Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47918-9 — Chinese Culture and the Chinese Military Haizong Lei Index More Information

Index

Introductory Note References such as ‘178–9’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, either these have been divided into subtopics or only the most signiﬁcant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about ‘China’, the use of this term (and certain others which occur constantly throughout the book) as an entry point has been minimised. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics.

Abu Bakr, 166–7 formal standing, 15, 35, 37–8 agricultural practices, 191, 192 local, 20, 39, 42, 101 agricultural production, 208 private, 47, 49, 101 agricultural seasons, 199, 203–4 professional, 156, 161, 248 agriculture, 5, 16, 126, 132, 223, 240, 243 Qin, 15, 19 and climate, 191–209 rebel, 19, 81 Ai, Emperor, 66, 82, 171 armoured troops, 14, 74 Ali, Caliph, 166–7 army, national, 19, 254 alliances, 71–2, 77 Artiﬁcer’s Record, 192, 194, 196 Almanacs, 191, 192 artisans, 3–5, 8 a-military culture, 86, 92–116, 155, 157, 214, arts of the bedroom, 59–62 237, 251–2 ashes, 68–9, 111 Analects, 7, 88, 117, 144, 187–8, 194–6 Ashoka, 144 ancestors, 53, 56, 79, 82, 89, 121, 125, 180 assassinations, 72, 162, 167, 175, 180, 219 ancestral temple worship, 53, 85–8, 191, 197, 251 Augustus, 163 abolition, 87–90 autocracies, 8, 79, 81, 100, 162, 163–4 ancient literature, 191, 194, 196 autocrats, 53, 82, 84, 93, 97, 130, 160–3, ancient music, 184, 187, 190 167, 251 ancient sources, 52, 178, 191, 192–9 autumn, 21, 191–2, 197–8, 204, 216–17, 221, Anding, 24, 27, 29, 32, 37, 45 234, 240 arable land, 202–3, 206, 208–9 Arabs, 115–16, 165–6 Babylon, x, 115–16, 118, 122–3, 141–3, 147, archery, 20, 24–5, 30, 34, 40, 179, 180 157, 244, 252–3 aristocracy, 3, 6–7, 9–10, 53, 102, 127–8, 129, Bai Qi, General, 11 163, 249–50 balance of power, 9, 73, 129 old, 8, 9, 72, 79 Bamboo Annals, 8, 126–7, 168, 169, aristocratic families, 24, 72 172–7, 178 aristocrats, 4, 5, 102, 161 Ban Biao, 44 armed forces, 4, 7, 15, 21, 27, 95, 103, 163–4 Ban Chao, 44 armies, 3–7, 16–17, 18–19, 21–4, 28–35, bandits, 16–17, 39, 46, 48, 63, 98–9, 101–2, 37–40, 42–4, 147–8, 151–2, 161–2, 105, 111–12 164–5 and scholar-ofﬁcials, 102–6, 252 central, 35, 40–1, 42 banquets, 8–9, 46, 82, 100, 187

258

Index 259

court, 187, 189 Joseon, 29 Baopuzi,59–60 punitive, 11, 34, 179, 200 baptism, 155, 255 Xiongnu, 29 barbarians, 6, 44, 88, 111, 113, 114–15, Cao Cao, 49 118, 133 capital area, 5, 24–5, 29, 38, 40, 45, 88–9 barley, 110, 191–2, 197–8, 201, 203, 204 capitalists, ix, 161, 242 crop, 197, 204 capitals, 20, 24, 33, 49, 74, 75, 78, 126–8, 191 harvest, 191, 197 captive society, 242, 247 winter, 198 carriages, 22, 46, 48, 63, 67–8, 83, 94, 111 Battle of Changping, 11, 13 Catholic Church, 240 Battle of Feishui, 125, 133–4, 149, 152, 245, cattle, 22, 43, 47, 107, 111 253, 255 cavalry, 21, 28, 29, 37–9, 43, 47, 49 Battle of Gaixia, 23, 162 foreign, 25, 40, 42 Battle of Hanyuan, 6 Qiang, 42 battleﬁelds, 7, 8, 12–13, 18, 20, 28, 39, 101 Yue, 26, 37, 40 bedroom, arts of the, 59–62 central armies, 35, 40–1, 42 behaviour, 66, 68, 72, 79, 83, 103, 106, 182 central government, 24, 25–6, 35, 39–40, 42, sordid, 155, 255 45, 101, 252 Beidi, 24, 30, 37, 41–2 and provinces, 97–9 Beijing, vii, 206 Central Plain, 44–5, 47, 49–50, 99, 113, 128, beliefs, x, 9, 87, 90, 132, 160, 248 150, 151, 177 Bian Zhang, 47 centrifugal forces, 86, 97–8, 101 Bingzhou, 40, 41–2, 45, 49, 103, 111 centripetal force, 86 birth control, 59, 157, 250 Chancellery, 96–7 Black Stone, 166 Chang river, 40, 42 blind trust, 155, 255 Chang’an, 40, 49, 85, 111 Bo Qin, 173–4 Changping, Battle of, 11, 13 Book of Changes,119 chanyu, 22, 32, 35, 37, 41, 43, 95 Book of Documents, 194, 234 northern, 43 Book of Jin, 204 southern, 41, 43 Book of Rites, 57, 187, 191, 203–4 Chao Cuo, 25–6 Book of Songs, 90, 185, 194, 195–6 chaos, 80, 81, 97–9, 129, 133, 137, 150–1 border areas, 23, 28, 33, 37, 41, 44–5, 47 chariot teams, 4–5 border garrisons, 16, 20, 23, 25–6 Chen Ping, 93 borders, 15–16, 20, 22, 25, 40–1, 43, 44, 46 Cheng, Emperor, 66, 86 northern, 42, 206 Cheng, King, 172–4, 200 Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, vii Cheng Hao, 139, 149 Bronze Age, 126, 242 Cheng Tang of Shang, 126 brothers, 66, 170–2, 175 Cheng Yi, 139, 149 Buddhism, ix, 114, 125, 133–7, 144, 149, chengxiang, 97, 99 253, 257 chengyu, 194, 195 Chinese-style, 137 Chengzu, 50, 138 Indian, 137, 245, 253 chief ministers, 200, 201 Tiantai, 136 child soldiers, 13 buffer towns, 98, 101, 136 children, 54–5, 56–9, 62–4, 65, 66, 68, 108, bureaucracy, 41, 79, 96, 97, 105–6 111, 188 Chinese states, 50, 55, 69–71, 74, 76, 80, Caesar, Julius, 80, 162 185, 188 calculation, 142–3, 169–71, 175, 178, 203 Chinese-style Buddhism, 137 calendars, 168–9, 192, 203, 230, 242 chronology, 117, 168–78, 234, 243, 246 lunar, 191–2, 197–9 Shang, 174–8 Caligula, 164 Zhou, 172, 177 caliphate, 165–7 Chu, 11, 15, 17, 18, 22–3, 55, 74, 76–7, 80–1, campaigns, 11, 29–35, 37–8, 42, 43, 47, 77 128–30, 180–1, 201 Dayuan, 29–35 and Han, 17–19, 23, 80, 130

