Funghi Campania

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Funghi Campania Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Dipartimento di Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia vegetale I funghi della Campania Emmanuele Roca, Lello Capano, Fabrizio Marziano Coordinamento editoriale: Michele Bianco, Italo Santangelo Progetto grafico: Maurizio Cinque, Pasquale Ascione Testi: Emmanuele Roca, Lello Capano, Fabrizio Marziano Coordinamento fotografico: Lello Capano Collaborazione: Gennaro Casato Segreteria: Maria Raffaela Rizzo Iniziativa assunta nell’ambito del Progetto CRAA “Azioni integrate per lo sviluppo razionale della funghicol- tura in Campania”; Coordinatore scientifico Prof.ssa Marisa Di Matteo. Foto di copertina: Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link A Umberto Violante (1937-2001) Micologo della Scuola Partenopea I funghi della Campania Indice Presentazione........................................................................................... pag. 7 Prefazione................................................................................................ pag. 9 1 Campania terra di funghi, cercatori e studiosi....................................... pag. 11 2 Elementi di biologia e morfologia.......................................................... pag. 23 3 Principi di classificazione e tecniche di determinazione....................... pag. 39 4 Elenco delle specie presenti in Campania.............................................. pag. 67 5 Schede descrittive delle principali specie.............................................. pag. 89 6 Glossario................................................................................................ pag. 277 7 Appendice legislativa............................................................................. pag. 283 Elenco delle schede descrittive riportate nel testo................................... pag. 307 Bibliografia.............................................................................................. pag. 311 I funghi della Campania Presentazione Valorizzare i nostri prodotti tipici potenziando e rafforzando l’intero comparto agroalimentare. È questo l’obiettivo che l’assessorato regionale all’agricoltura e alle attività produttive persegue, convinto che il rilancio della nostra regione passi inevitabilmente per la crescita del mondo agri- colo. Un percorso lungo, che non può prescindere dal supporto a prodotti che, pur essendo ancora poco conosciuti e diffusi sul territorio, costituiscono una fetta importante del tessuto produttivo regionale. Tra questi, un ruolo di primo piano è svolto dal settore dei funghi: con un mercato in costante crescita e un fatturato annuo stimato in oltre 12 milioni di euro, il comparto è stato già oggetto di un disegno di legge regionale per la regolamentazione della raccolta e la commercializzazione del prodotto. Un provvedimento importante, che ha contribuito a rafforzare il settore, ma che deve necessa- riamente essere accompagnato da azioni che avvicinino i consumatori al prodotto e ne garantisca- no visibilità e una maggiore conoscenza. In questo senso, l’atlante dei funghi della Campania può costituire uno strumento utile per la crescita del comparto, un punto di riferimento fondamentale per esperti e appassionati. Con centinaia di foto ad altissima definizione, oltre duecento specie, tra quelle presenti in Campania, descritte nelle loro caratteristiche e proprietà nutritive, il testo si propone anche di sod- disfare la curiosità di chi si avvicina per la prima volta al prodotto. Sono sempre di più, infatti, i giovani che hanno deciso di avviare l’attività della funghicoltu- ra, anche grazie all’aiuto e alla consulenza di nuovi esperti micologi formati dalla Regione Campania che hanno affiancato quelli delle Aziende Sanitarie Locali per la certificazione sanita- ria e commerciale del prodotto. È la dimostrazione che in Campania è da tempo in atto un processo virtuoso di ricambio gene- razionale, che sta avvicinando sempre più giovani al mondo agricolo: un fenomeno fondamenta- le, che l’assessorato all’agricoltura e alle attività produttive continuerà a sostenere nei prossimi anni per garantire una crescita costante e stabile di una delle più importanti voci del comparto pro- duttivo campano. Andrea Cozzolino Assessore all’Agricoltura e alle Attività Produttive 7 I funghi della Campania Prefazione La maggior parte dei “cercatori di funghi” si alla raccolta. Tuttavia, il fenomeno del “vanda- dedica alla raccolta di questi particolari prodotti lismo micologico” è tuttora presente: del sottobosco con l’unico intento di ritrovare le 1. danni derivanti dall’asporto indiscriminato specie considerate ottime dal punto di vista culi- di ingenti quantità di funghi, trasportati spes- nario. Tuttavia, anche al solo fine di soddisfare so in contenitori non idonei alla liberazione tale piacere, è indispensabile saper riconoscere i delle spore (es. busta di plastica), che peral- funghi velenosi da quelli commestibili. tro determina la riduzione della carica spora- Purtroppo, in Europa, si registrano annual- le naturale presente nell’ambiente; mente circa 10.000 casi documentati di avvele- 2. danni da scavo del terreno con utensili non namenti da funghi provocati non solo - ed in consentiti dalla legge (rastrelli, uncini, van- minor misura - dall’assunzione di specie vele- ghette, etc.); nose ma anche e soprattutto dal consumo di 3. danni dovuti all’asporto degli esemplari fun- esemplari “buoni” ma in cattivo stato di conser- gini immaturi; vazione, cioè alterati. 