place names shows that people had observed and speculated about miner- alized traces of extinct life forms long before modern scientific investigations. Traditional place names can reveal heretofore unknown geomyths as well as new geologically-important sites. Traditional folk names for geological features in the Named fossil sites in classical antiquity landscape commonly refer to mythological or and modern Greece legendary stories that accounted for them (Vitaliano 1973). Landmarks notable for conspicuous fossils Evidence for the practice of naming specific fossil have been named descriptively or mythologically locales can be found in classical antiquity. -
Journal of Language Relationship
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State University for the Humanities Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 3 (16) Moscow 2018 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 3 (16) Москва 2018 Advisory Board: H. EICHNER (Vienna) / Chairman W. BAXTER (Ann Arbor, Michigan) V. BLAŽEK (Brno) M. GELL-MANN (Santa Fe, New Mexico) L. HYMAN (Berkeley) F. KORTLANDT (Leiden) A. LUBOTSKY (Leiden) J. P. MALLORY (Belfast) A. YU. MILITAREV (Moscow) V. F. VYDRIN (Paris) Editorial Staff: V. A. DYBO (Editor-in-Chief) G. S. STAROSTIN (Managing Editor) T. A. MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary) A. V. DYBO S. V. KULLANDA M. A. MOLINA M. N. SAENKO I. S. YAKUBOVICH Founded by Kirill BABAEV © Russian State University for the Humanities, 2018 Редакционный совет: Х. АЙХНЕР (Вена) / председатель В. БЛАЖЕК (Брно) У. БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. ВЫДРИН (Париж) М. ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе) Ф. КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден) А. ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден) Дж. МЭЛЛОРИ (Белфаст) А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва) Л. ХАЙМАН (Беркли) Редакционная коллегия: В. А. ДЫБО (главный редактор) Г. С. СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь) А. В. ДЫБО С. В. КУЛЛАНДА М. А. МОЛИНА М. Н. САЕНКО И. С. ЯКУБОВИЧ Журнал основан К. В. БАБАЕВЫМ © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2018 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2018. ― № 3 (16). ― x + 78 с. Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. -
Classical Armenian: Phonology Part 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants Classical Armenian: Phonology 1
RONALD I. KIM Classical Armenian: Phonology Part 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants Classical Armenian: Phonology 1 . Segmental phonology: consonants . The stops and affricates . Consonant alternations Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 — Segmental Phonology: Consonants 2 Segmental phonology: consonants . Classical Armenian had 30 consonants: . 9 stops: • p, b, p‘ [ph] • t, d, t‘ [th] • k, g, k‘ [kh] . 6 affricates: • c [ʦ], j [ʣ], c‘ [ʦh] • č [ʧ], ǰ [ʤ], č‘ [ʧh] Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 3 Segmental phonology: consonants . 6 fricatives: • x, h • s, z, š [ʃ], ž [ʒ] . 6 sonorants: • m, n • r [ɾ] (tap?), ṙ [r] (trilled?) • l, ł [ɫ] . and 2 (3?) glides: w, v, y [j]. Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 4 manner/ labial dental alveolar post- palatal velar glottal Phonology:place consonants alveolar stops and affricates: voiceless p t ʦ <c> ʧ <č> k voiced b d ʣ <j> ʤ <ǰ> g aspirate ph <p‘> th <t‘> ʦh <c‘> ʧh <č‘> kh <k‘> fricatives x h trill r <ṙ> tap (?) ɾ <r> sibilants: voiceless s ʃ <š> voiced z ʒ <ž> nasal m n lateral l ɫ<ł> glides w/v j Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 5 The stops and affricates . A longstanding problem of Classical Armenian phonology is the realization of the stops and affricates. Traditionally they are transcribed as voiceless, voiced, and voiceless aspirated, e.g. t, d, t‘ [th]. Diachronically, they reflect a shift in manner of articulation similar to, but independent of, Grimm’s Law in Germanic: Proto-Indo-European Armenian *t (Tenues, voiceless) t‘ [th] *d (Mediae, voiced) t *dh (Mediae Aspiratae, voiced aspirated) d Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 6 The stops and affricates . -
How to Edit IPA 1 How to Use SAMPA for Editing IPA 2 How to Use X