260 Index

Chunqiu, 6, 128, 191, 196–7, 200, criminal gangs, 105 203–4 crops, 108, 110–11, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207–8 cities, 49, 54, 111–12, 141, 165–6, 189, Crown princes, 85, 94–5, 172 191, 201 cultural centres, 123–4, 125, 134, 150, 253 civil service, examination system, 67, 137, 141 cultural exchange, vii, x, 136 civil wars, 13, 15, 164–5, 167 cultural morphology, xi, 239, 241, 244 civilian officials, 99–102 cultural regions, 12, 55, 69, 73, 79, 141–2, 148, civilian skills, 9, 248 158, 234 clans, 52–70, 157–8, 249 cultural sphere, 6, 9, 114–15, 125 pre-Spring and Autumn period, 52–3 culture, x, 91–2, 108, 123–6, 134–8, 140–1, Qin–Han onwards, 62–8 142–4, 148, 156–7, 213–16, 244–6, classes, 6–7, 8, 72, 84, 88, 104, 126, 252–5 236, 247 cycles, ix, 117–46, 148, 245–7, 252, 256 aristocratic, 8, 184 Egypt, 115, 122, 147 official, 42, 66, 105, 131 first cycle of, 125, 134, 143, 152, 245, 253 ruling, 71, 74, 106, 250 military, viii, 35, 156 scholar-official, 102–3, 105–6 national, 116, 254 shi, 179, 180 new, 68, 134, 135, 154, 157, 233 warrior, 3, 5, 7 scholarly, 155, 255 Claudius, 164 second cycle of, 125, 134, 139, 143–4, climate, 57, 92, 107, 240, 243, 252 148–50, 151–4, 245–6, 253–4, 255 and agriculture, 191–209 third cycle of, 153–4, 158, 237, 245–6, change, 107, 113 254–5 commanderies, 26–8, 32–3, 35, 40, 42–3, 45–8, traditional, viii, 1–51, 140–1, 145, 245, 49, 85, 88–9 246–8, 253, 254–5 common overlords, 71, 126, 128 cycles of culture see underculture. commoners, 6, 21, 83, 84, 104, 107, 163, 179, 251 dadao, 195 status, 33, 131 Dai Commandery, 41, 43 competition, 84, 126, 135–6 dance, 184, 186 Concilium Plebis, 163 Dangdai Pinglun, 216–18, 238 Confucian classics, 76, 102, 137 Dao, Duke, 7, 179 Confucianism, 57, 66, 87, 89, 102, 130, 132–3, Daoguang, 50, 175 135, 136–7 Dayan Calendar, 168 Confucius, 7, 56–7, 128, 129, 180, 184–5, 187, Dayuan campaign, 29–35 188, 234 death row convicts, 33, 38 conscription, 13, 16–17, 21–2, 23, 147–8, 155, death tolls, 12, 110, 112 156–7, 183 defeats, 11, 17, 28–9, 35–6, 43–4, 78–9, 81, consort kin, 89, 93, 95–6 151, 154 consorts, imperial, 85 defence, 25–6, 27, 29, 30, 45, 46, 251–2, 254 constitutions, 84, 162–4 deification, 80–7, 90 contraception, 59, 61, 64 Deng Tong, 93–4 control, 27, 42, 44, 102–3, 127, 128, 137–8, dependent states, 26–8, 29–35, 37, 41, 49 161–2, 163 depravity, 184, 187, 188 foreign, 137, 144 deserts, 26, 31, 107, 114, 146, 165, 204, 205–6 Japanese, 140 Dezong, 172, 175 convicts, 29–35, 37–8, 40, 44, 248 Diao, King, 55, 201 death row, 33, 38 Dingxiang, 41, 43 counties, vii, 5, 24–6, 32–3, 63–4, 79, disease, 60–1, 110 131, 151 ditches, 191, 192–3, 194–6, 200, 202, 207–9 court, 45–6, 73, 75, 80, 83, 93–4, 95, gouxu, 202, 207–8 100–2, 180 network of, 193, 209 banquets, 187, 189 domestic politics, 103, 132 crack troops, 18, 39, 40 Domitian, 164 crime, 22, 27, 63, 83, 94 Dong Zhuo, 48–9, 133

Index 261

Dou Gu, 42–3 smaller, 54, 57, 132 Dou Xian, 43–4, 89 family life, 53, 157, 249 droughts, 110, 186, 196–7, 200, 203, 206, famine, 65, 92, 107, 110, 112, 252 207, 208 fangzhongshu, 61, 62–4, 69 Dunhuang, 26, 42 farmers, 5–6, 112, 191, 194, 196, 198, 202, Duzong, 171 208–9 dykes, 110, 191, 192–3, 195–7, 198, favourites, 82, 83, 93–4, 95–6 200–2, 207 Feishui, Battle of, 125, 133–4, 149, 152, 245, dynastic changes, 106–8, 252 253, 255 dynastic succession, 237, 255–6 fengshan sacrifices, 76, 82, 87, 251 alternatives to, 160–7 feudal aristocracies, 9, 128, 130 dynasties see individual dynasty names. feudal lords, 71–2, 74, 81, 82, 127, 128, 130, 250 early Tang, 96, 99, 113 feudal period, 3, 125–6, 127, 129, 253 early Western Han, 19–23, 113 feudal society, 53, 242 Eastern Han, 39–49, 50, 51, 63, 64–5, 66–9, 89, feudal system, 7, 53, 126, 179, 184, 249 103–4, 248–9 fiefdoms, 24, 128, 129, 174 Eastern Jin, x, 50, 134 filial piety, 57, 66–9, 157, 249 Eastern Zhou, 226, 239 first cycle of culture, 125, 134, 143, 152, economic groups, 53, 249 245, 253 economics, 91, 241, 243, 256 First Emperor, 11–12, 13–15, 75, 78, 251 edicts, 39, 46, 65, 66, 83, 86, 88, 91, 96 Five Dynasties, 50, 97, 98, 100, 102, 113, 120, posthumous, 66, 95 134–6, 149–51 education, 19, 156, 179, 180, 182–3, 234 Five Hu, 69, 111, 114, 138, 150, 245, 249 basic, 156, 183 Five Powers, 75, 82, 131, 251 literary, 7, 8, 181, 182 Five Punishments, 5 secondary, vii flooding, 46, 196, 203, 207–8 Egypt, 115, 118, 122–3, 141–3, 147, 157, 238, rainwater, 208, 209 244, 252–3 risk, 198, 200 culture, 115, 122, 147 food, 12, 25, 42, 61, 70, 110, 112, 195 eight-legged essay, 138, 139 supply, 111, 112 elections, 160, 164, 167 forces, 16, 18–19, 23–4, 33–4, 39, 42–3, 78, elephants, 200, 204 99–100, 140 emperors see names of individual emperors. centrifugal, 86, 97–8, 101 energy, 60–1, 67, 140, 152, 208, 236 centripetal, 86 entertainers, 34, 35 external, 81, 99, 135 environment, 182, 203, 204, 206, 208 military, 13, 17, 23, 26, 40, 49, 100 natural, 92, 202, 206 foreign cavalry, 25, 40, 42 social, 156, 179 foreign control, 137, 144 essays, viii, 1, 92, 145, 238, 252, 254 foreign nations, 48, 50, 113–15, 136, 137–8, eight-legged, 138, 139 140, 144 eunuchs, 89, 93, 95–6, 136, 138 foreign neighbours, 113–16, 252 excess rainwater, 193, 195 foreign threats, 29, 151, 159, 255 excessive rainfall, 110, 196, 207 foreign tribes, 43, 49–50, 101, 103, 106, 108, exchange, cultural, vii, x, 136 113–14 executive power, 95, 101 foreign troops, 25, 26, 40, 42–3, 44, 47–8, external forces, 81, 99, 135 49, 50 external threats, x, 91, 103, 133, 136, 147, 150 foreigners, 22, 23, 25, 28, 38, 40, 50 formal standing armies, 15, 35, 37–8 families, 54, 70, 72, 83–4, 97–8, 138–9, 157–8, fraudsters, 104–5 249–50, 255 French Revolution, 106–7 aristocratic, 24, 72 frontiers, 25–6, 35–6, 88, 134 see also borders military, 25, 30, 42 frost, 192, 198, 204 nuclear, 69–70, 108, 157, 249, 255 fuel, 201, 203 scholarly, 48, 52 Fujian, 151, 200, 256