4. danni da calpestio e abbandono di eventuali Fortunatamente i decessi rappresentano sem- rifiuti non biodegradabili, etc. pre un minor numero di casi, tuttavia i danni cau- Tutte queste considerazioni hanno lo scopo di sati all’organismo dall’assunzione di funghi vele- sensibilizzare sempre più i raccoglitori a porre nosi possono perdurare per tutta la vita (ad esem- attenzione al rispetto degli equilibri naturali dei pio, il ricorso alla dialisi, etc.). Pertanto, “andar boschi e dei pascoli, con il presupposto che una per funghi” oltre ad essere un piacevole diverti- giusta e controllata raccolta preservi il sottobosco mento, è cosa seria e coscienziosa. Infatti, per dall’esaurimento temporale dei propri prodotti e conoscere i funghi, non basta consultare semplice- garantisca, negli anni successivi, l’abbondanza di mente un testo divulgativo sull’argomento, quale nuove e fruttuose raccolte. vuole essere anche il presente lavoro, ma bisogna Gli appassionati micofili dovranno, pertanto, approfondire la materia con un rigoroso studio orientarsi verso un “prototipo di cercatore” più attraverso corsi specializzati e l’aiuto di esperti. sostenibile e “non distruttivo”, basato sia sull’in- Le cause che determinano la maggior parte dei teresse per la conoscenza delle specie fungine e casi di intossicazione vanno ricercate nell’igno- della loro distribuzione, che su di una giusta e ranza e nell’incauto comportamento dei raccogli- meritata raccolta controllata, come anche sull’ac- tori. Purtroppo questa considerazione, che era già quisizione di una opportuna coscienza ecologica. stata fatta nell’800, come riportato in alcune pub- “Parlare di funghi” non significa soffermarsi blicazioni d’epoca - “e ogni anno non sentiam unicamente sulle specie di macromiceti più dire, o non leggiamo nei giornali di famiglie intie- conosciute e familiari, in quanto queste rappre- re, che hanno pagato con la vita la imprudenza e sentano veramente una esigua entità rispetto alla l’ingordigia di cibarsi coi funghi?” - rimane di ricchezza del nostro patrimonio micologico indiscussa attualità. Pertanto la prevenzione e regionale. “Fermarsi al riconoscimento del por- l’educazione micologica rappresentano il princi- cino o del prataiolo o del galletto equivale al pio fondamentale su cui basare una efficace azio- riconoscimento che «fatti non fummo per segui- ne a tutela dei raccoglitori e di tutta la comunità. re conoscenza»”. Peraltro, occorre introdurre il A tal fine, numerose Regioni hanno emanato lettore agli elementi principali della micologia apposite Leggi che regolamentano la raccolta e generale e della sistematica fornendo - nel con- la commercializzazione dei funghi epigei spon- tempo e senza alcuna pretesa di essere esaustivi tanei, rendendo obbligatori la frequenza a speci- - un valido approccio alle metodologie di deter- fici corsi per il rilascio di un tesserino abilitante minazione dei macromiceti. 9 I funghi della Campania Prefazione In questo lavoro gli autori intendono presen- nell’ambito del “Programma Regionale di azio- tare al lettore il vasto mondo dei funghi, facen- ni integrate per lo sviluppo della funghicoltura done cogliere la bellezza della complessità bio- in Campania” e con l’intento di individuare e logica, l’ampiezza della biodiversità con la caratterizzare le diverse specie spontanee di conoscenza di entità forse prima non considera- funghi epigei che crescono nel proprio territo- te, etc. Citando il titolo di un’opera di un famo- rio, la realizzazione del presente lavoro. so scrittore “la bellezza non svanirà”, si vuole Attualmente, nel panorama editoriale nazio- qui fornire un contributo alla conservazione del nale non mancano testi a carattere divulgativo nostro “micopatrimonio”, perché se è vero che che forniscono le necessarie conoscenze di base l’evoluzione lavora instancabilmente nel lungo per distinguere i principali funghi commestibili termine determinando la selezione di nuove da quelli velenosi, come anche lavori più spe- forme viventi, è altrettanto vero che la salva- cialistici destinati agli studiosi e ai micologi guardia dell’attuale patrimonio
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