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The Role of Phonology and Phonetics in the Adaptation of English Words Into Standard Chinese

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The Role of Phonology and Phonetics in the Adaptation of English Words Into Standard Chinese THE ROLE OF PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS IN THE ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH WORDS INTO STANDARD CHINESE By Li-jen Shih A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Linguistics–Doctor of Philosophy 2019 ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS IN THE ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH WORDS INTO STANDARD CHINESE By Li-jen Shih We can distinguish three approaches in the literature as to how borrowed foreign words are adapted to comply with the host language sound system: the purely perceptual approach, which claims that the adaptation occurs during perception beyond the listeners’ conscious awareness, the purely phonological approach, which claims that the underlying representations of the source words are the input to the adaptation and mapped in the host language lexicon to the structurally closest native representations, and the hybrid approach, which claims that the adaptation occurs in the host language production grammar and that the host language production grammar makes direct reference to the phonetic information in the source words. This dissertation evaluates English loanwords in Standard Chinese (SC) against these three approaches, and the results generally support the hybrid approach. While the hybrid approach is supported, it falls short of explaining some of the loanword data. Two problems are pointed out and the solutions are proposed. SC evidence against the purely perceptual approach comes from the treatment of word- final stops or coda liquids in borrowed English words. These sounds may delete (e.g. Flint [fʷo.lin.tʰɤ] vs. Clint [kʰɤ.lin__], Arkin [a.ər.tɕin] vs. Starr [ʂʐ̩ .ta__]), and according to the purely perceptual approach, they delete simply because the borrowers do not hear them in the source words. However, when the source words are monosyllabic and contain no other sounds that violate the SC syllable structure requirements, these sounds are always preserved with the place of articulation correctly identified (e.g. Ed [ai.tɤ], Pink [piŋ.kʰɤ], Barr [pa.ər]). These data indicate that the borrowers know exactly what sounds are present in the source words and that the deletion must occur in the SC production grammar. Data from a number of languages also demonstrate that the adaptation does not occur in the host language lexicon and that information viewed by the source and host languages as phonetic details plays a critical role in determining the output. An example is the SC adaptation of /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ in borrowed English words. These sounds are found to map to [ɕ, tɕʰ, tɕ] much more frequently than to [ʂ, ʈʂʰ, ʈʂ]. First, [ɕ, tɕʰ, tɕ] are allophones, so they are not available in the SC lexicon as potential matches. Second, according to Flemming (2003), /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ and [ɕ, tɕʰ, tɕ] are produced with a front tongue body but [ʂ, ʈʂʰ, ʈʂ] are produced with a back tongue body. Thus, the strong tendency of /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ being adapted as [ɕ, tɕʰ, tɕ] can be interpreted as the result of the borrowers’ intention of maintaining the front tongue-body position associated with /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/, which both English and SC consider a phonetic detail. This dissertation presents three detailed case studies of English loanwords in SC. The first case study concerns an asymmetry found in the adaptation of tautosyllabic sibilant/w/ and velar stop/w/ sequences (e.g. Sweet, Quincy), the second case study concerns several asymmetries found in the adaptation of vowelnasal consonantvowel sequences, and the third case study concerns an asymmetry found in the adaptation of vowelcoda liquid sequences. To account for these adaptation asymmetries, I show previous phonetic findings and argue that the SC production grammar makes direct reference to non-contrastive perceptual and/or articulatory information contained in the source words. Perceptual experiments are conducted for the first and third case studies, and the results are in line with my argument. These sets of data strongly support the hybrid approach. These three case studies are also formalized in the framework of the Optimality Theory. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………xi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………...