262 Index

Gaixia, Battle of, 23, 162 Hadrian, 164–5 gangs, 111, 112 Han, 19, 21–2, 50–2, 65–7, 69, 80–2, 85–7, criminal, 105 89–90, 101–2, 132–3, 181, 248–9 Gao, Emperor, 21–2, 27, 64, 86, and Chu, 17–19, 23, 80, 130 93–4 Eastern, 39–49, 50, 51, 63, 64–5, 66–9, 89, Gao Jianli, 80, 189 103–4, 248–9 Gaozi, 4 Emperor Wu, 23–36 Gaozong, 96, 109, 175 end of Han to premodern era, 50–1 Gaozu unification by, 80–7 temple, 85, 89, 94 Western, 40–2, 64, 66, 67, 85, 87, 89–91, Gaozu, Emperor, 80, 81–2, 85, 94, 106, 171, 251 138, 171 early, 19–23, 113 garrisons, 26, 40 Han–Hu, 125, 245, 253 border, 16, 20, 23, 25–6 Hanyuan, Battle of, 6 general population, 14, 21, 23, 67, 156 harassment, 113 Geng Bing, 42, 43 harvest season, 192, 198–9, 203, 207 Geng Zhong, 42–3 harvests, 48, 58, 107, 110, 191–2, 195, gentlemen, 7, 179–83, 238 198–9, 203 ghosts, 112, 132, 186 barley, 191, 197 hungry, 112 He, Emperor, 43, 89, 132–3 girls, 63, 100, 185, 188 head tax, 109 Gobi Desert, 26 heads of state, 9, 71–91, 250, 254, 256 gods, 90, 127–8, 132, 163, 166, 186, 189 abolition of ancestral temple worship and golden age, 118, 131, 136, 249 full establishment of imperial system, Gonghe regency, 168–9, 170, 173 87–90 Gongsun Ao, 30–2, 34 Han unification and deification of Gongsun He, 30–3, 94 emperor, 80–7 Gou Jian, 58 Qin battle for supremacy, 77–8 gouxu system, 195, 202, 207–9 Qin Shi Huang, 78–80 governance, 50, 58, 81, 100, 101, 195, School of Diplomacy, 74–7 234, 248 states vying for supremacy, 71–4 government, 14, 17, 58, 60, 100, 102, 109, 111 health, 6, 62, 106–7, 171–2, 242, 246 central, 24, 25–6, 35, 39–40, 42, 45, 97–8, Heaven, 62–3, 75–6, 77, 82–3, 87–8, 100, 112, 101, 252 126–7, 188–9, 191–2, 197, 250–1 troops, 37, 39, 48, 152 Hebei, 102, 103, 151, 233 grandsons, 57, 170–1 Hedong, 31, 42, 151, 202 Great Wall, 41–2, 138 heirs, 9, 71, 73, 79, 82, 107, 108, 164, 172 see Greece, 118–19, 120, 122–4, 141, 143, 147, also succession 157, 160 Henan, 27, 29, 30, 32, 40, 63, 73, 151, 185 Greeks, 115, 118, 123, 142, 147 Henei, 13, 29, 32 growth, population, 64–5, 68, 106, 107–8, 112, hierarchy, 8, 38, 83, 97, 127 151, 249 high ministers, 83, 93, 184 Guan Zhong, 3–5 high Qing, 134, 149, 253 Guangdong, 139, 151, 253 hills, 45, 202, 203 Guangwu Emperor, 33, 36–9, 40, 41, 42, 44, historians, vii, viii–x, xi, 117, 234, 243, 66, 89, 95, 149, 171 244, 246 Guangxi, 151 historical materialism, ix, 241, 247 Guangxu, 175 historical records, viii, 3, 55, 168, 173–5, Guanzhong, 14–15, 27, 49, 81, 203 176, 192 Guatian Yi, 38 historical research, xi, 124, 236, 243–4, 246 guerrilla warfare, 146, 157 historical sources, 141, 143, 144, 168–9, 197, guests, 94, 187 199, 236, 243–4 Guizhou, 140, 151 history Guo Yu, 3–7, 8, 9, 52, 179, 185 official, ix, 92, 110, 173, 189, 234 Guozi, 4 periodisation, 117, 124, 141, 237, 252, 256

