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Full and Secondary Palatalization

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Full and Secondary Palatalization UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO A Crosslinguistic Investigation of Palatalization A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Nicoleta Bateman Committee in charge: Professor Sharon Rose, Chair Professor Eric Bakovic Professor Jessica Barlow Professor Jeffrey Elman Professor Maria Polinsky 2007 The Dissertation of Nicoleta Bateman is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2007 iii I dedicate this dissertation to my family. Aceasta teza este dedicata familiei mele. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature page ………………………………………………………………………..iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………..iv Table of contents……………………………………………………………………….v Chart of symbols ……………………………………………………………………..xii List of figures………………………………………………………………………...xiii List of tables…………………………………………………………………………xiv Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..…xvi Vita……………………………………………………………………………………xx Abstract………………………………………………………………………………xxi Chapter 1. Setting the Stage …………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 Goals and organization ……………………………………………………….3 1.3 Dimensions of palatalization …………………………………………………5 1.3.1 The finer-grained palatalizing contexts …………………………..........10 1.4 Previous surveys on palatalization ………………………………………12 1.4.1 Chen (1973) …………………………………………………….13 1.4.2 Bhat (1978): Generalized study of palatalization ………..……15 1.4.2.1 Palatalization targets ………………………………...16 1.4.2.2 Palatalization triggers ……………………………..…17 1.4.3 Hall (2000): rhotics vs. non-rhotics ………………………..….18 1.4.4 Brief comparison with current survey …………………............20 v 1.5 Previous analyses of palatalization………………………………..……..21 1.5.1 Sagey (1986): Spreading of Dorsal [-back] feature.……..…….22 1.5.2 Clements/Hume (1989, 1994, 1995): Spreading of Coronal from the V-Place node …………...………………………………...23 1.5.3 Lahiri and Evers (1991) ……………………………………….26 1.5.4 Evaluating feature geometry analyses…………………………28 1.6 Proposed analysis ………………………………………………….…….30 Chapter 2. Palatalization in the language survey…………………………………….32 2.1 The language sample …………………………………………………….33 2.1.1 All languages surveyed……..……………………………..…...36 2.1.2 Languages with palatalization……………………...…………..37 2.1.3 Languages without palatalization ………………………..……40 2.2 Full palatalization……………………………………………………..….44 2.2.1 Full palatalization targets: general patterns……………….……44 2.2.2 Full palatalization targets: morpho-phonological vs. phonological………………………………………………… .47 2.3 Secondary palatalization………………………………………………....49 2.3.1 Secondary palatalization targets: general patterns……………49 2.3.2 Secondary palatalization targets: morpho-phonological vs. Phonological ………………………………………………….52 2.4 General remarks on palatalization patterns ………………………….…..54 2.5 Detail on full and secondary palatalization targets ………………….…..56 vi 2.6 Interim summary: palatalization targets…………………………….……60 2.7 Palatalization triggers…………………………………………………….62 2.7.1 What are the triggers?...............................................................62 2.7.1.1 High back vowel triggers……………………….…….68 2.7.1.2 Lonely trigger, needs support …………………..……70 2.7.1.3 Rare palatalization triggers and outcomes……..……..72 2.7.2 Position of the trigger with respect to the target………..…….75 2.7.2.1 Trigger immediately adjacent to the target………..….75 2.7.2.2 “Long distance” palatalization (trigger not immediately adjacent to target) …………………………………….77 2.7.3 Fate of palatalization trigger …………………………………..82 2.8 Chapter conclusions……………………………………………………...84 Chapter 3. Full palatalization of labials ……………………………………………..89 3.1 Romanian: the case of Moldavian……………………………………….90 3.1.1 Synchronic situation of labial palatalization in Moldavian.….93 3.1.1.1 Labial palatalization in plural forms and verbs………94 3.1.1.2 Palatalization within roots……………………………99 3.1.2 Diachronic progression of ‘labial palatalization’……………100 3.1.3 Outside evidence for glide hardening……………………….110 3.2 Labial palatalization in Romance………………………………………113 3.2.1 Developments from earlier Latin to later Latin……………..114 3.2.1.1 First palatalization in Romance……………………..115 vii 3.2.1.1.1 Hiatus resolution and palatal glide formation………………………………...115 3.2.1.1.2 Glide hardening……………...…………..117 3.2.1.2 Second palatalization in Romance…………………..118 3.2.2 Interim conclusion……………………………………….…..121 3.3 Labial palatalization in Romance……………………………………….122 3.4 Tswana (Southern Bantu, Botswana)………………………...…………131 3.4.1 Contexts for labial palatalization in Tswana…………….