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Review of the Evidence for Organic Pollution Thresholds to Protect Rivers with Special Designations for Wildlife

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Review of the Evidence for Organic Pollution Thresholds to Protect Rivers with Special Designations for Wildlife Natural England Commissioned Report NECR023 Review of the evidence for organic pollution thresholds to protect rivers with special designations for wildlife First published 29 October 2009 www.naturalengland.org.uk Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background Natural England is responsible for overseeing Natural England commissioned this work to the management and assessment of sites with review key quantitative information on the national and international designations for response of the characteristic biological wildlife, including Sites of Special Scientific community of river types in England and the UK Interest (SSSIs) and Special Areas of to organic pollution stress gradients. Conservation (SACs). The results will be used to reconsider the A key aspect of this work is defining the adequacy of the Conservation Objective targets Conservation Objectives for each site. set for protecting SSSI condition. Conservation objectives define and identify favourable conditions relating to the site and inform management decisions. Natural England Project Manager - Chris Mainstone, Senior Freshwater Ecologist, Evidence Team, Northminster House, Peterborough, PE1 1UA [email protected] Contractor - John Iwan Jones, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, c/o FBA, East Stoke, Wareham, Dorset, BH20 6BB Keywords - River, organic pollution, favourable condition, freshwater, SSSI Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England website: www.naturalengland.org.uk. For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0845 600 3078 or e-mail [email protected]. You may reproduce as many individual copies of this report as you like, provided such copies stipulate that copyright remains with Natural England, 1 East Parade, Sheffield, S1 2ET ISSN 2040-5545 © Copyright Natural England 2009 CEH c/o FBA East Stoke Wareham Dorset, BH20 6BB, UK Telephone +44 (0)1929 401888 Main Fax +44 (0)1929 401899 www.ceh.ac.uk Review of the evidence for organic pollution thresholds to protect rivers with special designations for wildlife John Iwan Jones, John Davy-Bowker, John Murphy, Virginie Keller, Richard Williams & Cynthia Davies Natural England Contract Number SAE03-02-060 CEH Project Number: C03400 CEH Report Number: C03400/2008/1 Report Date: March 2008 CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 3 2. REVIEW OF PUBLISHED INFORMATION 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC POLLUTION ON RIVER BIOTA 6 2.3 QUANTIFICATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTION 6 2.4 SOURCES OF QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION 7 2.5 QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE OF RESPONSE OF BIOTA TO ORGANIC POLLUTION 11 FISH 11 INVERTEBRATES 13 COMPARISON OF EVIDENCE FOR INVERTEBRATES 26 MACROPHYTES AND ALGAE 27 3. ANALYSIS OF MACROINVERTEBRATE DATA 28 3.1 METHOD 28 3.2 FAMILY-LEVEL ANALYSIS 29 3.3 SPECIES-LEVEL ANALYSIS 48 3.4 REPRESENTATION OF DATA BY RIVER TYPE 54 3.5 GENERATING TENTATIVE THRESHOLDS FOR RIVER TYPES 59 4. RECONCILING DATA ANALYSIS WITH PUBLISHED LITERATURE 78 5. FINALISING PROPOSALS FOR THRESHOLDS 82 6. ANALYSIS OF COMPLIANCE WITH PROPOSED THRESHOLDS AT GQA SITES 83 6.1 DATA COLLATION AND ANALYSIS 83 6.2 SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE 84 6.3 LIMITATIONS OF ANALYSIS 106 7. CONCLUSIONS 108 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 109 REFERENCES 110 APPENDIX 1 – MATCHING NE AND JNCC RIVER TYPOLOGIES WITH RIVPACS CLASSIFICATION USING PAIRED SITES 113 APPENDIX 2 – WATER QUALITY DATA ON RIVER SSSI SITES 121 List of Tables Page Table 1 Ranges of BOD concentrations for various wastes. 6 Table 2 a. Ammonia LC50 values for select fish species. b. Time to induce behavioural response to ammonia for select fish species. 11 Table 3 Ranked sensitivity of fish species to simulated pollution based on mortality of caged individuals (after Turner 1992). 12 -1 Table 4 Results from toxicity tests of ammonia (as mg l NH3) for invertebrate species. Test response either LC50 values or minimum concentration to produce response. 13 Table 5 Results from toxicity tests of oxygen for invertebrate species. Test response time to 50% mortality (Davies, 1971). 14 Table 6 Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration survived by stream invertebrates for 12 hours (Surber & Bessy, 1974). 14 Table 7 Ranked sensitivity of invertebrate species to simulated pollution based on increased drift of individuals. Also shown are the LC50 (or lowest effect concentration, in italics) from Table 4 and minimum dissolved oxygen concentration survived for 12 hours as derived by Surber & Bessy (1974) see Table 6, for species of the same family or order (in parentheses). 