Index 263

political, 9, 12, 92 independence, 50, 73, 79, 103, 124, 126, study of, 118, 120, 234, 238, 242, 244 250, 253 Western, viii, 118, 122, 124, 234, 236, India, 114, 124, 141–2, 144, 244, 257 243, 253 Indian Buddhism, 137, 245, 253 world, ix, x, 122, 124, 240–2, 246, 254, Indian–Chinese hybrid, 125, 245, 253 256–7 infanticide, 59, 63, 69 horses, 6, 20, 22, 32–4, 43, 83, 111, 113 infantry, 20, 21, 27, 29, 37–40, 49 household sizes, 108–9 innovations, 131, 135, 140, 143, 184, 246 households, 4–5, 64–5, 249 instability, 38, 80, 96, 103, 105–6, 107–11, Hu, 26, 35, 37, 40–1, 47, 48, 133–5, 245, 248 249, 252 bloodlines, 134 institutions, 68–9, 89–91, 96–7, 131, 132, 229, Five, 69, 111, 114, 138, 150, 245, 249 233, 249–50, 251 troops, 43, 47, 86, 89 imperial, 90–1, 104 Hu Yuelong, 256 military, 3, 248 Hu Zhongda, 256 political, viii, 141, 148, 161, 253 Huainan, 81, 151 social, 132, 135 Huaizong, 172 intellectuals, x, 79, 102, 118, 182–3 Huan, Duke, 5, 7, 73, 76, 128 intelligentsia, 72, 79, 145, 182 Huan, King, 171 international landscape, 65, 128, 141, 148, 154, Huang Chao, 104, 111–12 238–9 huangdi, 71, 79, 136, 163, 250 see also indivi- invasions, 68–9, 107, 150, 154, 245, 249, dual emperors 252, 253 Huangfu Song, 47 Japanese, 179, 245 Huaxia, 125–6 see also culture irrigation, 192–5, 200, 208–9 Hubei, 109, 151–2 Islam, 122–3, 161, 165–7, 244, 253 Huhanye, 41 Italy, 123, 147, 160, 207 Hui, Duke, 6–7, 179–80 Hui, Emperor, 58, 67, 76, 85, 88, 93, 107 Japan, 145, 146, 147–8, 152–5, 223–4, 239, Hui, King, 11, 58, 76 245–6, 247, 254 humiliation, 50, 83, 179, 180 resistance against Japanese aggression, viii, hunger, 49, 111–12 xi, 145–52, 237, 245, 254–5 hungry ghosts, 112 Jesuits, 240 Hunye, King, 26 Ji Tong, 42–3 Huo Qubing, 26, 29, 31–2, 35 Jia Biao, 63 hypocrisy, 56–7, 156, 181–3, 248 Jia Yi, 54–5, 83, 84 Jiang Ge, 67–8 idealists, 84–5, 162 Jiang Tingfu, 235 ideals, 103, 105, 118, 180, 182, 187, Jianghuai, 29, 32–3 188, 239 Jiangnan, 133–5, 151, 200, 205, 253 identity, national, 54, 135, 166 Jiangxi, 151 illegitimate sons, 30–1, 35 Jianwu period, 39, 41–2, 44 immortality, 60, 62, 132 Jiaqing, 175 imperator, 163 Jie Yu, 130, 149 imperial consorts, 85 Jilu Pass, 43 imperial edicts see edicts Jin, 6, 11, 53, 128–9, 133, 171, 172, 179–80, imperial house, 82, 85–7, 88–9, 106–7, 141 185–6, 197 imperial institutions, 90–1, 104 Eastern, x, 50, 134 imperial period, 125, 253 Western, 111 Imperial Secretariat, 90, 95–7 Jin Yu, 185 imperial system, 71, 75, 86–7, 98, 161, 165, Jincheng, 37, 41 237, 250 jindai, 120 full establishment, 87–90 jing, 193, 195, 202 imperial throne, 164, 165, 175 Jing, Emperor, 37, 85 imperium, 163–4 Jing Ke, 9, 77, 181, 189 powers of, 164–5 jingtian system, 193–4, 201–2

264 Index

jingtian–gouxu system, 195 local ofﬁcials, 20, 44–5, 64, 98, 101–2 Jinling Women’s College, 233–4 logging, 201, 203, 208 Joseon campaign, 29 Longxi, 24, 29, 30, 32, 37, 42, 47 Julius Caesar, 80, 162 lords, 18, 83, 126, 129, 186 junzi, 179, 183 feudal, 71–2, 74, 81, 82, 127, 128, 130, 250 Jurchens, 50, 113 losses, 11, 13, 16, 32–3, 132–3, 154–5, 186 Lü, Empress, 22, 93 Kaaba, 166 Lu Bode, 32, 34 Kangxi, Emperor, 109, 113, 175 Lu Zhonglian, 78, 81 Kao, Duke, 173–4 lunar calendar, 191–2, 197–9 kin, consort, 89, 93, 95–6 Luoyang, 40, 46, 49, 89 knowledge, 9, 88, 147, 180, 236, 243, 246, 257 Lüshi Chunqiu, 6, 191, 196–7, 200, 203–4 kuai channels, 193, 195, 202 Kublai Khan, 171 Madman of Chu, 130, 149 Kunming, 29, 145–6, 183, 201, 237–8 Manchus, 50, 114, 133, 140 Marius, Gaius, 161–2 land, 26–7, 99, 100, 108–10, 121, 193–5, 199, martial arts, 7, 9 209, 250–1 martial virtues, 155, 248, 255 arable, 202–3, 206, 208–9 Marxism, 247 reform, 209, 240 massacres, 17–19, 83, 110, 112 language, 22, 44, 116–17, 124, 138, 195–6, materialism, historical, ix, 241, 247 252 Mecca, 165–6 late Qing, 134, 149, 253 Mencius, 56, 57–8, 82, 136, 177–8, 193–5, Latin, 124 200–1, 202 laws, 5, 9, 14, 55, 64–5, 99–100, 157, 160 merchants, 3–5, 8, 16, 111 legal reforms, 5, 54–6, 73, 137, 201, 249 messengers, 46, 94, 95 Legalists, 131 methods of calculation, 142, 170 legends, 6, 168, 169, 172, 176 migrations, 106, 150, 241 Lei Haizong, vii–xi, 210–57 southward, 150–1 criticism as ‘rightist’, 242–3 militarised society, 9–10, 248 intellectual thought and work, 243–7 militarism, viii, xi, 12, 35, 114 and slavery, 241 military affairs, 7, 10, 26, 28, 45, 180 Li, Duke, 174, 180 military campaigns see campaigns. Li, King, 127, 170, 172, 176 military culture, viii, 35, 156 Li Cai, 31, 94 military families, 25, 30, 42 Li Guang, 30–4 military force, 13, 17, 23, 26, 40, 49, 100 Li Guangli, 34, 35 military institutions, 3, 248 Li Ju, 31 military ofﬁcials, 39, 99–102, 105, 252 Li Jue, 49, 133 military power, 99–100, 101, 114 Li Kui, 55, 201–2, 204 military service, 5–7, 20–1, 23, 25, 28, 155, Li Ling, 34 179, 183 Liangzhou, 40, 42, 44–6, 49, 103 military skills, 8, 180–1, 183 Lin Tongji, 215, 219, 238, 239 military system, 3–4, 9, 16, 23, 36, 86, 157, lineage system, 52–3, 69, 132, 249 248, 251 Ling, Duke, 185 military training, 8, 20, 156 Ling, Emperor, 45, 46 military values, 138, 182 literary education, 7, 8, 181, 182 militias, 28, 39, 152 literati, 8, 72, 80, 113, 139, 180, 250 millet, 191, 197, 203 literature, 104, 117, 122, 235, 243 mimi zhi yin, 184, 187 ancient, 191, 194, 196 Min, King, 77 Liu Jin, 85 Ming, 50, 96, 103–4, 113–14, 133–4, 138, Liu Liang, 66 139–40, 151, 172 livestock, 30–1, 43, 126, 165 early, 139 Liyang, 40, 43 late, 134, 139, 149, 253 local armies, 20, 39, 42, 101 rule, 50, 96, 138, 140

