Utvrde Na Prostoru Između Slunja I Karlovca

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Utvrde Na Prostoru Između Slunja I Karlovca Utvrde UTVRDE NA PROSTORU IZMEĐU SLUNJA I KARLOVCA Sjeverno od Slunja, na prostoru izme- FORTRESSES IN THE AREA BETWEEN SLUNJ AND KARLOVAC đu Kupe i Une, prostoru kojim prot- ječu rijeke Dobra, Korana s pritoci- Many fortresses used to stand in the area between Slunj and Karlovac, in the ma Radonjom i Mrežnicom te Glina drainage basin between the Kupa tributaries: Dobra, Mrežnica, Korana and Glina, na istoku, nalazio se veći broj utvrda, most often near river shoals. An interesting feature of these fortifications is that they međusobno povezanih u čvrsti obram- were initially old castles built by local aristocracy, but were subsequently beni niz brojnim čardacima i promat- strengthened to assist in the defense against Turk incursions. All these strongholds are today in ruins, and the exact location of some of them is presently unknown, račnicama. Većina je tih utvrda bila although old drawings confirm their existence. Some of these fortresses were smještena na uzvisinama iznad rijeka, occupied by Turks and burned down, some were abandoned by defenders, and some najčešće u blizini riječkih plićaka used to be for a long time border strongholds only to be demolished after the preko kojih su se Turci zalijetali u cessation of hostilities. Some of these strongholds survived for a longer period of zaleđe hrvatskog prostora ali i u time, but were finally devastated in the second world war. It would be highly Kranjsku. Značajka je svih tih utvr- significant to at least protect present remains of such fortresses. Current renovation da da su još u vrijeme turske opas- of Novigrad on the Dobra river is a sign that at least something will remain to bear nosti bile u vrlo lošem stanju, da su witness to tumultuous military past of this area. mnoge od su Turci opustošili ili okupirali te da su potom služile kao negdašnji plemićki zamkovi, pro- bili potpuno opustjeli, pa je za male njihova uporišta. Danas su sve u ru- vizorno utvrđeni i ojačani. Njihova i slabo naoružane posade opskrba ševinama pa je za neke teško pronaći je vojnička obrambena moć bila vrlo bila vrlo otežana, a često i onemogu- i tragove, a za mnoge znamo samo iz slaba, najčešće zbog činjenice da su ćena. Te su utvrde svoj vojnički zna- starih crteža. Redovito su sve to bili krajevi oko njih do stalnih pljački čaj počele gubiti onda kada se zaklju- čilo da se za uspješnu obranu "reli- quiae reliquiorum olim magni et in- clyti regni Croatiae" (ostaci ostataka nekad velikoga i slavnoga Hrvatskog Kraljevstva) moraju početi graditi nove i suvremene utvrde, prilagođe- ne razvitku vojne tehnike i strategije. Idući prema sjeveru, u predjelu uz rijeku Glinu, koja inače izvire neko- liko kilometara istočno od Slunja, a ulijeva se u Savu nakon 93 km u bli- zini Glinske Poljane, uz njezinu su lijevu obalu smještena tri nekada slavna grada – Klokoč, Krstinja i Perna. Smješteni su na južnim obron- cima Petrove gore, nazivane i Gvozd, koja je ime, kako kažu, dobila po posljednjem hrvatskom kralju prije personalne unije s Ugarskom, kralju Petru poginulom 1098., a koji je mož- da bio pripadnik plemićkog roda Svadčića, ili Svačića ili Snačića (pri- padnika 12 plemićkih plemena Hrvat- skog Kraljevstva), a