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A Study of the Guodian Confucian Texts

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A Study of the Guodian Confucian Texts Early Confucianism: A Study of the Guodian Confucian Texts Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Wong, Kwan Leung Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 06:38:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195186 EARLY CONFUCIANISM: A STUDY OF THE GUODIAN CONFUCIAN TEXTS by Kwan Leung Wong _______________________________ Copyright © Kwan Leung Wong 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2006 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Kwan Leung Wong entitled EARLY CONFUCIANISM: A STUDY OF THE GUODIAN CONFUCIAN TEXTS and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________________________________________________ Date: March 24, 2006 Jiang Wu Dissertation Chair _______________________________________________ Date: March 24, 2006 Donald Harper Dissetation Co-chair ________________________________________________ Date: March 24, 2006 Anna M. Shields Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: March 24, 2006 Dissertation Director: Jiang Wu 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rulers of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. _________________________ SIGNED: Kwan Leung Wong 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………...6 ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………..7 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………..8 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….9 CHAPTER 1. THE GUODIAN TOMB AND MANUSCRIPTS….12 CHAPTER 2. THE GUODIAN CONFUCIAN TEXTS AND CONFUCIANISM IN THE WARRING STATES PERIOD………………………………………………...39 CHAPTER 3. TAND YU ZHI DAO (THE WAY OF TANG AND YU): NEW LIGHT ON THE THEME OF RESIGNING THE THRONE IN EARLY CONFUCIANISM……...…78 CHAPTER 4. ZHONGXIN ZHI DAO (THE WAY OF LOYALTY AND TRUSTWORTHINESS): MORAL STANDARD AND THEIR RELATION TO RITUAL THEORY IN EARLY CONFUCIANISM……………………………...125 CHAPTER 5. ZISI AND THE ZISI ZI: ANALYSIS OF LU MUGONG WEN ZISI (CONSULTATION WITH ZISI BY DUKE MU OF LU) AND QIONGDA YI SHI (ADVERSITY AND PROMINENCE DEPEND ON THE OPPORTUNITIES OF TIME)……………………..156 CONCLUSION……..………………………………………………..172 APPENDICES……………………………………………………….174 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued APPENDIX A: TRANSLATION OF LU MUGONG WEN ZISI (CONSULTATION WITH ZISI BY DUKE MU OF LU)………………………………………………………175 APPENDIX B: TRANSLATION OF QIONGDA YI SHI (ADVERSITY AND PROMINENCE DEPEND ON THE OPPORTUNITIES OF TIME)……………………..177 APPENDIX C: TRANSLATION OF TAND YU ZHI DAO (THE WAY OF TANG AND YU)………………….…184 APPENDIX D: TRANSLATION OF ZHONGXIN ZHI DAO (THE WAY OF LOYALTY AND TRUSTWORTHINESS)……………………………....199 REFERENCES.………………………………………………...……205 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Different Title Names of the Guodian Confucian Texts Given by Different Collators. ………………………………………………...12 Table 2. Comparing the Common Characteristics of Upper Shi’s Grave and Unearthed Objects from Guodian M1 Tomb……………………….20 Table 3. Categories of the Guodian Texts…………………………………...29 Table 4. Twelve Categories of the Guodian Texts Suggested by Wang Bo…30 Table 5. Comparing the Guodian Manuscripts and Shanghai Museum’s Collection……………..……………………………………………..45 Table 6. Tombs and the Unearthed Texts…………………………………….51 Table 7. The Contents of Heaven and Man – the Distinctions between Da zongshi and Qiongda yi shi………………………………………170 7 ABBREVIATIONS CMZJ Jingmen shi bowu guan 荊門市博物館, Guodian chumu zhujian 郭店 楚墓竹簡. JDJ Li Ling 李零, Guodian chujian jiaodu ji 郭店楚簡校讀記. YSJS Tu Zongliu 涂宗流 & Liu Zuxin 劉祖信, Guodian chujian xianqin rujia yishu jiaoshi 郭店楚簡先秦儒家佚書校釋. CJJS Liu Zhao 劉釗, Guodian chujian jiaoshi 郭店楚簡校釋. ZSBS Chen Wei 陳偉, Guodian zhushu bieshi 郭店竹書別釋. XS Zhou Fengwu 周鳳五, “Guodian chumu zhujian tang yu zhi dao xin shi 郭店楚墓竹簡唐虞之道新釋.” JXFZ Fan Yuzhou 范毓周, “Guodian chujian tang yu zhi dao de shiwen jianxu yu fenzhang 郭店楚簡唐虞之道的釋文、簡序與分章.” CJSL Liao Mingchun 廖名春, Xinchu chujian shilun 新出楚簡試論. LMGKS Huang Rener 黃人二, “Guodian chujian lu mugong wen zisi kaoshi 郭 店楚簡魯穆公問子思考釋.” SW Shuo wen jie zi 說文解字 8 ABSTRACT A discovery unearthed in Jingmen of Hubei province in 1993 has surprised all