Index 265

Ming, Emperor, 40–1, 42, 67, 89 obligations, 5, 20–1, 64, 66, 131, 156 ministers, 55, 82–3, 84, 86, 90, 93, 94, 100 Octavius, 162–4, 165 chief, 200, 201 official class, 42, 66, 105, 131 high, 83, 93, 184 official history, ix, 92, 110, 173, 189, 234 prime see Prime Ministers. official residences, 49, 93 minor officials, 44, 80, 93 officials, 46–7, 48–9, 79, 86, 98, 101, 102–3, minors, 170 105, 111–12 Mongols, 50, 99, 114, 133–4, 138, 140, 152 civilian, 99–102 morphology, cultural, xi, 239, 241, 244 local, 20, 44–5, 64, 98, 101–2 mothers, 12–13, 54, 63, 66–8, 112 military, 39, 99–102, 105, 252 mothers-in-law, 22, 55 minor, 44, 80, 93 mountains, 43, 191, 193, 200–1, 202, 203, 209 old age, 60, 144, 172, 176–7 sacred, 75–6 old aristocracy, 8, 9, 72, 79 mourning, 53, 56–7, 66, 68, 132, 188 Opium Wars, 114, 252 period, 56–7, 66 ordinary people, 12–13, 38–9, 45–6, 53, 64, system, 56, 67, 68–9, 249 86–7, 89–90, 103–4, 105 Mozi, 12, 56, 188–9 Osman, Caliph, 167 Mu, Duke, 6 ossification of political system, 92–7, 139, 252 Muhammad, 166 outlaws, 17, 38, 39, 48, 105, 110, 112 murder, 23, 63, 94 overlords, 126, 127, 129 music, 120, 179, 184–9 common, 71, 126, 128 ancient, 184, 187, 190 changes in, 184, 189 pacification, 44, 108, 113, 252 Xinsheng, 185, 186, 188, 189 pain, 46, 77, 155, 158, 242, 249 musical revolution, 187, 238, 243 palaces, 14, 20, 48–9, 83, 86, 107, 184, Muzong, Emperor, 175 186 Pan Geng, 126, 142, 174–7, 178, 235 names, rectification, 117–24 parents, 55, 56–8, 60, 63, 66, 68, 132, 144, 158 Nan, King, 170 parties, political, 102, 133 Nan Geng, Shang king, 176 passions, viii, xi, 60, 63 Nankai University, vii, 229–31, 240, 243, 246, patriotism, 19, 245–6 247, 256 peace, 22–4, 39, 42, 46, 48, 105, 112–13, 131, national army, 19, 254 162–3 National Central University, vii, 211–12, 233–4 peacetime, 97, 98, 105, 120, 146, 148 national cultures, 116, 254 Pearl river, 64, 125, 133, 150 national identity, 54, 135, 166 Peking Man, 121 national interest, 103, 157 People’s Republic, 240, 246, 247 nationalism, academic, xi periodisation, 117–18, 119–20, 124, 125–41, natural woodlands, 200, 202–3 142, 236–7, 252–3, 256 navy, 20, 21, 33, 37, 39 three-part, 118, 120 neighbours, 10, 56, 71, 72–3, 74, 76, 78 Persia, 115–16, 118, 143 foreign, 113–16, 252 personal property, 82, 165 Neo-Confucianism, 137, 139, 144, 181–2 pestilence, 110 Neolithic period, 121–3, 125, 206, 253 philosophers, 7, 76, 78, 131, 139, 244 Nero, 164 philosophy, 131–2, 134–5, 137, 139, 149, nomads, ix, 25, 107–8, 113–14, 165–6, 241, 211–12, 233–5, 243–4 248, 252, 253 state, 102, 132 Northern and Southern Dynasties, 90, 97, 98, piety, filial, 57, 66–9, 157, 249 113, 114, 134–6, 148–9, 151 Ping, Duke, 185–6 northern borders, 42, 206 Ping, King, 127, 171 northern chanyu,43 Ping-ti Ho, ix northern China, 137, 191–209, 240, 243 plebeians, 163 Northern Song, 99, 113, 151 policies, 58, 64–5, 68–9, 86, 88, 132, 224–6, northern Xiongnu, 41, 42–4, 89 239, 240 nuclear family, 69–70, 108, 157, 249, 255 political agendas, 93, 181

266 Index

political centres, 127, 134, 253 professional soldiers, 16, 24, 28 political climate, 72–3 propaganda, 66, 74–6, 82, 116 political history, 9, 12, 92 property, 54, 82, 84, 105, 110, 161 political institutions, viii, 141, 148, 161, 253 personal, 82, 165 political landscape, 128, 239 provinces, 20, 44, 47, 49, 97, 100, 101, 150–1 political life, 92, 252 see also individual province names. political parties, 102, 133 and central government, 97–9 political pressure, ix Pu, river, 184–5 political stability, 107, 143 punishments, 5, 10, 83–4 political systems, 9, 80, 102, 161, 165–6, 252 punitive campaigns, 11, 34, 179, 200 ossification, 92–7, 139, 252 puppets, 80, 93, 95, 101, 107, 127, 129 political theory, 9, 180 Pure Conversation, 68, 103–4, 133 politics, 95, 97, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 146, 245–6 Qi, 3–6, 10, 15, 53, 73–8, 128, 130, 250 domestic, 103, 132 qian, 53, 202 scholarly, viii, xi Qiang, 37, 40–2, 44–7, 133 poll taxes, 64–5 cavalry, 42 population, 35, 58–9, 64–6, 68, 85, 87, 107–13, revolts, 44–5, 46 150, 251–2 troops, 36–7, 42, 43, 86, 89, 248 general, 14, 21, 23, 67, 156 Western, 29, 32, 36–7, 41–2, 44, 47 growth, 64–5, 68, 106, 107–8, 112, 151, 249 Qianlong, Emperor, 109, 113, 175, 244 and pacification, 108–13, 252 qianmo field pathways, 201–2 size, 64, 92, 116, 150, 252 qimen, 24, 67 statistics, 64 Qin, 6, 10–19, 54–6, 62, 73–9, 80, 81, 82, 84, total, 108–9 90–2, 128–32, 173–4, 201–2, 250, Portuguese, 139 251, 252 post roads, 15 battle for supremacy, 77–8 posthumous edicts, 66, 95 emperors, 27, 62, 75, 79, 81, 83 posthumous titles, 67 empire, 13–16, 19, 75, 80, 81, 251 pottery, 83 King of, 13–14, 73, 77, 79, 81 power, 53–4, 72–3, 79, 87–90, 93–6, 97–100, state, 6, 10, 15, 73, 201 102–3, 126, 138–40, 160–1, 162–5, 250 unification, 19, 74, 131, 143, 252 balance of, 9, 73, 129 Qin Shi Huang base, 72–3, 93 Emperor, 11, 15–16, 78–80, 90–1, 131–2 executive, 95, 101 Qing, 30–2, 96, 134, 139–40, 149, 150–2, 172, military, 99–100, 101, 114 175–6, 185, 253 real, 71, 100–1, 105–6, 107, 138, 160, 166, high, 134, 149, 253 250, 256 late, 134, 149, 253 prayers, 191–2, 196 quasi-conscription systems, 9, 248 precipitation, 192, 197–8, 200, 202–3, 206, 207–8 see also rainfall raids, 23, 40–1, 44, 46, 113, 127, 197 pregnant women, 58, 65 rain, 182, 186, 196, 198, 204, 207 see also pre-Qin period, 75, 108, 120 precipitation Prime Ministers, 7–9, 20, 46, 66, 78, 83, 89, rainfall, 196, 198, 200–1, 207–8 93–7, 250 excessive, 110, 196, 207 princeps, 162–4 heavy, 191, 193–4, 196, 197–8 princes, 71, 77, 81, 83, 172, 180, 184, 250 rainwater, 200, 207 Crown, 85, 94–5, 172 excess, 193, 195 prisoner armies, 27–8 flooding, 208, 209 prisoners, 23, 26–8, 43 runoff, 207 private armies, 47, 49, 101 ranks, 7, 13, 16, 20, 21–3, 94, 96 privileges, 53, 72, 162–4, 165 rations, 10, 12, 28, 38 production, 199, 242 rats, 83, 146 agricultural, 208 real power, 71, 100–1, 105–6, 107, 138, 160, professional armies, 156, 161, 248 166, 250, 256