…..132 3.4.1.1 Palatalization in causative formation…………….….134 3.4.1.2 Palatalization in passive formation…………….……137 3.4.1.3 Palatalization in diminutive formation………………140 3.4.2 Explanation of labial palatalization in Tswana…………..….146 3.4.2.1 Labial palatalization as consonant mutation…….…..147 3.4.2.2 Labial palatalization as dissimilation…………..……150 3.4.2.3 Labial palatalization as misperception……….…….. 154 3.4.2.4 Proposed historical explanation of labial palatalization………………………………………...159 3.4.2.4.1 Development of palatalization in the causative and diminutive…………..……166 3.4.2.4.2 Development of palatalization in the passive ……..……………………….…...171 3.5 Interim conclusion………………………………………………………173 3.6 Other research on full labial palatalization……………………………..174 viii 3.6.1 Ohala (1978)…………………………………………….…..174 3.6.2 Bhat (1978)……………………………………………….…175 3.6.2.1 Chontal (Hokan, Tequistlatecan, Mexico)…………..176 3.6.2.2 Fula (Niger-Congo, Fulani-Wolof, Cameroon)……..178 3.6.2.3 Lumaasaba (Narrow Bantu, Uganda)……………….179 3.7 Prior analyses of labial palatalization………………………………..…181 3.7.1 Acoustic/Perceptual analyses…………………………..……181 3.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…..184 Chapter 4. Analysis of Palatalization Targets…………………………………..…..185 4.1 Articulatory Phonology……………………………………………..…..187 4.1.1 Gestural coordination………………………………………..194 4.1.1.1 Temporal overlap and “hidden” gestures……………195 4.1.1.2 Temporal overlap and blending……………………..201 4.1.2 Articulatory Phonology, Optimality Theory, and Palatalization...........................................................................203 4.2 A unified account of palatalization targets………………………….…..208 4.2.1 Typology of palatalization……………………………….….214 4.2.2 No full palatalization of labials………………………….…..219 4.2.3 Full palatalization patterns…………………………………..225 4.2.4 Secondary palatalization patterns……………………………235 4.2.5 Mixed full/secondary palatalization patterns………………..248 ix 4.2.6 Morpho-phonological vs. phonological palatalization contexts……………………………………………….……..259 4.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………….……..264 Chapter 5. Analysis of Palatalization Triggers……………………………….…….266 5.1 Distinguishing between i and j …………………………………………267 5.2 Palatalization trigger hierarchies………………………………………..272 5.2.1 Palatalization trigger hierarchies in OT……………………..280 5.3 Position of the palatalization trigger……………………………………287 5.4 Trigger “fate”…………………………………………………………...292 5.5 Conclusion...……………………………………………………………295 Chapter 6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………297 Appendices……………………………………………………………………..……301 A 1. Language sample (117 languages, 86 genera)………………….……..301 A 2. Palatalization patterns for each language………………………..…….305 A 3. Full and secondary palatalization at the same POA……………..…….310 A 4. Trigger fate……………………………………………………….……311 A 5. Palatalization targets and their outcomes……………………….……..313 A 6. Intermediate stags of ‘labial palatalization’ in Bantu (Guthrie 1970)....317 A 7. A case of apparent labial-palatalization: Ikalanga……………...….….319 A 8. Database entries……………………………..see supplementary materials x References…………………………………………………………………….……..321 Additional references (languages without palatalization, not referenced elsewhere)…………………………………………………...337 xi CHART OF SYMBOLS Source IPA Source description IPA description symbol symbol s Prepalatal fricative Alveolo-palatal fricative (voiceless) (voiceless) z Prepalatal fricative Alveolo-palatal fricative (voiced) (voiced) c Prepalatal affricate t Alveolo-palatal affricate (voiceless) t (voiceless) Prepalatal affricate dz d Alveolo-palatal affricate (voiced) (voiced) d n Prepalatal nasal Palatal nasal (alveolo-palatal nasal) Post-alveolar fricative Post-alveolar fricative/Palato- s (voiceless) alveolar fricative (voiceless) Post-alveolar fricative Post-alveolar fricative/Palato- z (voiced) alveolar fricative (voiced) c Post-alveolar affricate Post-alveolar affricate/Palato- c t (voiceless) alveolar affricate (voiceless) ts j Post-alveolar affricate Post-alveolar affricate/Palato- g d (voiced) alveolar affricate (voiced) dz Dental affricate c ts Dental affricate (voiceless) (voiceless) Dental affricate dz dz Dental affricate (voiced) (voiced) C’ Palatalized consonant C Palatalized consonant t’ tense t (Korean) t’ tense t (Korean) s’ tense s (Korean) s’ tense s (Korean) C’ C’ Glottalized consonant (ejective) C x centro-domal fricative ?? no known symbol voiceless bilabial f voiceless bilabial fricative fricative i u superclosed high vowels (in Bantu) ι semi-close high vowel xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Palatal region of the vocal tract.....……...…………………………………6
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