16 Table 8 Ranked sensitivity of invertebrate species in field trials of simulated pollution (Turner 1992) based on mortality of caged individuals (no effect on species in square brackets). Also shown are the LC50 (or lowest effect concentration, in italics) from Table 4 and minimum dissolved oxygen concentration survived for 12 hours as derived by Surber & Bessy (1974) see Table 6, for species of the same family or order (in parentheses). 16 Table 9 Minimum oxygen concentrations to induce a significant increase in drift in July and November, and the magnitude of the response to decreased oxygen (density of peak drift cf. background), assessed through a stepped decrease in the oxygen concentration of a stream (Turner, 1992). Also shown are the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration survived for 12 hours for species of the same family or order (in parentheses) as derived by Surber & Bessy (1974). 17 Table 10 Invertebrate families ranked by maximum tolerance of BOD and ammonia (unionised and total) as determined by occurrence within the EA 1995 river survey data by Staffordshire University. Also results of toxicity tests LC50 and lowest effect conc. (italic) for unionised ammonia (Table 4). 21 Table 11 Invertebrate families ranked by minimum tolerance of Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation and concentration) from occurrence within the EA 1995 river survey data by Staffordshire University (Walley & Hawkes, 1996), and minimum DO concentration survived for 12 hours for family or order (in parentheses) as derived by Surber & Bessy (1974). 22 Table 12 Invertebrate families by mean rank tolerance of BOD and ammonia and frequency of occurrence (N obs) in the EA 1995 river survey data. Ranks are scored in classes of the same size and numbering as the BMWP system and the difference with BMWP and Modified BMWP calculated. 23 Table 13 Dissolved oxygen, unionised ammonia and BOD conditions under which insect taxa were recoded as present in North America (after Roback, 1974). The number and frequency of samples used to determine these values is not known. 24 Table 14 Impact of elevated total ammonia on aquatic macrophytes (Ramachandran, 1960; Glanzer, 1974). 27 Table 15 Summary statistics for CCA relating macroinvertebrate families to selected physical, geographical and chemical environmental variables. 30 Table 16. Summary statistics for pCCA relating macroinvertebrate families to selected organic pollution determinands. 33 Table 17. Summary statistics for CCA relating macroinvertebrate species to selected physical, geographical and chemical environmental variables. 48 Table 18. Summary statistics for pCCA relating macroinvertebrate species to mean BOD, with other physical and geographical characteristics entered as covariables. 50 Table 19. Axis score and upper and lower tolerance limits of macroinvertebrate species together with the proportion of variance of each species that can be explained by axis 1 of the pCCA. 52 Table 20 Natural England River Typology, based on dominant catchment geology and river size (Holmes et al. 1999). 55 Table 21 JNCC River Typology, based on macrophytes, and catchment and river characteristics. 55 Table 22 Physical characteristics of RIVPACS 9 and 4 endgroup classifications. Classification based on cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate communities; definitions based on physical/chemical characteristics of sites from which the samples were collected. 56 Table 23. Summary of match of NE river classification to RIVPACS 9 endgroup classification by common sites. Shaded cells represent matches, numbers represent the total number of sites matched (total including possibles in brackets). Hatched cells represent best judgement match of site definitions of NE typology (Table 20) and descriptions of sites by RIVPACS classification (Table 21). 57 Table 24 Proposed matching of NE river physical typology based on dominant catchment geology and river size, and the RIVPACS 9 endgroup biological classification based on cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate communities. 58 Table 25 Proposed matching of JNCC river physical typology based on catchment and river characteristics, and the RIVPACS 9 endgroup biological classification based on cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate communities. 58 Table 26 Frequencies of occurrence of taxa by RIVPACS TWINSPAN 9- endgroup level classification, ranked by sensitivity to organic pollution determinands from results of pCCA analysis. Shaded taxa not included in analysis. 62 Table 27 Mean log abundance categories of taxa by RIVPACS TWINSPAN 9- endgroup level classification, ranked by sensitivity to organic pollution determinands from results of pCCA analysis. Shaded taxa not included in analysis. (log abundance category 1 = 1-9; 2 = 10-99; 3 = 100-999; 4 =
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