Index 267

rebel armies, 19, 81 Empire, 68, 80, 141–3, 158, 161, 165 rebellions, 15–16, 23, 37–8, 44–5, 47, 48, ruffians, 103, 104–6 133, 136 ruling classes, 71, 74, 106, 250 rebels, 16–17, 38, 45, 47–8 records, 3, 6, 8, 11, 17–18, 168, 169, sacred mountain, 75–6 177–8, 197 sacrifices, 53, 60, 75–6, 85, 88, 157, 237 historical, viii, 3, 55, 168, 173–5, 176, 192 fengshan, 76, 82, 87, 251 Records of the Grand Historian, 8, 11, 17–18, seasonal, 85 37, 75, 76, 78 sacrificial rites, 184, 187–8, 189 recruitment, 16, 21–2, 23–5, 86, 161, 182 sailors, 21, 29, 32 rectification of names, 117–24 sandstorms, 205 reforms, 54–6, 96, 132, 137, 201–2, 227, Santong Calendar, 168, 174, 176 230, 235 scholar-advisers, wandering, 102, 104, 180–1 land, 209, 240 scholarly culture, 155, 255 legal, 5, 54–6, 73, 137, 201, 249 scholarly families, 48, 52 Wei, 55, 201 scholarly politics, viii, xi regional inspectors, 47, 101 scholar-officials, and bandits, 102–6, 252 regions, 5, 36–7, 125, 139, 141, 200, 241, scholars, 8, 9, 139, 168, 182, 244, 245, 244–5 see also individual region 248 names. scholarship, viii, x, 117, 172, 204 coastal, 154, 241 School of Diplomacy, 74–7 southern, 245, 253 science, 7, 121, 205, 233, 235, 243–4 rejuvenation, xi, 140, 143, 148, 256 scripts, 115–16, 131, 138, 176, 179, 252 religion, 67–8, 129, 134, 137, 243, 249, 253 seasonal sacrifices, 85 organised, 127, 132 seasons, 46, 85, 191–2, 198, 205 relocation, 41, 44, 127–8, 152, 174–5 agricultural, 199, 203–4 Renzong, 175 second cycle of culture, 125, 134, 139, 143–4, Republic of China, 69, 99, 101, 105, 134, 253 148–50, 151–4, 245–6, 253–4, 255 Republican period, viii, x, xi Secretariat, Imperial, 90, 95–7 research, ix, xi, 52, 53, 233, 234, 236–7, 244 sects, 104–5, 109, 116, 136 historical, xi, 124, 236, 243–4, 246 self-defence, 9, 155 methods, 234, 236, 243, 247 semi-conscription, 50, 86, 137, 248 residences, 15, 20, 93, 100 semi-formal titles, 162–3 official, 49, 93 Senate, 161–2, 163–5 resistance against Japanese aggression, viii, xi, September, 198–9 145–52, 237, 245, 254–5 service, 21, 52, 55, 104, 161, 179, 181, 201, 239 reverence, 181, 184 military, 5–7, 20–1, 23, 25, 28, 155, 179, 183 revolts, 36–7, 38–9, 41, 44–5, 47, 109, 111, Shaanxi, 151 112, 133 Shandong, 130, 151, 200–1 Qiang, 44–5, 46 Shang, 124, 126–7, 168, 171–2, 174–9, 185, rice, 65, 88, 110, 111, 192, 198–9, 209 197, 199–200 rites, 57, 88, 89–90, 184, 187–8, 191, 203–4 capital, 174–5, 178, 235 sacrificial, 184, 187–8, 189 chronology, 174–8 Shang, 177 Commandery, 27, 38 Rites of Zhou, 75, 193, 194–6 kings, 126, 200 rituals, 83, 88, 89, 179, 181, 188, 195 rites, 177 river dykes see dykes. Shang Qiucheng, 34 rivers, 11, 15, 38, 58, 150, 185, 193–5, 196 Shang Yang, 53–6, 73, 132, 201, 249 natural, 193, 202 Shang Yin, 75, 119, 149 roads, 14–15, 103, 186, 191, 192–3, 196, 202 Shangdang, 204 post, 15 Shanggu, 43, 119 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 106 Shangjun, 24 Rome, 118, 122–4, 157, 160, 161–3, 167, 232, Shanxi, 103, 111, 151 241–2, 244 Shen Tujia, 93 emperor, 161–5 Shengzu, 175

