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Kekerabatan Bahasa Batak, Bahasa Nias, Dan Bahasa KEKERABATAN BAHASA BATAK, BAHASA NIAS, DAN BAHASA MELAYU TESIS JULIANA 107009022/LNG PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012 Universitas Sumatera Utara Abstract Genetic relationship of language analysis is discuss in the Historical Comparative Linguistics. In the Historical Comparative Linguistics, languages are be compared one to others in order to trace the level of theirs genetic relationship. Nias, Batak, and Malay languages are some languages which live side by side as geographically. So, it may be assumed that they have a close genetic relationship. In fact, this three languages have far differences so it is necessary to make a research in order to find the level of their relationship. The genetic of language can be analysis with lexicostatistic technique. In lexicostatistic, language relations can be seen base on the tone similarities which exist in the lexicon that occurred in the languages. The phonetic similarities will be the basic that word in language has relationship to others. The indicator use to determine genetically word is basic vocabulary called Swadesh which has 200 vocabularies. It is assumed existing in all languages in the world. The qualitative approach is use in the lexicostatistic accounting. With using the technique it is found that from the tree languages which be compared, the closing relationship is Batak and Malay language, more over Batak with Nias language, and the most far apart relationship is Nias with Malay language. Keyword: Genetic relationship, lexicostatistic, Nias language, Batak language, Malay language Universitas Sumatera Utara Abstrak Kajian kekerabatan bahasa dibahas dalam Linguistik Historis Komparatif. Dalam Linguistik Historis Komparatif, bahasa-bahasa dibandingkan satu dengan yang lain guna mengetahui tingkat kekerabatannya. Bahasa Nias, bahasa Batak, dan bahasa Melayu merupakan bahasa-bahasa yang hidup berdekatan secara geografi sehingga diasumsikan memiliki kekerabatan yang erat. Pada kenyataannya, ketiga bahasa ini memiliki perbedaan yang cukup jauh sehingga dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat kekerabatannya. Kekerabatan bahasa dapat diketahui dengan teknik leksikostatistik. Dalam leksikostatistik, kekerabatan bahasa dilihat berdasarkan persamaan bunyi-bunyi yang ada dalam leksikon yang muncul pada bahasa-bahasa tersebut. Kemiripan secara fonetis ini akan menjadi dasar apakah sebuah kata dalam satu bahasa memiliki hubungan dengan bahasa yang lain. Indikator yang digunakan untuk menentukan kata berkerabat adalah kosa kata dasar yang disebut kosa kata dasar Swadesh yang berjumlah dua ratus kosa kata yang dianggap ada pada semua bahasa di dunia. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan dalam perhitungan leksikostatistik ini. Dengan menggunakan teknik ini, diketahui bahwa dari ketiga bahasa yang dibandingkan, hubungan kekerabatan yang paling erat terdapat pada bahasa Batak dengan bahasa Melayu, selanjutnya bahasa Batak dengan bahasa Nias, dan hubungan kekerabatan yang paling renggang adalah bahasa Nias dengan bahasa Melayu. Kata kunci: kekerabatan, leksikostatistik, bahasa Nias, bahasa Batak, bahasa Melayu. Universitas Sumatera Utara KEKERABATAN BAHASA BATAK, BAHASA NIAS, DAN BAHASA MELAYU TESIS Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Sains dalam Program Studi Linguistik pada Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh JULIANA 107009022/ LNG PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012 Universitas Sumatera Utara Judul Tesis : KEKERABATAN BAHASA BATAK, BAHASA NIAS,DAN BAHASA MELAYU Nama : Juliana NIM : 107009022 Program Studi : Linguistik Menyetujui Komisi Pembimbing Ketua, Anggota, Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum. Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Ketua Program Studi, Direktur, Prof. T.Silvana Sinar,M.A.,Ph.D. Prof.Dr.Ir.A.Rahim Matondang,MSIE. Tanggal Lulus: 31 Agustus 2012 Universitas Sumatera Utara Telah diuji pada Tanggal: 31 Agustus 2012 PANITIA PENGUJI TESIS Ketua : Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum. Anggota : 1. Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. 2. Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph.D., M.ATel. 3. Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. Universitas Sumatera Utara PERNYATAAN Judul Tesis KEKERABATAN BAHASA BATAK, BAHASA NIAS, DAN BAHASA MELAYU Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa tesis ini disusun sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister dari Program Studi Linguistik Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara adalah benar merupakan hasil karya saya sendiri. Adapun pengutipan yang saya lakukan pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari hasil karya orang lain dalam penulisan tesis ini telah saya cantumkan sumbernya secara jelas sesuai dengan norma, kaidah, dan etika penulisan ilmiah. Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata ditemukan seluruh atau sebagian tesis ini bukan hasil karya saya sendiri atau adanya plagiat dalam bagian-bagian tertentu, saya bersedia menerima sanksi pencabutan gelar akademik yang saya sandang dan sanksi-sanksi lainnya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Medan, 31 Agustus 2012 Juliana Universitas Sumatera Utara KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah Swt yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya kepada penulis sehingga dapat menyelesaikan tesis ini tepat pada waktunya. Tentu saja semua ini tidak lepas dari doa dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Rasa terima kasih yang tulus penulis sampaikan kepada pihak-pihak tersebut, terutama kepada: 1. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A.,Ph.D. dan Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. selaku Ketua dan Sekretaris Program Studi Linguistik Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Dr. Dwi Widayati,M.Hum, selaku pembimbing 1 dan Dr. Deliana,M.Hum. selaku pembimbing 2 yang telah banyak memberikan ilmu, motivasi, keikhlasan, dukungan, dan kesabaran dalam membimbing penulis untuk menyelesaikan tesis ini. 3. Prof.Amrin Saragih,M.A Tel.,Ph.D. dan Dr. Nurlela,M.Hum. selaku penguji, atas saran dan petunjuk yang sangat berguna bagi penulis dalam pengerjaan tesis ini. 4. Segenap dosen Program Studi Linguistik SPS USU yang telah memberikan ilmu dan pengetahuan bagi penulis semasa kuliah. Dimuliakanlah mereka. 5. Teman-teman seangkatan pada Program Studi Linguistik yang telah membantu, menghibur, mendukung, dan memotivasi penulis selama masa perkuliahan, terutama B’Toha, B’Zufri, Fatimah, K’Rumna, Nurul, Arman, Junaidi, Bu Aisyah, P Wawan, B’ Syaiful, dan teman-teman lain Universitas Sumatera Utara yang (tanpa mengurangi rasa sayang) tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu per satu. Secara khusus penulis juga ingin menyampaikan terima kasih kepada kedua orang tua tercinta, ayahanda Juret dan ibunda Sarni, yang telah begitu berbesar hati selalu membantu, membimbing, mendukung, dan memotivasi penulis dengan penuh cinta sedari kecil hingga dewasa sekarang ini. Keberkahan, kemuliaan, dan kesehatan semoga selalu dilimpahkan Allah Swt kepada keduanya. Tidak lupa juga kepada saudara-saudara penulis tercinta, abangda Agus Sarianto,S.Pd., kakanda Juhenti,S.Pd.SD, dan adinda Ramiati, terima kasih atas semua kebaikan yang telah penulis terima. Tetaplah saling menyayang dan saling mendukung. Dan, untuk yang paling mendukung penulis, suami tercinta M.Paisal Hutabarat,S.T. atas semua inspirasi dan motivasi sehingga tesis ini terselesaikan. Untuk yang menghibur penulis, kedua putra tercinta, M.Rizki Al Ghifari dan M.Hafiz Ismail (matahariku, Bunda sayang kalian, jadilah anak yang saleh). Akhir kata, penulis sangat menyadari bahwa tesis ini belum sempurna. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran dari pembaca sangat diharapkan guna perbaikan pada penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya. Semoga tesis ini bermanfaat sebagai rujukan bagi penelitian sejenis yang akan dilakukan selanjutnya. Medan, Agustus 2012 Juliana Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP I. Biodata Nama : JULIANA Tempat, Tanggal Lahir : Aek Nabara, 1 Agustus 1975 NIM : 107009022 Agama : Islam Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan Golongan Darah : O Alamat : Perum Ray Pendopo 3 No 24 Jalan Terusan Bandar Setia, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang Pekerjaan : Pegawai Balai Bahasa Sumatera Utara II. Riwayat Pendidikan 1. SD Negeri 12168 Aek Nabara, tahun 1988 2. SMP Negeri Aek Nabara, tahun 1991 3. SMA Negeri I Rantau Prapat, tahun 1994 4. Universitas Sumatera Utara, 1999 5. Akta IV Universitas Muslim Nusantara, 2003 Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI Lembar Pengesahan ............................................................................ i Lembar Persetujuan ............................................................................ ii Lembar pernyataan ........................................................................... iii Kata Pengantar ........................................................................... vi Riwayat Hidup .......................................................................... viii Daftar Isi ........................................................................... ix Daftar Singkatan dan Lambang .................................................................... xii Daftar Tabel .......................................................................... xiii Abstract .......................................................................... xiv Abstrak ........................................................................... xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................... 8 1.3 Tujuan .......................................................................................
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