version July 19 How to edit IPA When you want to enter the International Phonetic Association (IPA) character set with a computer keyboard, you need to know how to enter each IPA character with a sequence of keyboard strokes. This document describes a number of techniques. The complete SAMPA and RTR mapping can be found in the attached html documents. The main html document (ipa96.html) comes in a pdf-version (ipa96.pdf) too. 1 How to use SAMPA for editing IPA The Speech Assessment Method (SAM) Phonetic Alphabet has been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa). The goal was to map 176 IPA characters into the range of 7-bit ASCII, which is a set of 96 characters. The principle is to represent a single IPA character by a single ASCII character. This table is an example for five vowels: Description IPA SAMPA script a ɑ A ae ligature æ { turned a ɐ 6 epsilon ɛ E schwa ə @ A visual represenation of a keyboard shows the mapping on screen. The source for the SAMPA mapping used is "Handbook of multimodal an spoken dialogue systems", D Gibbon, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000. 2 How to use X-SAMPA for editing IPA The multi-character extension to SAMPA has also been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm). The basic principle used is to form chains of ASCII characters, that represent a single IPA character, e.g. This table lists some examples Description IPA X-SAMPA beta β B small capital B ʙ B\ lower-case B b b lower-case P p p Phi ɸ p\ The X-SAMPA mapping is in preparation and will be included in the next release. -
The Role of Morphology in Generative Phonology, Autosegmental Phonology and Prosodic Morphology
Chapter 20: The role of morphology in Generative Phonology, Autosegmental Phonology and Prosodic Morphology 1 Introduction The role of morphology in the rule-based phonology of the 1970’s and 1980’s, from classic GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY (Chomsky and Halle 1968) through AUTOSEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY (e.g., Goldsmith 1976) and PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY (e.g., McCarthy & Prince 1999, Steriade 1988), is that it produces the inputs on which phonology operates. Classic Generative, Autosegmental, and Prosodic Morphology approaches to phonology differ in the nature of the phonological rules and representations they posit, but converge in one key assumption: all implicitly or explicitly assume an item-based morphological approach to word formation, in which root and affix morphemes exist as lexical entries with underlying phonological representations. The morphological component of grammar selects the morphemes whose underlying phonological representations constitute the inputs on which phonological rules operate. On this view of morphology, the phonologist is assigned the task of identifying a set of general rules for a given language that operate correctly on the inputs provided by the morphology of that language to produce grammatical outputs. This assignment is challenging for a variety of reasons, sketched below; as a group, these reasons helped prompt the evolution from classic Generative Phonology to its Autosegmental and Prosodic descendants, and have since led to even more dramatic modifications in the way that morphology and phonology interact (see Chapter XXX). First, not all phonological rules apply uniformly across all morphological contexts. For example, Turkish palatal vowel harmony requires suffix vowels to agree with the preceding stem vowels (paşa ‘pasha’, paşa-lar ‘pasha-PL’; meze ‘appetizer’, meze-ler ‘appetizer-PL’) but does not apply within roots (elma ‘apple’, anne ‘mother’). -
A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language Michelle Arden San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Arden, Michelle, "A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language" (2010). Master's Theses. 3744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.v36r-dk3u https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3744 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Linguistics and Language Development San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Michelle J. Arden May 2010 © 2010 Michelle J. Arden ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Daniel Silverman Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Soteria Svorou Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Kenneth VanBik Department of Linguistics and Language Development ABSTRACT A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden This thesis presents a linguistic analysis of the Mara language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northwest Myanmar and in neighboring districts of India.