iz kojih su nastali kasniji Nelipići. No ta je gora možda Utvrde i čardaci u porječju rijeka Dobre, Mrežnice, Korane i Gline sjeverno od Slunja ime dobila i po velikom pavlinskom samostanu i crkvi Sv. Petra, koji je GRAĐEVINAR 55 (2003) 1 43 Utvrde mićka općina izgubila sva svoja pra- va i potpuno nestala. Nakon pada Bihaća klokočka je utvr- da bila napuštena. Pokraj nje je 1649. veliku pobjedu protiv Turaka izvoje- vao ban Petar Zrinski. Klokoč je 1681. zauzeo i obnovio karlovački general grof Johann Joseph Herben- stein. Utvrda je uključena u barilo- vačku kapetaniju. Do polovice 19. st. u njoj je stanovao njemački časnik, a potom se napušteni Klokoč postupno pretvorio u ruševinu. Sačuvan je tlocrt utvrde iz 1701. koji pokazuje grad onakvim kakav je bio od svog postanka. To je četverostra- Klokoč na crtežu M. A. Weisa na građevina koja na jednom uglu ima okruglu glavnu obrambenu kulu. poharan od Turaka i potom obnavljan, su živjeli na prostoru oko Klokoča i Unutar zida bile su drvene građevi- a definitivno napušten u 16. st. Krstinje, prema Kladuši i Cetinu, a ne. Oko grada bio je zid od palisada, povlasticama ugarskih kraljeva (po- a iza toga iskopana graba preko koje Klokoč je utvrda južno od Vojnića u najprije Bele IV. iz 1242.) bili su je vodio most. U utvrdu se ulazilo Karlovačkoj županiji i iznad današ- izuzeti od zavisnosti gradu, ali su ljestvama do prvog kata u čardaku. njega istoimenog sela (1991. je ima- zauzvrat bili obvezni za vojnu službu Valja dodati da se u blizini Klokoča lo 332 stanovnika, sada 75 prema opremati 15 oklopnika i 100 pješa- nalaze i tragovi utvrde Otmić, sijela privremenom popisu iz 2001.), a ime ka. Tijekom stoljeća promijenili su plemićkog roda Otmića, potpuno na- je dobila po obližnjem izvoru. To je mnogo gospodara (knezovi Krčki puštenog nakon pada Bihaća 1592. od 1224. bio posjed Klokočevića kasniji Frankopani, grofovi Celjski, Nedaleka je Krstinja smještena istoč- (Klokočana ili Klokočkih, ovisno o banovi Ivan Vitovec i Ivan Karlović, nije. Tu je prebivalo pleme Ladiho- izvorima), plemićke općine grada obitelji Nadasdy i Turoczy), koji su vića. Nakon toga su utvrdu i posjed Klokoča, inače specifične organiza- tek djelomično poštovali kraljevske preuzeli Frankopani, zapravo njiho- cije plemstva temeljene na teritori- privilegije. Godine 1557. Klokoč je va cetinska loza, da bi poslije to do- jalnoj a ne krvnoj pripadnosti. Oni zaposjela krajiška uprava pa je ple- bili Frankopani Slunjski. Od 1572. u Krstinji je bila krajiška posada, a po turskom je vlašću bila od 1585. do 1699. Okrugla je glavna kula bila opasana zidom koji je bio pojačan s tri polukule i ulaznom kulom. Posto- jalo je i prostrano dvorište, također opasano zidom s polukulom, koja je već 1701. bila porušena. Iz dvorišta se kroz četverokutnu kulu dolazilo u obrambene kule. Postoji nekoliko sačuvanih tlocrta na temelju kojih je i rekonstruiran nekadašnji izgled ut- vrde. Krstinja je i istoimeno naselje koje je u prošlom popisu imalo 166 stanovnika, a sada ih ima 100. Perna se nalazi 9 km južno od Gvozda (bivši Vrginmost) u općini Topusko koja je u sastavu Sisačko-moslavačke Pogled sa sjeverne strane na ostatke utvrde Klokoč županije. Ruševine utvrde, u izvorima se naziva i Pernik, nalaze se na 44 GRAĐEVINAR 55 (2003) 1 Utvrde stijeni iznad zaselka Suha Perna. Ivana. Perna je