the students of ancient China studies. A bundle of bamboo manuscripts, which include Taoist and Confucian texts, provides valuable sources for us to reshape our knowledge of the intellectual background and development in the fourth century B.C. In my research, I chose four Confucian texts, Lu Mugong wen zisi, Qiongda yi shi, Tang yu zhi dao and Zhongxin zhi dao, from these Guodian manuscripts as the objects of my studies. I argue that these four texts each has its individual origin rather than all four texts being from a single tradition. These four texts transcribed on two individual rolls can be divided into two units. Lu Mugong wen zisi and Qiongda yi shi form one unit as the ethical guidance for the tomb occupant; while Tang yu zhi dao and Zhongxin zhi dao form another unit as the tomb owner’s personal favorite philosophical writings. It is believed that Tang yu zhi dao was a study derived from remote antiquity and the genealogy of ancient emperors. Zhongxin zhi dao was a learning of Confucius’ disciple, Zizhang. Both texts were closely related to the ritual documents of the Warring States period. Using the fresh unearthed evidence and ritual documents from Liji and Dadai liji, my research explores the early Confucianism from the death of Confucius to before Mencius. 9 INTRODUCTION In my research, I chose four bamboo manuscripts, Lu mugong wenzisi, Qiongda yi shi, Tang yu zhi dao and Zhongxin zhi dao, from the Guodian Confucian texts as my objects of study. There are three reasons for my making this selection. First of all, on the basis of Li Ling’s study, these four texts were transcribed on two individual rolls: Lu mugong wenzisi and Qiongda yi shi form one unit; Tang yu zhi dao and Zhongxin zhi dao form another unit. There are two types of evidence that prove the above-mentioned proposal: the length of bamboo strips and the styles of handwritings. The former set shares bamboo strips 26.4cm in length, transcribed throughout by an identical style of handwriting; the latter set shares bamboo strips 28.1-28.3cm in length, transcribed throughout by a different handwriting style. Both of these sets of texts belong to the medium-length category of the bamboo strips. These physical features identify the texts as independent units among Guodian texts. Secondly, these four texts can be categorized into two kinds of contents. Lu mugong wenzisi and Qiongda yi shi concern an intellectual’s outlook on life, providing ethical guidance to the tomb owner. In addition, Tang yu zhi dao and Zhongxin zhi dao are two pieces of philosophical writings regarding the thoughts of Shanrang as well as concepts of loyalty and trustworthiness, which were probably popular trends flourishing around the middle of the Warring States period. On the basis of the textual contents, this specific compilation manifests the tomb owner’s own interests. Thirdly, Guodian Confucian texts are generally attributed to the school of Zisi. 10 However, I put forward an argument that Guodian texts are characterized by their variety. In chapters 1 and 2, I make a general survey regarding the tomb owner’s status, the relationship between the unearthed texts and the tomb owner, and the attributions of these Confucian texts. My conclusion suggests that there is no solid evidence to prove that most of the Confucian texts can be attributed to Zisi zi. However, in order to demonstrate the variety of the Guodian Confucian texts, as a piece of writing of Zisi zi, I have included Lu mugong wen zisi as a necessary part of my study. The unearthed Guodian texts, valuable treatises which give concrete witness to a group of texts that were probably lost before the Qin and Han period, were circulated in Chu during the late fourth century B.C. In recent years, the great volume of bamboo manuscripts collated and published by the Shanghai Museum has also increased our knowledge about various aspects of learning within the Confucian circle, the transition of Confucian texts and the contemporarily extant documents at that time. Because of these new discoveries, we are gaining the confidence to accept the authenticity of ritual documents as valid references in our studies of early Confucianism. For examples, Ziyi, Min zhi fu mu,
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