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Los Hongos En Extremadura Los hongos en Extremadura Los hongos en Extremadura EDITA Junta de Extremadura Consejería de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente COORDINADOR DE LA OBRA Eduardo Arrojo Martín Sociedad Micológica Extremeña (SME) POESÍAS Jacinto Galán Cano DIBUJOS África García García José Antonio Ferreiro Banderas Antonio Grajera Angel J. Calleja FOTOGRAFÍAS Celestino Gelpi Pena Fernando Durán Oliva Antonio Mateos Izquierdo Antonio Rodríguez Fernández Miguel Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo Justo Muñoz Mohedano Gaspar Manzano Alonso Cristóbal Burgos Morilla Carlos Tovar Breña Eduardo Arrojo Martín DISEÑO E IMPRESIÓN Indugrafic, S.L. DEP. LEGAL BA-570-06 I.S.B.N. 84-690-1014-X CUBIERTA Entoloma lividum. FOTO: C. GELPI En las páginas donde se incluye dibujo y poesía puede darse el caso de que no describan la misma seta, pues prima lo estético sobre lo científico. Contenido PÁGINA Presentación .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 José Luis Quintana Álvarez (Consejero de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente. Junta de Extremadura) Prólogo ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Gabriel Moreno Horcajada (Catedrático de Botánica de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid) Los hongos en Extremadura .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Juan Morales Pulido (Presidente de la Sociedad Micológica Extremeña) La Sociedad Micológica Extremeña: “De su creación a hoy” ............................................................................ 15 Juan Morales Pulido • José Julián Carmona Perate Etnomicología y tradiciones populares .......................................................................................................................... 29 José María Bengochea Cantos • Eduardo Arrojo Martín • Calixto Prudencio Paris Los Bosques y sus hongos en Extremadura.................................................................................................................. 43 Fernando Durán Oliva Micorrizas y hongos micorrizógenos en Extremadura .......................................................................................... 63 Francisco María Vázquez Pardo Los hongos saprofitos, regeneradores de vida, en los ecosistemas extremeños ........................................ 85 Eduardo Arrojo Martín • José María Bengochea Cantos Micosis animales más frecuentes en Extremadura.................................................................................................. 95 Miguel Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo • Jesús Teixidó Gómez Enfermedades producidas por hongos con mayor repercusión económica en los cultivos agrícolas y masas forestales en Extremadura ............................................................................ 107 Justo M. Muñoz Mohedano Los Myxomycetes en Extremadura.................................................................................................................................... 127 Juan Ramón García Martínez Los hongos hipogeos y semihipogeos en Extremadura ........................................................................................ 139 Justo M. Muñoz Mohedano Setas, placer y veneno................................................................................................................................................................ 167 C. Gelpi Pena Hongos enteógenos...................................................................................................................................................................... 185 Pazzis Díe Ortega Micetismo “aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos” .................................................................................................... 207 Jacinto Herráez García • Ana Sánchez Hernández • Paloma Grande Villanueva • Juan García García Gastronomía micológica .......................................................................................................................................................... 223 Gaspar Manzano Alonso Carteles de setas de Extremadura ...................................................................................................................................... 243 Antonio Mateos Izquierdo Apéndices .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 251 Bibliografía ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 265 LOS HONGOS EN EXTREMADURA 9 Presentación José Luis Quintana Álvarez Consejero de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente Junta de Extremadura Una de cada tres hectáreas de Extremadura cuenta con Un claro ejemplo de ello es este libro que hoy tiene en sus algún tipo de protección ambiental. El agua, el cielo o el suelo manos y en el que se profundiza en el conocimiento y presentación de la región es el escenario en el que habitan algunas de las de los hongos en Extremadura. especies más amenazadas del mundo pero que encuentran en Se trata de un trabajo que va mucho más allá de una simple Extremadura un refugio ideal. Entre esas especies se encuentran guía de setas. Lo que se ofrece al lector es una completa labor de los hongos, un grupo complejo y apasionante de conocer por, al investigación que persigue aportar luz al mundo de la micología en menos, dos motivos. esta comunidad autónoma. En las páginas que conforman este El primero lo configuran sus valores ambientales especiales. libro se plasman en buena medida los conocimientos sobre los Hay cinco especies descritas para la ciencia en Extremadura, dos de hongos que existen en Extremadura. Se trata, por tanto, de una ellas de distribución mundial y que se producen exclusivamente en extensa recopilación sobre su morfología, sus características, sus la región, además de otras muchas de menor importancia. El comportamientos, o yendo a lo práctico, sus usos, consumo, intoxi- segundo, el valor económico de las setas que se recolectan y se caciones, la identificación de setas mortales, u hongos alucinóge- comercializan que poco a poco está comenzando a dar sus frutos. nos, entre otros aspectos de indudable interés para el micólogo o incluso en mayor medida para el iniciado. Con este panorama, la Junta de Extremadura considera Por primera vez, se contabilizarían todos los hongos producto- adecuado y oportuno adoptar las medidas de protección nece- res de setas conocidos en Extremadura, con una intensa y comple- sarias que salvaguarden estos valores. Motivo por el cual están ta labor bibliográfica, lo que da como resultado la recopilación de llevando a cabo diversas acciones entre las que se puede datos sobre unas 1.200 especies de hongos agrupados en funcio- encuadrar, por ejemplo, la modificación del Catálogo Regional nes ecológicas y con una especial consideración con los causantes de Especies Protegidas, y de este modo incluir especies de de plagas tanto en animales como en plantas. mayor valor entre las que se integrarían algunas de hongos. Pero además, desde la Administración regional se está traba- Y todo ello, gracias al trabajo que ha realizado la Sociedad jando para dar un importante impulso a la divulgación científi- Micológica Extremeña y con la que la Junta de Extremadura ha ca en esta materia. colaborado decididamente para que este libro salga a la luz. Una LOS HONGOS EN EXTREMADURA 10 Sociedad que ha demostrado su interés por realizar una ardua y Sociedad Micológica Extremeña y que durante estos años han productiva labor de difusión de los valores ambientales de dedicado su tiempo de forma altruista para que los extremeños y Extremadura en los últimos 25 años a través de su visión micológi- el resto de la sociedad podamos disfrutar de su trabajo y ampliar ca. Un trabajo que se extiende por toda la geografía extremeña y nuestros conocimientos de la naturaleza que nos rodea. que ahora se recoge en este libro que usted tiene en sus manos. Es nuestro compromiso el apoyo de trabajos serios y construc- Por todo ello, esta obra, que hoy se incorpora a la colección de tivos como el que se plasma en esta publicación, siendo conscien- la biblioteca medioambiental de Extremadura, cuenta con el apoyo tes de que fomentar el trabajo de colectivos como éste es, de algún de la Administración Regional, y sirve de reconocimiento y mereci- modo, apostar por el futuro de nuestro entorno natural como fruto do homenaje a quienes componen y activan con su valiosa labor la del conocimiento que los extremeños tenemos de nuestra tierra. LOS HONGOS EN EXTREMADURA 11 Prólogo Gabriel Moreno Horcajada Catedrático de Botánica de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Tengo la gran satisfacción de prologar este libro sobre los Si queremos conocer la biodiversidad, es necesario antes hongos de una de las Comunidades Autónomas, “Extremadura”, estudiarla y trasmitirla para que sea motivo de enseñanza en los que mantiene e intenta conservar su patrimonio biológico y centros públicos y privados, por otra parte pienso que esta obra forestal mediterráneo. Hoy día conocemos la importancia de los que va más lejos de una simple Guía de hongos, que en nuestro hongos en mantener los bosques, matorrales e
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