uoči Domovinskog II. dobio je krajeve uz Sanu i posjed Valja reći da je Perna bio prvi grad rata imala 471 stanovnika, a u popi- Blagaj. Od tada taj plemićki rod po u Hrvatskoj koji je 1225. od Bele su iz 2001. ima ih 187. lako propada. Posljednji je uspješni IV. dobio povlastice slobodnoga Zapadno od utvrda u blizini rijeke Babonić bio Ladislav za vrijeme kraljevskog grada, dakle 17 godina Gline, nad strmim kanjonom rijeke kralja Žigmunda Luksemburgovca prije zagrebačkog Gradeca. Od po- Korane, petnaestak kilometara sje- (1387.-1437.) za kojega je ratovao u četka 14. st., darovnicom kralja Žig- verno od Slunja i nedaleko od nase- Turskoj, Italiji, Njemačkoj i Češkoj. munda, u posjedu je knezova Peran- lja Hrvatski Blagaj, nalaze se ruševi- Blagajski su se međutim održali neš- skih. Zapravo dobio ju je Jakov, sin ne utvrde nepravilna tlocrta koja je to duže. Pavla iz Bribira, iz roda Šubića. Ali imala vrlo visoku glavnu četvrtastu ti peranski Šubići kao da nisu bili Blagaj na Korani podigli su knezovi kulu. Zbog te se kule utvrda ponekad istog roda kao Šubići Zrinski, a us- Blagajski vjerojatno početkom 15. naziva i Turanj, vjerojatno da bi se pjeli su utvrdu i posjed sačuvati u st. Bio je obnovljen i ojačan krajem razlikovala od drugih Blagaja, onih velikim sukobima tijekom 16. st. s 16. st. zbog turske opasnosti. Malo u susjednoj Bosni i Hercegovini. Pos- Keglevićima, upraviteljima topuske nakon toga (1584.) cijeli je kraj pao toji naime u blizini Mostara istoime- opatije, koji su im nanijeli mnogo u turske ruke. Nakon Karlovačkog ni grad sagrađen na ruševinama rim- štete. Pernu su Turci temeljito opus- mira 1699. grad je ušao u sastav kra- ske tvrđave, koji je bio sjedište Ko- tošili u dva navrata (1558. i 1578.) i jiških vlasti i temeljito je obnovljen sača, i kojega se smatra najreprezen- stoga je 1584. odlukom Ratnog vije- te je sjedište blagajske kumpanije tativnijom srednjovjekovnom grads- ća oduzeta dotadašnjim vlasnicima koja se poslije seli u Veljun. Potpu- kom utvrdom u Hercegovini. No pos- te napuštena i prepuštena turskoj no je napušten i razrušen 1865. toji još jedna istoimena srednjovje- vojsci. Peranski su bili krajinski čas- kovna utvrda na rijeci Sani u blizini Po jednom tlocrtu s početka 18. st. nici i nove su posjede stekli u okoli- Bosanskog Novog (po svemu sudeći vidi se da je to bio srednjovjekovni ci Karlovca. Najistaknutiji je član bez ikakve veze s hercegovačkom), zamak s glavnom četvrtastom kulom, obitelji bio Janko Peranski Šubić, koja se prvi put spominje 1330., a predvorjem i dvorištem, oko kojega koji je nakon vojničke karijere u bila je u posjedu knezova Babonića i su se nalazile pomoćne zgrade. Vojnoj krajini stupio u službu sak- po njoj se taj dio stare slavonske sonskog kneza Ivana Jurja II. i bio Uzvodno Koranom i nešto sjeverni- plemićke obitelji i naziva Blagajski glavar okružja grada Morizburga. je, ali ne uz rijeku već na strmoj pa- (de Blagay). Nakon povratka u Hrvatsku 1681. dini Skradske gore (najviši vrh 429 m), bila je srednjovjekovna utvrda s kupnjom je povećao obiteljske pos- Babonići ili Babonegi su plemićki podgrađem – Skrad na Korani. Nala- jede (Brlog, Slapno, Trešćen). Peran- rod koji se u izvorima prvi put spo- zio se u neposrednoj blizini današ- ski su izumrli sredinom 18.
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