268 Index

Shenjue period, 37 sordid behaviour, 155, 255 shi,3–5, 179, 180, 185 sources, 52–3, 55, 75, 120, 123, 173–4, Shi Kuang, 185–6 177, 204 Shi Shouxin, 100 ancient, 52, 178, 191, 192 Shi Yan, 185 historical, 141, 143, 144, 168–9, 197, 199, shidafu, 42, 46, 83, 181–2, 248 236, 243–4 Shizi, 43, 175 reliable, 8, 141, 169, 173, 178, 206 Shizong, 85, 175 South East Asia, 139, 140 shuangjiang, 198, 203 southern chanyu, 41, 43 Shun, Emperor, 68, 76, 82, 171 Southern Song, 96, 99, 113, 151 Shunzhi, 172, 175 southern Xiongnu, 41, 43 Shuofang, 26, 30, 41, 43 Southern Yue, 29, 30, 32 sibling succession, 175, 176 southward migrations, 150–1 male, 175–6 southwestern Yi, 29, 37 Sichuan, 27, 29, 32–3, 109, 151–2 Spengler, Oswald, x, 231, 234, 238, 241, 242, Sima Qian, 11, 18, 130, 168, 173, 238 244–5, 247 Sima Yi, 49 spring, 31, 82, 191–2, 203, 205–6, 221, 235 Sino-Japanese War of Resistance see resistance Spring and Autumn period, 3–8, 9–10, 52–3, against Japanese aggression. 56–8, 71–2, 127–9, 169, 179, 180–1, Six Counties, 24–5 186–7, 248–50 skills, 9, 20, 169, 179, 180, 209, 248 stability, 36, 65, 69, 81, 96, 106, 180, 249, 252 civilian, 9, 248 political, 107, 143 military, 8, 180–1, 183 state building, x, 145, 146, 154–9, 215, 237, slavery, ix–x, 38, 82–3, 92, 94, 241–2, 254–5 247, 251 statesmen, vii, 74, 76, 79, 139 sluices, 193, 207 status, 48, 53, 81–4, 125–6, 129, 134, social environment, 156, 179 250–1, 253 social institutions, 132, 135 commoner, 33, 131 social life, 84, 86, 179 social, 131, 250 social sciences, vii, 209, 235, 237, 243, Stone Age, 120, 236, 242 248 strategy, 9, 24, 27, 46, 73, 74, 87, 165 social status, 131, 250 strength, 17–18, 23, 35–6, 145, 147, 152, 157, social undesirables, 29, 37 181–3 society, 20–1, 38–9, 61–2, 68–70, 80–1, 84, students, xi, 179, 180, 182, 233, 236, 237, 242 106–7, 134–6, 145–6, 156–7, 240–2, succession, 106, 170–1, 175–6 247–9 dynastic, 160–7, 237, 255–6 captive, 242, 247 sibling see sibling succession. feudal, 53, 242 successors, 104, 134, 143, 164–5, 166–7 militarised, 9–10, 248 Sui, 47, 50, 98, 102, 134–7, 248, 253 slave, 241, 247 suicide, 32, 94–5, 164, 172, 180–1, 185 soil, 202, 203, 206, 207 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 162 soldier farmers, 28, 36 summer, 31, 75, 191, 195, 197, 203, soldiers, 10, 12–13, 16–17, 25–6, 28, 34, 36–7, 233 38–9, 156–7 supremacy, 128, 177, 250 non-professional, 6 Qin battle for, 77–8 professional, 16, 24, 28 states vying for, 71–4 Song, 47–8, 50, 96–7, 99–101, 113, 120, surrender, 10–11, 19, 26, 31, 37, 54, 78 133–4, 136–8, 149–51, 171 Northern, 99, 113, 151 Tai, Mount, 75–6 Southern, 96, 99, 113, 151 taiyangling, 65, 69 Song Taizu, 101, 171 Taiyuan, 33, 43, 111 songs, 23, 184, 185, 186, 194 Taizu, Emperor, 50, 85, 96, 100, 106, 171 sons, 35–6, 54–5, 71–2, 77, 87–8, 126–7, Tang, 50, 96–7, 98–9, 104, 113, 134–7, 171, 166–7, 174–6, 191–2, 197, 204, 250–1 173, 176–7 adopted, 165 early, 96, 99, 113

Index 269

late, 100, 136, 151 Umar ibn al-Khattab, 166–7 Taoism, 132–3, 135, 137, 149, 234 undesirables, social, 29, 37 tattooing, 83 uniﬁcation, 12, 35–6, 74–5, 76, 78–9, 80, 131, taxes, 21–2, 64, 65, 98, 105, 108–9, 112 141–3, 251 temperate zones, 170, 201, 234, 246 United States, vii, 158, 211, 222–6, 233, temples, 49, 82, 85–9, 111 239–40, 246 ancestral, 53, 85–8, 191, 197, 251 unoccupied zone, 182, 246, 256 territory, 40, 42, 113, 116, 127, 131, 151–2, 154 uprisings, 15–17, 19, 133, 152 third cycle of culture, 154–8, 237, 245–6, usurpation, 38, 72, 95, 130, 133 254–5 threats, 36, 43, 49–50, 57, 113, 133, 135, vagrants, 16, 21, 28, 29, 104, 108, 112, 152, 209 161, 248 external, x, 91, 103, 133, 136, 147, 150 valour, 146, 148, 152, 157, 182, 254 foreign, 29, 151, 159, 255 values, 7, 10, 56–7, 134, 138, 140, 157, three-part periodisation, 118, 120 159 three-year mourning period, 56, 66–7, 68, 249 military, 138, 182 throne, 53, 127, 164, 169–72, 174, 176–7, 235 Vespasian, 164 imperial, 164, 165, 175 victories, 30, 36, 43, 46, 154–6, 237, 238–9, Tian Qianqiu, 94 245–6 Tian Xia, 19, 79, 195 ﬁnal, 43, 56, 78, 81, 114 Tianhan period, 34 villages, 5, 193, 196, 208–9 Tianshui, 24, 27, 29, 32, 37, 42 virtues, 67–8, 119, 156, 186, 195, 248, Tiberius, 164 255 titles, 59, 73–4, 77, 79, 81, 90, 102, 163–4, martial, 155, 248, 255 250–1 volunteers, 29, 44, 47, 151–2 formal, 163 new, 78–9, 250 wandering scholar-advisers, 102, 104, 180–1 posthumous, 67 Wang Anshi, 103, 137–8 semi-formal, 162–3 Wang Chong, 63 Titus, 164 Wang Hui, 30 tombs, 27, 40, 48–9 Wang Mang, 38, 41, 62–3, 67, 89, 95 Tongzhi, 175 Wang Yangming, 139–40 tools, 72, 101, 114, 126, 242 War of Resistance Against Japanese traditional culture, viii, 1–51, 140–1, 145, 245, Aggression, 145, 147, 151, 152, 155, 246–8, 253, 254–5 158, 237, 254–5 training, military, 8, 20, 156 warfare, 7, 10, 12, 16, 20, 129, 131, 179 Trajan, 164 guerrilla, 146, 157 translators, 234 warlords, 49, 100–2 tribes, 23, 35, 43–4, 126–7, 141, 166–7 Warring States, 8–13, 17–19, 52–3, 55–9, 60–2, foreign, 43, 49–50, 101, 103, 106, 108, 71–7, 128–31, 186–8, 189–91, 203–4, 113–14 248–51 tribunicia potestas, 163–5 clans, 53–62 troops, 5, 14–17, 22–4, 25–6, 29, 38, 40–3, climate, 203 46–7, 48–9, 145–6 early, 8 crack, 18, 39, 40 former, 13, 15, 79–80, 81 foreign, 25, 26, 40, 42–3, 44, 47–8, 49, 50 warrior class, 3, 5, 7 Wuhuan, 47 warrior aristocrats, 5, 7, 179 trust, 13, 156, 168, 169 wars, x–xi, 1, 10–12, 145–6, 152–6, 158, blind, 155, 255 245–6, 247, 254–5 truth, 56, 60, 95, 117–18, 169, 185, 186–7, water, 75, 192, 193, 195, 199, 203, 207–8 246–7 wealth, 35, 48, 84, 93 Tsinghua University, vii, ix, 212–14, 219–20, weapons, 13–15, 45, 47, 79, 116, 154, 180, 217 227, 233, 235–8, 239–40 weeds, 111, 194, 203 tuntian system, 23, 26, 36, 41–2 Wei, 10–11, 29, 35, 55, 58–9, 73–5, 77–8, Turkish Empire, 122 128, 201

