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Metathesis Is Real, and It Is a Regular Relation A METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics By Tracy A. Canfield, M. S. Washington, DC November 17 , 2015 Copyright 2015 by Tracy A. Canfield All Rights Reserved ii METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION Tracy A. Canfield, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Elizabeth C. Zsiga , Ph.D. ABSTRACT Regular relations are mathematical models that are widely used in computational linguistics to generate, recognize, and learn various features of natural languages. While certain natural language phenomena – such as syntactic scrambling, which requires a re-ordering of input elements – cannot be modeled as regular relations, it has been argued that all of the phonological constraints that have been described in the context of Optimality Theory can be, and, thus, that the phonological grammars of all human languages are regular relations; as Ellison (1994) states, "All constraints are regular." Re-ordering of input segments, or metathesis, does occur at a phonological level. Historically, this phenomenon has been dismissed as simple speaker error (Montreuil, 1981; Hume, 2001), but more recent research has shown that metathesis occurs as a synchronic, predictable phonological process in numerous human languages (Hume, 1998; Hume, 2001). This calls the generalization that all phonological processes are regular relations into doubt, and raises other questions as well. If phonological grammars may include non-regular constraints, why is there no evidence of other non-regular constraints – such as the reversal of all input segments in the output? iii This paper will review the evidence for metathesis as a synchronic, productive process that must be included in OT phonologies, and discuss how this evidence supports the existence of limitations on re-ordering that allow metathesis to be modeled as regular relations by defining the domains in which it operates, and proposing a regular family of LINEARITY constraints which describe all known cases of metathesis. Establishing that metathesis is a regular relation supports the claims by researchers such as Heinz (2001a) that the human phonological capacity is limited to regular relations, as well as providing the practical result that the well-known mathematics of these models can also be fruitfully employed to describe linguistic phenomena. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research and writing of this thesis is dedicated to everyone who helped along the way. I would particularly like to thank my advisors, Professors Elizabeth Zsiga and Graham Katz; and my committee members, Professors Youngah Do and Christo Kirov, for their thoughtful direction and support; Rodolfo Barlaan, Jeffrey Heinz, and Joanne Shetler, for their detailed correspondence on topics beyond the existing literature; Kenneth R. Beesley and Lauri Karttunen, for their work on XFST, and Andrew Hussie, for his work on MSPA; and my family, Jacob Schlitz and Sarah Canfield, for everything they do. Many thanks, Tracy Canfield v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Literature review ........................................................................................................... 3 REGULAR RELATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO LINGUISTICS ...................................... 3 WHAT IS METATHESIS AND WHY IS IT A PROBLEM? ........................................................ 17 A SUMMARY OF OBSERVED DOMAINS OF METATHESIS .................................................. 26 CV AND VC METATHESIS ................................................................................................... 27 ONE-PLACE CC METATHESIS ............................................................................................. 35 TWO-PLACE METATHESIS ................................................................................................. 36 LONG-DISTANCE LIQUID METATHESIS .............................................................................. 38 VV METATHESIS ................................................................................................................ 39 METATHESIS OF MULTIPLE SEGMENTS ............................................................................ 46 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 47 PHONOLOGICAL THEORIES OF NON-REGULAR RELATIONS ............................................. 47 HOW THE PRESENT WORK WILL RESOLVE THE QUESTION OF WHETHER METATHESIS IS REGULAR ........................................................................................................................... 61 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 2. CC Metathesis: Balangao ............................................................................................ 67 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 67 THE BALANGAO LANGUAGE ............................................................................................. 67 BALANGAO METATHESIS DATA ........................................................................................ 68 PRIOR ANALYSIS OF GLOTTAL METATHESIS IN GENERAL AND BALANGAO METATHESIS IN PARTICULAR ...................................................................................................................... 72 BALANGAO METATHESIS AS PERCEPTUAL OPTIMIZATION .............................................. 79 vi A NEW ELECTRONIC CORPUS OF BALANGAO ................................................................... 81 PROPOSAL – AND REFINEMENT – OF AN OT ANALYSIS OF BALANGAO METATHESIS ..... 83 INDEPENDENT MOTIVATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRAINTS .......................................... 94 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 3. Two-Place Metathsis: Fur ............................................................................................ 98 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 98 METATHESIS IN FUR .......................................................................................................... 99 LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTIONS OF FUR ................................................................................. 101 MIELKE AND HUME'S CONSTRAINT-BASED ANALYSIS OF FUR METATHESIS ................. 111 THE FUR CONSONANT SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 115 A NEW ELECTRONIC CORPUS OF FUR ............................................................................. 116 COMPLEX ONSETS AND CODAS ...................................................................................... 119 DISTRIBUTION OF CODA CONSONANTS ......................................................................... 119 SUMMARY OF ATTESTED AND DISALLOWED CC SEQUENCES IN FUR ............................ 128 AN OT ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHONOLOGICAL METATHESIS IN FUR ..... 130 ALTERNATE ORDERING OF VERB ROOT SEGMENTS: WHAT IF BEATON WAS RIGHT? ... 145 MOTIVATIONS FOR CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................. 150 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 154 Chapter 4. Long-distance liquid metathesis: Gascon ................................................................. 155 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 155 DIACHRONIC PHENOMENA AS EVIDENCE FOR SYNCHRONIC PROCESSES ..................... 157 GASCON .......................................................................................................................... 162 GASCON METATHESIS ..................................................................................................... 165 PREVIOUS ANALYSES OF METATHESIS IN GASCON ........................................................ 180 vii AN ANALYSIS OF GASCON METATHESIS ......................................................................... 208 BOERSMA'S PERCEPTUAL GRAMMAR AND THE PARSING OF AMBIGUOUS INPUT ....... 212 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 216 Chapter 5. Regular constraints that account for attested patterns of metathesis ................... 217 PROPOSED METATHESIS CONSTRAINTS ......................................................................... 217 INTERIM SUMMARY: THE EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF METATHESIS ........................... 217 METATHETIC PATTERNS THAT MUST BE ACCOUNTED FOR ........................................... 218 A PROPOSED FAMILY OF REGULAR LINEARITY CONSTRAINTS ....................................... 223 A TYPOLOGY OF METATHESIS ......................................................................................... 225 REGULAR RELATIONS ...................................................................................................... 227 A WORKING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTRAINTS:
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