…1 1.1 Overview of the Dissertation………………………………………………………….....2 1.1.1 The Purely Perceptual Approach……………………………………………….....2 1.1.2 The Purely Phonological Approach……………………………………………….3 1.1.3 The Hybrid Approach……………………………………………………………..4 1.1.4 Three Case Studies………………………………………………………………...5 1.2 Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………8 1.3 General American English or Received Pronunciation…………………………………9 1.4 SC Sound Inventory and Syllable Structure…………………………………………......10 CHAPTER TWO APPROACHES TO LOANWORD ADAPTATION……………………………………………15 2.1 The Purely Perceptual Approach………………………………………………………...15 2.1.1 Proposals…………………………………………………………………………15 2.1.2 Predictions………………………………………………………………………..18 2.2 The Purely Phonological Approach……………………………………………………..20 2.2.1 Proposals…………………………………………………………………………20 2.2.2 Predictions………………………………………………………………………24 2.3 The Hybrid Approach……………………………………………………………26 2.3.1 Proposals…………………………………………………………………….27 2.3.1.1 Silverman (1992), Yip (1993)……………………………………………27 2.3.1.2 Yip (2002. 2006), Kenstowicz (2005)………………………………29 2.3.1.3 Steriade (2001, 2009)……………………………………………….31 2.3.2 Predictions……………………………………………………………………34 2.3.3 Summary of the Hybrid Approach………………………………………………35 CHAPTER THREE ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE PURELY PERCEPTUAL APPROACH……………………..37 3.1 The SC Minimum-Word Requirement……………………………………………..37 3.2 Perceptual Assimilation does not Equal Unfaithful Perception…………………………42 3.2.1 The Perceptual Assimilation Model Revisited…………………………………..43 3.2.2 Japanese Speakers’ Perception of Word-Initial /r/ and /l/ in English…………46 3.2.3 Korean Speakers’ Perception of Word-Initial /r/ and /l/ in English…………48 3.2.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….49 3.3 Summary of Chapter Three………………………………………………………………50 iv CHAPTER FOUR ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE PURELY PHONOLOGICAL APPROACH…………………51 4.1 The Role of Frication Noise in the Adaptation of /v/ in English Loanwords in SC..........51 4.1.1 Adaptation Patterns………………………………………………………………52 4.1.2 Challenges to the Purely Phonological Approach……………………………….53 4.1.3 The Role of Frication Noise……………………………………………………54 4.2 The Role of Tongue-Body Position in the Adaptation of Palato-Alveolars in English Loanwords in SC…………………………………………………………………………56 4.2.1 General Adaptation Tendency………………………………………………….56 4.2.2 Challenges to the Purely Phonological Approach…………………………..59 4.2.3 An Articulatory Account: The Tongue-Body Position Plays a Role……….59 4.3 Deletion of Stops in English loanwords in SC…………………………………………..61 4.3.1 Loanword Data…………………………………………………………………...62 4.3.1.1 Stops Delete More Frequently…………………………………………62 4.3.1.2 Word-Initial Stops Never Delete………………………………………...63 4.3.2 Transliteration Data……………………………………………………………64 4.3.3 Summary……………………………………………………………………...66 4.4 Summary of Chapter Four……………………………………………………………….67 CHAPTER FIVE PROBLEMS FOR THE HYBRID APPROACH………………………………………….........68 5.1 Word-Medial Unreleased Stops may be Preserved in English Loanwords in SC………68 5.1.1 The Release-to-Vowel Epenthesis Hypothesis (Kang 2003)…………………….68 5.1.1.1 Word-Final Stops………………………………………………………69 5.1.1.2 Augmentation of CV/n/ or C/ŋ/ Words………………………………69 5.1.1.3 Word-Medial Pre-Liquid Stops…………………………………………70 5.1.2 The Problem……………………………………………………………………72 5.1.2.1 Word-Medial Unreleased Stops…………………………………………72 5.1.2.2 Challenges to the Hybrid Approach……………………………………...74 5.1.3 The Proposal……………………………………………………………………..74 5.1.3.1 Articulatorily Released…………………………………………………74 5.1.3.2 Features of Foreigner Talk Speech……………………………………76 5.1.3.3 The Transliteration Data Revisited……………………………………78 5.1.4 Summary…………………………………………………………………………79 5.2 Word-Final Unreleased Stops are Realized with Aspiration when Preserved via Epenthesis in Adapting English Words into Korean and SC…………………………….80 5.2.1 Faithful Perception……………………………………………………………….80 5.2.2 The Problem……………………………………………………………………...83 5.2.2.1 Korean Data……………………………………………………………...83 5.2.2.2 SC Data…………………………………………………………………..85 5.2.3 The Proposal……………………………………………………………………..86 5.2.3.1 Previous Perceptual Studies……………………………………………87 5.2.3.2 Source of Voicing Contrast in Word-Final Stops…………………….89 5.3 Summary of Chapter Five………………………………………………………………..91 v CHAPTER SIX ADAPTATION OF SIBILANT/W/ AND VELAR STOP/W/ SEQUENCES IN ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN SC…………………………………………………………………………93 6.1 Divergent Repairs………………………………………………………………………93 6.1.1 Adaptation of Sibilant/w/ Sequences…………………………………………93 6.1.2 Adaptation of Velar Stop/w/ Sequences………………………………………95 6.2 Formal Analyses: Two Sets of IDENT-[Feature] Constraints………………………96 6.3 Phonetic Motivations…………………………………………………………………….99 6.3.1 Articulatory Evidence……………………………………………………………99 6.3.2 Perceptual Experiments I, II, and III……………………………………………101 6.3.2.1 Stimuli…………………………………………………………………..101 6.3.2.2 Subjects………………………………………………………………103 6.3.2.3 Procedure………………………………………………………………103 6.3.2.4 Results and Discussion……………………………………………….104 6.4 Summary of Chapter Six………………………………………………………………105 CHAPTER SEVEN ADAPTATION OF VOWELNASALVOWEL SEQUENCES IN ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN SC…………………………………………………………………………………………107 7.1 Adaptation Asymmetries………………………………………………………………107 7.1.1 Quality of the Pre-Nasal Vowel………………………………………………..108 7.1.2 Location of the Stress…………………………………………………………110 7.1.3 Place of the Nasal Consonant…………………………………………………112
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