270 Index

Wei, Duke, 174 Xianfeng, 175 Wei Qing, 29, 30–2, 35 Xiang Yu, 17, 18, 22, 23, 80 Wei–Jin, 97, 103, 114, 133 xiao, 67, 93, 195 Wells, H.G. x, 234, 246 Xihe, 24, 32, 37, 41–2, 50 Wen, Duke, 56, 59, 127, 200 Xin Hai Revolution, 91, 160 Wen, Emperor, 22, 25–6, 35, 48, 66, 85, Xinsheng, 184–5, 187–8, 189–90, 215, 93–4, 113 238, 243 Wen, King, 119, 128, 177 music, 185, 186, 188, 189 Wen, Marquis, 55, 187, 201 Xiongnu, 22, 26, 29–38, 41–2, 43–4, Wen Mu, 43 90, 95 Wenzong, 175 campaign, 29 Western Han, 40–2, 64, 66, 67, 85, 87, 89–91, northern, 41, 42–4, 89 171, 251 southern, 41, 43 early, 19–23, 113 Xiyu, 25–6, 36, 41, 44, 45 Western history, viii, 118, 122, 124, 234, 236, Xuan, Emperor, 36–7, 64, 85–6, 171 243, 253 Xuan, King, 76, 127, 170, 173 Western Jin, 111 Xuanzong, 175 Western languages, 116, 163, 252 Xun Zhi, 33 Western Powers, 50, 114, 143, 154, 251 Xunzi, 9, 57, 120, 181, 189 Western Qiang, 29, 32, 36–7, 41–2, 44, 47 Western Zhou, 119–20, 170–4, 176, 194, 197, Yan, 15, 35–6, 75–8, 81, 113, 150, 200 200, 234–5 Yang, Duke, 174 Westerners, 117, 119, 124, 139–40, 245 Yangtze, 64, 125, 133, 137, 150, 253 Wey, 94–5, 184–5, 187 Yanmen, 41, 43, 204 White Lotus, 104 yayue, 184, 187, 189–90, 215, 238, 243 wine, 6, 58, 82, 100 Yellow Emperor, 59–60, 62–3, 75, 186 winter, 192, 194, 199, 203, 205 Yellow River, 58, 125, 150 winter barley, 198 Yellow Turbans, 46–8, 104, 111, 133 women, 48, 58, 60, 62–3, 65, 139, 184–5, 220 Yi, 8–9, 29, 37–8, 54–5, 83, 84, 149, 150, pregnant, 58, 65 180 woodlands, natural, 200, 202–3 eastern, 200 world history, ix, x, 122, 124, 147, 240–2, 246, southwestern, 29, 37 254, 256–7 Yin, 59–60, 126, 174–5, 178, 200, and Chinese history compared, 141–4 235 Wu, Emperor, 23–37, 40, 85, 94–5, 171, Yin, Duke, 197 237 Yin Xu religion, 149 Wu, General, 13 Ying Shao, 47–8 Wu, King, 11, 127, 177, 185, 200 Yin-Yang School, 60, 131–2, 149 Wu, Prince of, 23, 172 Yizhou, 33, 37 Wu Bao’an, 256 Yongzheng, 175 Wu Qi, 12, 55, 201 You, Duke, 174 Wu Tang, 42–3 youshuo zhishi, 102, 104 Wu Zixu, 10, 129 Youzhou, 40, 41–2, 49, 103 Wuhan University, vii, 178, 212, 234–5, Yu Jin, 149 247 Yu Quan, 180 Wuhuan, 41–2, 43, 47, 49 Yuan, 99, 134, 138, 139, 149, troops, 47 171–2 Wuwei, 26, 42 Yuan, Emperor, 24, 86, 88–9 Yuan Fan, 180 Xia, 50, 75, 113, 126, 137, 147, 151, 178, 195 Yuanfeng period, 33 calendar, 192, 195, 197 Yuanshou period, 30–2, 237 Xian, Duke, 11, 174 Yue, 10, 33, 34, 58–9, 128–9, 139–40, Xian, Emperor, 48, 171 150, 200 Xian, King, 32, 41, 43 cavalry, 26, 37, 40 Xianbei, 43, 47 Southern, 29, 30, 32

Index 271

Yue Jin, 149 Zhaoxiang, King, 11, 77 ‘Yuejipian’, 187–8 Zhen, Duke, 173 ‘Yuelingpian’, 191, 192 Zheng, 7, 139, 179–80, 184–5, 187, 195, yulin,24–5, 37, 67 197 Yunnan, 140, 151 Zheng, King, 78–9 Yunzhong, 31, 33, 41 Zhi style, 185–6 Yushi, 196 Zhili, 151 Yuzi, 177 zhonggu,119–20 Zhonglei Commandant, 25 Zhang, Emperor, 40, 65, 68, 96 Zhou, 7, 71–2, 73–4, 119, 127, 168–9, 170–1, Zhang Bangchang, 104 172–4, 176–9, 193–4, 195–6, 250 Zhang Cang, 93 calendar, 195, 197 Zhang Cigong, 31 chronology, 172, 177 Zhang Liang, 62, 80 Eastern, 226, 239 Zhang Liao, 149 Western, 119–20, 170–4, 176, 194, 197, 200, Zhang Qian, 32 234–5 Zhang Xianzhong, 111 Zhou, Duke, 173, 200 Zhang Yi, 8–9, 76, 180 Zhou, King, 119, 175, 185, 200, 235 zhanguo, 8, 17, 77, 130 see also Warring States Zhou Yi, 234 Zhanguo Ce, xi, 8, 17, 77, 130 Zhu Jun, 47 Zhangye, 26, 42 Zhu Xi, 139, 149 Zhao, 11, 35–6, 73–4, 77–8, 81, 128, Zhuangzi, 188 130, 180 Zixia, 187–8 Zhao, Emperor, 36–7, 86, 95, zongfa system, 69, 132 171 zongzi,52 Zhao Ponu, 33–4 Zuo Zhuan, 7, 9, 52, 128, 169, 177, 194, Zhao Xinchen, 64 197, 201 Zhao Yiji, 32 records, 10, 197